This document provides information about the course "Chemistry for Electrical and Electronic Engineering" including the course code and title. It then lists several polymers that will be covered in the course, including their classification, preparation methods, properties, and applications. Specific polymers summarized include low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, urea-formaldehyde resin, and their structures, synthesis processes, characteristics and typical uses.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials, many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon ,hydrogen , and other nonmetallic elements , furthermore , they have very large molecular structure. these materials typically have low densities and maybe extremely flexible.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials, many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon ,hydrogen , and other nonmetallic elements , furthermore , they have very large molecular structure. these materials typically have low densities and maybe extremely flexible.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
4. 4
Classification of Polymers
1. Classification of polymers is based on their source of origin.
2. Classification of polymers based on their structure.
3. Based on Mode of Polymerisation.
4. Classification Based on Molecular Forces.
5. 5
Classification of Polymers
1. The first classification of polymers is based on their source of origin
(i) Natural polymers
(ii) Synthetic polymers
(iii) Semi-Synthetic polymers
6. 6
(i) Natural Polymers
The easiest way to classify polymers is their source of origin.
Natural polymers are polymers which occur in nature and
are existing in natural sources like plants and animals.
Some common examples are proteins (which are found in
humans and animals alike), cellulose and starch (which are
found in plants) or rubber (which we harvest from the latex of
a tropical plant ).
Classification of Polymers
The natural polymer polysaccharide cellulose
7. 7
Classification of Polymers
(ii) Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic polymers are polymers which humans can
artificially create/synthesize in a lab.
These are commercially produced by industries for human
necessities.
Some commonly produced polymers which we use day to
day are polyethylene (a mass-produced plastic which we use in
packaging) or nylon fibers (commonly used in our clothes,
fishing nets etc.)
8. 8
Classification of Polymers
(iii) Semi-synthetic Polymers
Semi-Synthetic polymers are polymers obtained by making
modification in natural polymers artificially in a lab.
These polymers formed by chemical reaction (in a controlled
environment) and are of commercial importance.
Example: Vulcanized Rubber ( Sulphur is used in cross
bonding the polymer chains found in natural rubber)
Cellulose acetate (rayon) etc.
9. 9
Classification Based on Structure of Polymers
2. Classification of polymers based on their structure can be of three
types:
(i) Linear polymers:
(ii) Branch chain polymers:
(iii) Cross-linked or Network polymers:
10. 10
(i) Linear Polymers:
These polymers are similar in structure to a long straight
chain which identical links connected to each other.
These polymers have high melting points and are of higher
density.
Classification Based on Structure of Polymers
A common example of
this is PVC (Poly-vinyl
chloride).
11. 11
(ii) Branch Chain Polymers:
As the title describes, the structure of these polymers is like
branches originating at random points from a single linear
chain.
Monomers join together to form a long straight chain with
some branched chains of different lengths.
Classification Based on Structure of Polymers
Low-density polyethylene
(LDPE) used in plastic bags and
general purpose containers is a
common example.
12. 12
(iii) Crosslinked or Network Polymers:
In this type of polymers, monomers are linked together to
form a three-dimensional network.
Classification Based on Structure of Polymers
These polymers are brittle
and hard.
Ex:- Bakelite (used in
electrical insulators),
Melamine-formaldehyde
polymer etc.
13. 13
Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation
3. Based on Mode of Polymerisation
i) Addition polymers.
ii) Condensation polymers.
14. 14
i) Addition Polymers:
These type of polymers are formed by the repeated addition of
monomer molecules.
The polymer is formed by polymerization of monomers with
double or triple bonds (unsaturated compounds).
Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation
Example: ethene
n(CH2=CH2) to polyethene -
(CH2-CH2)n-.
15. 15
ii) Condensation Polymers:
These polymers are formed by the combination of monomers,
with the elimination of small molecules like water, alcohol etc.
Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation
A common example is
the polymerization of
Hexamethylenediamine
and adipic acid to give
Nylon–66 where
molecules of water are
eliminated in the
process.
17. 17
Thermoplastics:
Thermoplastic polymers are long-chain polymers in which
inter-molecules forces (Van der Waal’s forces) hold the
polymer chains together.
These polymers when heated are softened (thick fluid like)
and hardened when they are allowed to cool down, forming
a hard mass.
They do not contain any cross bond and can easily be shaped
by heating and using moulds.
Classification Based on Heat
A common example is
Polystyrene or PVC
(which is used in
making pipes).
18. 18
Thermosetting:
Thermosetting are polymers which are semi-fluid in nature
with low molecular masses.
When heated, they start cross-linking between polymer
chains, hence becoming hard and infusible.
Classification Based on Heat
They form a three-
dimensional structure on the
application of heat. This
reaction is irreversible in
nature.
The most common example of
a thermosetting polymer is
that of Bakelite, which is used
in making electrical insulation.
20. 20
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polymer is the
temperature at which an amorphous polymer moves from a
hard or glassy state to a softer, often rubbery or viscous state.
Below Tg: Polymers are hard and brittle like glass, due to lack
of mobility.
Above Tg: Polymers
are soft and flexible
like rubber due to
some mobility.
Above Tg: the
physical and
mechanical properties
of polymer change.
21. 21
Low Density Polyethene (LDPE)
Preparation:
The common method for the preparation of LDPE is polymerization
of ethylene monomer at high pressure (1000 - 4000 atm) and
temperature (2500C) in presence of oxygen/peroxide/hydro
peroxide(H2O2, free radical generator).
In this process huge branched chains are formed through out every
long back bone chain.
22. 22
Properties of Low Density Polythene:
Low density polyethylene have density is low.
It is branched chain addition polymer.
Semi crystalline polymer having crystallinity 45-50 percent.
Chemically inert, nonpolar and having dielectric property
zero.
Tough but flexible.
Melting point 105- 110 0C.
Low Density Polythene (LDPE)
23. 23
Applications of Low Density Polythene:
As LDPE is a good insulator they normally used for the
preparation of electrical wires and cables.
Pouch pack, squeeze bottles, delivery pipes are prepared
from LDPE.
Toys, refill for ball pen and ball pen also prepared from
LDPE.
Low Density Polythene (LDPE)
24. 24
High density Polythene(HDPE)
Preparation:
The common method for the preparation of HDPE is by the
polymerization of ethylene monomer.
The high pressure (30 - 35 atm) and temperature (70-2000C) in
presence of metal oxide catalyst like CrO3 on silica alumina.
The low pressure (5 - 7 atm) and temperature (60-700C) in
presence of Zieglar Natta catalyst like triethyl aluminum and
titanium tetrachloride.
26. 26
Properties:
High density polyethylene have high density (0.95 to 0.97
gm/cc).
It is less branched.
Highly crystalline polymer having crystallinity 80-90 percent.
Chemically inert, nonpolar and having dielectric property
zero.
Highly tough but flexible.
Melting point 130-135 0C.
High density Polythene(HDPE)
27. 27
Applications:
As HDPE is a good insulator they normally used for the
preparation of high performance electrical cables.
Bucket, cup, toys are prepared from LDPE.
Due to inertness it is used for the storage of H2SO4, pipes for
LPG gas and water reserver also.
High density Polythene(HDPE)
35. 35
Phenol and Formadehyde: Bakelite
Phenol formaldehyde is an important polymer in making
different composite materials as well plywood.
It is a brown black color viscous liquid prepared from
phenol and formaldehyde at a temperature 140-145 0C in
presence of catalyst called resol.
At high temperature poly condensation takes place and it
becomes three dimensional cross linked, brittle and hard
mass solid called BAKELITE.
Bakelite is formed through methylol(-CH2OH formation
which ultimately converted to methylene(-CH2-) by removal
of water molecule.
Generally,phenol-formaldehyde polymer are two types-
1) Novoloc
2) Resol.
38. 38
Properties:
It is high thermal and electrical resistance.
It is malleable and liquefiable when heated and becomes
permanently hard after cooling.
It is hard rigid and scratch proof.
It is resistant to many inorganic and base and many other
chemical actions.
It can be made into a variety of bright colors.
Bakelite can be quickly moulded or casted.
So it is also known as thermosetting plastic.
Phenol and Formadehyde: Bakelite
39. 39
Phenol and Formadehyde: Bakelite
Applications:
Bakelite is a good insulator used in non-conducting parts of
radio and electric devices like switches, automobile
distribution caps, insulation of wires, Sockets, etc.
It is used to make clocks, buttons, washing machines, toys,
kitchenware, etc.
It can be made into different colours so it is used in
producing vibrant and attractive products.
40. 40
What is Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)?
PMMA-is the Poly(methyl methacrylate) (C5O2H8)n.
It is a thermoplastic and transparent plastic.
Chemically it is a synthetic polymer of methacrylate.
42. 42
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Preparation of Poly(methyl methacrylate):
Materials Required:
Methyl methacrylate (MMA), N,N-dimethylaniline, benzoyl
peroxide, boiling chip, methanol, acetone, alumina.
Procedure:
1) 10 ml of MMA was added with 1 drop of N,N-
dimethylaniline and 0.1 g benzoyl peroxide. The mixture
was placed in boiling water bath.
2) At 3 minutes interval, 1 drop
of aliquot was transferred
into a test tube with
methanol. Observation was
recorded.
3) After 15 minutes, boiling tube was cooled and polymer was
dissolved in 10-15 ml of acetone.
43. 43
4) While stirring vigorously, the polymer solution was poured
into a beaker containing 80-100 ml methanol.
5) Precipitated polymer was collected by vacuum filtration.
The percent conversion i.e., yield was determined.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
44. 44
PMMA is amorphous commodity thermoplastics of highly
transparent.
The poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) also known as
Plexiglas, Lucite, Acrylite, and Altuglas.
It is a high volume amorphous thermoplastic with high Tg
(398 K), good mechanical properties and excellent
weatherability.
It is resistant to oils, alkanes and (diluted) acids but is not
resistant to many (polar) solvents such as alcohols, organic
acids and ketones.
It is also rather brittle and has low impact strength and
fatigue resistance.
It is transparent to visible light up to 97% (3-mm thickness).
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA): Properties
45. 45
Exterior lights of automobiles.
Viewing dome in airbus, helicopters.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA): Applications
Used in aquariums At Residents
46. 46
Helmets Visor Aircraft windows panes
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA): Applications
Daylight redirection. In orthopaedics as bone cement
47. 47
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA): Applications
Used to affix implants and
remodel lost bones.
As paint: acrylic paint is the
PMMA suspension in water
52. 52
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or Teflon
Applications of PTFE
Because of its low coefficient of friction or non-adhesive characteristics
Coating other metal objects (for Non-stick equipment)
In clothing fabrics.
53. 53
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Copolymer
These materials are complex blends and copolymers of
Acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene.
In most types, Acrylonitrile and styrene are grafted onto a
polybutadiene backbone. The product also contain unreacted
polybutadiene and some acrylonitrile styrene copolymer.
57. 57
ABS Car Dashboard ABS car interiors
ABS Car bumper ABS meter box
Applications of ABS
58. 58
Require Materials:
Paraformaldehyde, Urea and Potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Synthesis of UF Resin:
Paraformaldehyde, urea and potassium hydroxide were
milled by a grinder respectively and then were charged into a
reactor in the molar ratio of 1:4:0.8.
KOH dosage was used to adjust pH value of the reaction
mixture to 9.
Urea-formaldehyde Resin
Then, the reactor
was placed in an
oil bath at 60 °C
for 1.5 h under
stirring.
59. 59
The reaction product was precipitated into dimethyl
sulfoxide and washed with ethanol several times to remove
unreacted paraformaldehyde and urea.
The precipitating–washing process was repeated three times.
After purification, the product was dried in a vacuum oven
at room temperature overnight.
Urea-formaldehyde Resin
61. 61
Properties:
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) products (also called aminoplasts or
carbamide-methanal) are highly crosslinked, semi-crystalline
thermosetting plastics.
The UF resins are noted for their high strength, rigidity, cost
effectiveness, and fast cure.
Has a property of high surface hardness.
Has the capacity of low water adsorption.
Urea-formaldehyde Resin
63. 63
Epoxy Resins
Reactive polymers/prepolymers which contain epoxide
groups.
Can undergo crosslinking reactions (referred to as curing)
with itself or amines, acids, phenols to give co-polymers.
Use as structural adhesives, metal coatings, electronic and
electrical components, electrical insulators, plasticizers of
vinyl polymers.
64. 64
Epoxy Resins
Require Materials
Epichlorohydrin, bisphenol-A, sodium hydroxide, and
dimethyl sulfide, toluene, methanol, and pyridine.
Synthesis of epoxy resin:
3.0 gram of bisphenol-A is added into a boiling tube
containing a solution of 15 ml water and 1.0 g NaOH.
The reaction mixture is heated to 45 °C under water bath.
Then, 2.0 g of epichlorohydrin is mixed into it. Temperature is
raised to 90 °C. Continuous stirring is done using a glass rod.
After 30-40 minutes of heating, solution mixture is cooled.
Aqueous layer is decanted.
20 ml of water is added to the mixture and again decanted.
After washing for 2-3 times, residue is filtered and dried.
66. 66
Epoxy Resins
Properties
Chemical stability due to ether linkage.
High reactivity due to the epoxy/hydroxyl groups.
Excellent adhesion to the surfaces.
Low shrinkage.
Excellent weather/chemical resistance.
Outstanding electrical properties thus, industrial applications.
Ability to form copolymers with various applications.
67. 67
Epoxy Resins
Applications
Paints and coatings.
It is used as adhesives.
Industrial tooling and composites.
Electrical systems and electronics.
Petroleum and petrochemicals.
Consumer and marine applications.
Aerospace applications.
Biology.
68. 68
Books to consult
1. P. C. Jain and Renuka Jain, “Physical Chemistry for
Engineers”
2. A. Ravikrishnan, “Engineering Chemistry”