Politicians in Talk Shows - Etmaal van de Communicatiewetenschap 2012
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Presentation that I gave at the Etmaal van de Communicatiewetenschap 2012 about the effects of Politicians in Talk Shows.
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Theories presentation
This document discusses priming theory and how entertainment media like TV shows can prime viewers' political perceptions. It presents research on how shows like "The West Wing" positively portrayed the US presidency while "Scandal" may negatively prime viewers' views of the president. The study hypothesized that viewers of "Scandal" would have more negative perceptions of Barack Obama than those watching "Full House." Students were surveyed before and after watching an episode of either show to test if perceptions changed. The results supported that "Scandal" primed more negative political views compared to the control show.
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This document summarizes current research on media priming. It discusses the origin and psychological basis of priming, how priming effects can be measured, and specific types of media priming such as for violence and aggression or political issues. Priming refers to how exposure to certain media or information can influence subsequent judgments, attitudes, or behaviors. The effects of priming are strongest for ambiguous situations and dissipate over time. Media portrayals can create stereotypes that influence judgments through priming effects.
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The document discusses two social media theories: Cultivation Theory and Priming Theory. Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television exposure shapes peoples' perceptions of social reality over time. Priming Theory suggests that media provides frames of reference that influence how audiences interpret subsequent messages. The document also provides examples and critiques of each theory, noting limitations such as not considering meaning across different media genres and audiences' perspectives.
The study of political communication
This document discusses the history of political communication research. It covers the early scholarship from thinkers like Walter Lippmann who studied how the media shapes public perceptions. It also discusses the development of propaganda and different theories around media effects. Key theories mentioned include the two-step flow model and research showing limited to moderate media effects. The document concludes by discussing social scientific research methods used in political communication research like content analysis, experiments, and surveys.
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Theories presentation
This document discusses priming theory and how entertainment media like TV shows can prime viewers' political perceptions. It presents research on how shows like "The West Wing" positively portrayed the US presidency while "Scandal" may negatively prime viewers' views of the president. The study hypothesized that viewers of "Scandal" would have more negative perceptions of Barack Obama than those watching "Full House." Students were surveyed before and after watching an episode of either show to test if perceptions changed. The results supported that "Scandal" primed more negative political views compared to the control show.
Media Priming Theory
An extension of Agenda Setting theory.
It explains the media Images mold the mind of audience and helps n Decision Making Process.
Current Research of Media Priming
This document summarizes current research on media priming. It discusses the origin and psychological basis of priming, how priming effects can be measured, and specific types of media priming such as for violence and aggression or political issues. Priming refers to how exposure to certain media or information can influence subsequent judgments, attitudes, or behaviors. The effects of priming are strongest for ambiguous situations and dissipate over time. Media portrayals can create stereotypes that influence judgments through priming effects.
Cultivation theory and Priming theory
The document discusses two social media theories: Cultivation Theory and Priming Theory. Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television exposure shapes peoples' perceptions of social reality over time. Priming Theory suggests that media provides frames of reference that influence how audiences interpret subsequent messages. The document also provides examples and critiques of each theory, noting limitations such as not considering meaning across different media genres and audiences' perspectives.
The study of political communication
This document discusses the history of political communication research. It covers the early scholarship from thinkers like Walter Lippmann who studied how the media shapes public perceptions. It also discusses the development of propaganda and different theories around media effects. Key theories mentioned include the two-step flow model and research showing limited to moderate media effects. The document concludes by discussing social scientific research methods used in political communication research like content analysis, experiments, and surveys.
Magic bullet theory (assignment based)
This theory is based on media's direct effect on Pakistani society. It is an assignment based presentation.
Hypodermic needle theory
The document discusses the hypodermic needle theory of mass communication. It was proposed in the 1930s and suggests that media messages directly influence passive audiences like injections from a needle. Katz and Lazarsfeld argued this theory was too simplistic and proposed the two-step flow model, where opinion leaders influence audiences. The document also discusses the Lasswell formula for communication research and concludes different individuals respond differently to the same media messages.
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This document summarizes a presentation on the portrayal of police image in Indian media. It discusses how media shapes public perceptions of police through agenda setting, priming, and framing. Interviews found common perceptions are that police are corrupt, insensitive, and politically influenced. News reports often portray police negatively. Entertainment media shows unrealistic heroic police. The presentation concludes police and media need better cooperation and understanding to improve police image through strategies like crime newsletters and community workshops.
Agenda setting theory ppt
The agenda-setting theory originated in 1972 when McCombs and Shaw studied the 1968 US presidential election. They found that the issues given prominent coverage in the media were also considered important by voters. This showed that the media has the ability to influence the salience or importance of issues on the public agenda by deciding what to cover prominently. Later research expanded this to the concept of framing, which is that media can influence not just what issues the public thinks about, but also how they think about those issues through selective presentation and emphasis of certain aspects of stories.
Jo 2003 The Portrayal Of Public Relations In The News Media
This study analyzed over 300 news stories from major newspapers and television networks that contained the term "public relations" between 1998-2001. The study found that public relations was primarily portrayed as image and reputation management (51.8% of stories) and persuasion efforts (25.1% of stories). Additionally, negative connotations of public relations prevailed in the news stories, with image and reputation management being the most common function attributed to public relations. The results suggest journalists perceive public relations as primarily focused on promoting favorable images rather than relationship management.
Two step flow theory
The two-step flow theory of communication proposes that influence flows from mass media to opinion leaders and then from opinion leaders to the general public. Researchers found that during a presidential election campaign, people were more influenced by informal interpersonal communication with opinion leaders than by direct exposure to media messages. The theory claims information moves in two stages: first, opinion leaders are exposed to media and gain information; second, opinion leaders pass this information along with their own interpretations to other people in their social networks.
M6 com320 mass_commtheories
This document outlines several mass communication theories: the Magic Bullet Theory which suggests media has a direct influence on audiences; the Two-Step Theory where opinion leaders influence the public; the Agenda-Setting Theory where media tells the public what issues are important; Diffusion Theory where opinion leaders spread messages to influence the masses; and Framing Theory where how an issue is presented influences choices. It provides diagrams and brief explanations of each theory and links to additional mass communication theory resources.
Audience research
The hypodermic needle model suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them without their ability to resist. This theory was exemplified by the 1938 War of the Worlds radio broadcast causing a wave of panic. The uses and gratifications model counters this by focusing on how audiences actively use media to fulfill cognitive needs for knowledge, affective needs for emotions, personal integrative needs for self-esteem, social integrative needs for social interaction, and tension-free needs for escapism.
Cultivation theory
According to cultivation theory, heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as portrayed on television. The theory proposes that extensive television exposure can influence viewers' beliefs about the world, such as exaggerating the prevalence of violence and danger. Cultivation analysis examines the long-term effects of repetitive television content on viewers' conceptions of social reality.
Mass Communication Effects
1. The document discusses the evolution of mass media research from the propaganda model to the critical cultural model which examines how people use media to construct their view of the world.
2. It also covers different types of media effects such as message, medium, ownership, and active audience effects and how they influence people.
3. The role of media in politics is discussed including resonance and competitive models of how campaigns affect voters and debates around media and political bias.
Agenda setting theory
Agenda setting theory holds that intense media attention on certain topics and issues increases their perceived importance. The media uses agenda setting to inform the public about what it considers important, thereby influencing what issues people think about and believe are significant. While agenda setting allows the media to shape public awareness and attitudes, critics argue there is not strong evidence it causes direct changes in how the public views specific issues.
The Two-Step Flow Of Communication
The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an Hypothesis Elihu Katz (1957)
- The People's Choice
- The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Opinion Leaders and Opinion Followers
- Minimal/ Limited Paradigm vs. Mass Society Paradigm
- Strengths and Limitations of The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Elmira Study, Rovere Study, Decatur Study and Drug Study
- Diffusion of Innovation
- Personal Influence vs. Mass Influence
- Impact of Personal Influence
- Flow of Personal Influence
08 j614agendaframing
This document summarizes key concepts related to agenda setting and framing in journalism. It discusses four categories of media effects: agenda setting, priming, cueing, and framing. Agenda setting refers to how the media influences the public's perceptions of what issues are important. It also reviews research on agenda setting and the factors that influence setting the public, media and policymaker agendas. The document then discusses priming, cueing and framing effects, how frames can be used to shape thought, and provides a model of the framing process.
Four eras of communication (2)
This document discusses the four eras of mass communication theories:
1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
Chapter 15 – Media Effects
This document discusses media effects research and various theories about how media can impact individuals and society. It defines media effects research as attempting to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media. It also discusses several specific media effects theories, such as cultivation theory, agenda-setting, and the spiral of silence theory.
Hypodermic needle
The document discusses the hypodermic needle theory of mass communication, which suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them. It notes that this theory from the 1930s is now considered outdated. The two-step flow model is presented as an alternative, in which opinion leaders influence the public rather than direct media effects. Lasswell's communication formula is also described as analyzing the basic questions of who communicates what through which channel to whom with what effect.
Agenda Setting Theory Journal Article Discussion
The document summarizes agenda-setting theory in mass communication. It defines agenda-setting as the ability of media to influence the importance of issues in the public. The theory originated in the 1920s and was formally developed by McCombs and Shaw in their 1972 study of the 1968 US presidential election, which found that voters' perceptions of important issues matched the media's coverage. The document also discusses how agenda-setting relates to priming and framing effects and explains differences between these concepts.
Agenda setting theory
The document discusses agenda setting theory in mass communication. It states that media have the ability to determine which issues are important to the public by influencing what people think about rather than what to think. It provides background on the origins of the theory from Lippmann and Cohen and empirical research by McCombs and Shaw. Later research identified features like vividness, positioning and priming. The document also discusses agenda building, influences on media agendas, framing, and criticisms of agenda setting theory with examples of how Pakistani media practices it.
Agenda Setting Theory - Communication Theories
The document provides an overview of the agenda-setting theory of communication. It defines agenda-setting as the media's ability to influence public concern over certain issues by determining the priority and emphasis given to different news stories. The theory originated in 1972 from researchers Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw. There are different levels and types of agenda-setting, including how the media and public each set their own agendas, as well as how these influence policy agendas. Examples are given of prominent agenda-setting topics in recent events and media. Criticisms of the theory note challenges in measuring its effects, as people now have more media choices and ability to engage in two-way communication.
7. mass communication theory
The document provides an overview of several mass communication theories, beginning with the hypodermic needle theory. This theory proposed that media had a direct and powerful effect on passive audiences. However, the two-step flow theory later emerged from election studies, finding that opinion leaders and interpersonal communication were more influential than direct media effects. This led to the two-step flow model, where information spreads from media to opinion leaders and then to less active individuals.
Agenda setting theory
The agenda setting theory proposes that mass media has the ability to influence the salience of topics in the public mind by choosing what to report on and how prominently. It was introduced in 1972 and found that the amount of media coverage on an issue correlated with how important the public perceived that issue to be. The theory explains how media, public, policy, and corporate agendas can each set priorities for different audiences. It is useful for understanding political campaigns, business reputation, and public opinion formation but may oversimplify media effects.
Agenda setting- Communication Theory
The document discusses the agenda-setting theory of mass media. It was developed in 1972 by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw based on the 1968 US presidential election. The theory holds that media influence public perception of what issues are important by the amount and prominence they give coverage to certain issues. It outlines three types of agenda-setting: public, media, and policy. Examples from Indian elections in 2014 and 2015 are given to show how media coverage influenced public perceptions of important issues and candidates. The document also briefly discusses uses and gratifications research, which argues people use media more for entertainment and gratification of personal needs rather than being strongly influenced.
Media gate keeping theory
The document discusses the concept of gatekeeping, which was coined by Kurt Lewin in 1947 to refer to the process by which certain individuals control the flow of information to larger groups. Gatekeepers decide what messages or content will be allowed to pass through gates or filters to be distributed and consumed by others. The document provides examples of gatekeepers in media like newspaper editors and television news producers. It also discusses how gatekeeping theory has been applied across various fields of study.
Daily Show and Political Knowledge
The study examined the effects of exposure to The Daily Show on political learning and information seeking. It found that for less politically interested viewers, exposure to political issues through comedy programs like The Daily Show was associated with increased attention to those issues in other hard news media, supporting the "gateway hypothesis". Two studies showed those with low political interest spent more time seeking information on issues first exposed through comedy compared to hard news or mixed clips. However, political comedy was more likely to produce issue recognition versus recall of details, suggesting its limitations for political learning. The role of political comedy in democracy was discussed.
Political communication
This document discusses political communication. It defines political communication as the process by which leaders, media, or citizens use language and symbols to influence political views, attitudes, and behaviors. It identifies the key players in political communication as leaders, the public, and the media. It also discusses how politics is mediated through media platforms, how technology has become central to political communication, and how political communication has become globalized. Finally, it notes political communication can be used for both good and evil purposes.
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Agenda setting theory ppt
The agenda-setting theory originated in 1972 when McCombs and Shaw studied the 1968 US presidential election. They found that the issues given prominent coverage in the media were also considered important by voters. This showed that the media has the ability to influence the salience or importance of issues on the public agenda by deciding what to cover prominently. Later research expanded this to the concept of framing, which is that media can influence not just what issues the public thinks about, but also how they think about those issues through selective presentation and emphasis of certain aspects of stories.
Jo 2003 The Portrayal Of Public Relations In The News Media
This study analyzed over 300 news stories from major newspapers and television networks that contained the term "public relations" between 1998-2001. The study found that public relations was primarily portrayed as image and reputation management (51.8% of stories) and persuasion efforts (25.1% of stories). Additionally, negative connotations of public relations prevailed in the news stories, with image and reputation management being the most common function attributed to public relations. The results suggest journalists perceive public relations as primarily focused on promoting favorable images rather than relationship management.
Two step flow theory
The two-step flow theory of communication proposes that influence flows from mass media to opinion leaders and then from opinion leaders to the general public. Researchers found that during a presidential election campaign, people were more influenced by informal interpersonal communication with opinion leaders than by direct exposure to media messages. The theory claims information moves in two stages: first, opinion leaders are exposed to media and gain information; second, opinion leaders pass this information along with their own interpretations to other people in their social networks.
M6 com320 mass_commtheories
This document outlines several mass communication theories: the Magic Bullet Theory which suggests media has a direct influence on audiences; the Two-Step Theory where opinion leaders influence the public; the Agenda-Setting Theory where media tells the public what issues are important; Diffusion Theory where opinion leaders spread messages to influence the masses; and Framing Theory where how an issue is presented influences choices. It provides diagrams and brief explanations of each theory and links to additional mass communication theory resources.
Audience research
The hypodermic needle model suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them without their ability to resist. This theory was exemplified by the 1938 War of the Worlds radio broadcast causing a wave of panic. The uses and gratifications model counters this by focusing on how audiences actively use media to fulfill cognitive needs for knowledge, affective needs for emotions, personal integrative needs for self-esteem, social integrative needs for social interaction, and tension-free needs for escapism.
Cultivation theory
According to cultivation theory, heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as portrayed on television. The theory proposes that extensive television exposure can influence viewers' beliefs about the world, such as exaggerating the prevalence of violence and danger. Cultivation analysis examines the long-term effects of repetitive television content on viewers' conceptions of social reality.
Mass Communication Effects
1. The document discusses the evolution of mass media research from the propaganda model to the critical cultural model which examines how people use media to construct their view of the world.
2. It also covers different types of media effects such as message, medium, ownership, and active audience effects and how they influence people.
3. The role of media in politics is discussed including resonance and competitive models of how campaigns affect voters and debates around media and political bias.
Agenda setting theory
Agenda setting theory holds that intense media attention on certain topics and issues increases their perceived importance. The media uses agenda setting to inform the public about what it considers important, thereby influencing what issues people think about and believe are significant. While agenda setting allows the media to shape public awareness and attitudes, critics argue there is not strong evidence it causes direct changes in how the public views specific issues.
The Two-Step Flow Of Communication
The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an Hypothesis Elihu Katz (1957)
- The People's Choice
- The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Opinion Leaders and Opinion Followers
- Minimal/ Limited Paradigm vs. Mass Society Paradigm
- Strengths and Limitations of The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Elmira Study, Rovere Study, Decatur Study and Drug Study
- Diffusion of Innovation
- Personal Influence vs. Mass Influence
- Impact of Personal Influence
- Flow of Personal Influence
08 j614agendaframing
This document summarizes key concepts related to agenda setting and framing in journalism. It discusses four categories of media effects: agenda setting, priming, cueing, and framing. Agenda setting refers to how the media influences the public's perceptions of what issues are important. It also reviews research on agenda setting and the factors that influence setting the public, media and policymaker agendas. The document then discusses priming, cueing and framing effects, how frames can be used to shape thought, and provides a model of the framing process.
Four eras of communication (2)
This document discusses the four eras of mass communication theories:
1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
Chapter 15 – Media Effects
This document discusses media effects research and various theories about how media can impact individuals and society. It defines media effects research as attempting to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media. It also discusses several specific media effects theories, such as cultivation theory, agenda-setting, and the spiral of silence theory.
Hypodermic needle
The document discusses the hypodermic needle theory of mass communication, which suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them. It notes that this theory from the 1930s is now considered outdated. The two-step flow model is presented as an alternative, in which opinion leaders influence the public rather than direct media effects. Lasswell's communication formula is also described as analyzing the basic questions of who communicates what through which channel to whom with what effect.
Agenda Setting Theory Journal Article Discussion
The document summarizes agenda-setting theory in mass communication. It defines agenda-setting as the ability of media to influence the importance of issues in the public. The theory originated in the 1920s and was formally developed by McCombs and Shaw in their 1972 study of the 1968 US presidential election, which found that voters' perceptions of important issues matched the media's coverage. The document also discusses how agenda-setting relates to priming and framing effects and explains differences between these concepts.
Agenda setting theory
The document discusses agenda setting theory in mass communication. It states that media have the ability to determine which issues are important to the public by influencing what people think about rather than what to think. It provides background on the origins of the theory from Lippmann and Cohen and empirical research by McCombs and Shaw. Later research identified features like vividness, positioning and priming. The document also discusses agenda building, influences on media agendas, framing, and criticisms of agenda setting theory with examples of how Pakistani media practices it.
Agenda Setting Theory - Communication Theories
The document provides an overview of the agenda-setting theory of communication. It defines agenda-setting as the media's ability to influence public concern over certain issues by determining the priority and emphasis given to different news stories. The theory originated in 1972 from researchers Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw. There are different levels and types of agenda-setting, including how the media and public each set their own agendas, as well as how these influence policy agendas. Examples are given of prominent agenda-setting topics in recent events and media. Criticisms of the theory note challenges in measuring its effects, as people now have more media choices and ability to engage in two-way communication.
7. mass communication theory
The document provides an overview of several mass communication theories, beginning with the hypodermic needle theory. This theory proposed that media had a direct and powerful effect on passive audiences. However, the two-step flow theory later emerged from election studies, finding that opinion leaders and interpersonal communication were more influential than direct media effects. This led to the two-step flow model, where information spreads from media to opinion leaders and then to less active individuals.
Agenda setting theory
The agenda setting theory proposes that mass media has the ability to influence the salience of topics in the public mind by choosing what to report on and how prominently. It was introduced in 1972 and found that the amount of media coverage on an issue correlated with how important the public perceived that issue to be. The theory explains how media, public, policy, and corporate agendas can each set priorities for different audiences. It is useful for understanding political campaigns, business reputation, and public opinion formation but may oversimplify media effects.
Agenda setting- Communication Theory
The document discusses the agenda-setting theory of mass media. It was developed in 1972 by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw based on the 1968 US presidential election. The theory holds that media influence public perception of what issues are important by the amount and prominence they give coverage to certain issues. It outlines three types of agenda-setting: public, media, and policy. Examples from Indian elections in 2014 and 2015 are given to show how media coverage influenced public perceptions of important issues and candidates. The document also briefly discusses uses and gratifications research, which argues people use media more for entertainment and gratification of personal needs rather than being strongly influenced.
Media gate keeping theory
The document discusses the concept of gatekeeping, which was coined by Kurt Lewin in 1947 to refer to the process by which certain individuals control the flow of information to larger groups. Gatekeepers decide what messages or content will be allowed to pass through gates or filters to be distributed and consumed by others. The document provides examples of gatekeepers in media like newspaper editors and television news producers. It also discusses how gatekeeping theory has been applied across various fields of study.
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Jo 2003 The Portrayal Of Public Relations In The News Media
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2. Specific studies found that entertainment programs can shape young people's political views, frequent news coverage can increase importance of issues, and advertising can prime automatic behaviors and influence consumption.
3. Research also suggests local news tends to disproportionately focus on crime stories, some portrayals of black individuals in news and ads can encourage negative views, and product advertisements are sometimes targeted based on assumed consumer demographics.
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Appendix I - Transcripts of audio in the videos
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markboukes@hotmail.comJournalisten, politici en agendasetting
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