Simple, Complex, and Compound Sentences Exercises.pdf
Defining political communication, political coverage & reality
1. Center For Media &
Communication Studies
Topic:
Defining Political Communication, Political
Coverage & Reality
Presented By:
Nadia Naseem
Presented To:
Miss Rukhsana
3. The word “Politics” is derived from the word
“Poly” meaning “Many” and the word “Ticks”
meaning “Bloodsucking Parasites”
(Larry Hardiman,1999)
4. Politics is “a process whereby a group of people, whose
opinions or interests are initially divergent, reach
collective decisions which are generally regarded as
binding on the group, and enforced as common policy”
(Miller,1987, p. 390).
Politics is the process by which groups of people make
decision.
5. According to Paul Wellston:
“Politics is not about big money or
power games, it’s about the
improvement of People’s lives.”
“Such a control of government by the
wealthy that whatever happens, it’s
not working for all the people; it’s
working for a few of the people”
(Greenberg, 2011, p.6).
According to Greenberg:
Greenberg
7. Political communication is a subfield of communication
and political science that is concerned with how
information spreads and influences politics and policy
makers, the news media and citizens.
Political communication is the process by which language
and symbols, employed by leaders, media, or citizens, exert
intended or unintended effects on the political cognitions,
attitudes, or behaviors of individuals or on outcomes that
bear on the public policy of a nation, state, or community.
Political Communication:
8. Aspects Of Definition:
First, the definition emphasizes that political communication is a
process.
Second, political communication calls centrally on words and
symbols.
Third, there are three main players in political communication.
The first is the broad group of leader or influence agents. The
second is the media and the third is citizens or audience.
Fourth, political communication effects can be intended or
unintended.
A fifth aspect of political communication is that effects occur
on a variety of levels.
9. Variety of levels:
Micro Level Macro Level
Affecting individual
thoughts, attitude and
behavior
Exerting broad based effects
On Public Opinion
Intuitional change or Public
Policy
10. Technology is a centerpiece of
Political Communication:
Although technology has always played a role in
politics, it wields more influence today than ever
before. There is a greater volume of political
information, more instant communication between
leaders and followers, and more opportunities for
voters to exert control over the message.
(Johnson, 2011).
11. Title of Article On The Role of Technology in
Political Communication Research
Name of the Journal
Javnost/ The Public
(Journal of the European Institute
for Communication & Culture)
Author
Ivan B. Dylko
(Assistant Professor in
Communication Studies New Mexico
State University, New York)
Issue No 1
Volume 20
Page Number 55-70
Year of Publish April, 2013
DOI 10.1080/13183222.2013.11009108
12. In this article the author discusses the role of technology in
producing micro-level effects in political communication context.
Technology is a micro phenomenon that initially developed
knowledge within a society. The author argues that technology is
a centerpiece of political communication. Contemporary
technologies have made it easier for citizens to communicate
with leaders.
At the end of article author suggests that
political communication theorists should
include ICTs (Information Communication
Technology) into more communication model.
To understand the role of technology in political communication
research the author use Functional Model of ICTs.
13. Politics Is Played on a Media Platform:
The mass media mediate between citizens on the one hand and the
institutions of government on the other.
Jesper Stromback and Lynda L. Kaid (2008).
14. Adds: increased viewers levels of information.
Political Advertising: is a form of campaigning used by political
candidates to reach and influence voters. Political adds first time
used in 1952 Presidential election.
Types of Political Adds:
Talking Head: Where candidates speak directly into the camera.
Issue Add: Where candidate explain what they will do, it elected.
Positive Adds: Focuses on positive aspects of a candidate.
Negative Adds: Focuses on negative aspects of a rival candidate
is called negative adds. Negative adds more remember than positive
adds. The majority of Presidential Campaign based on negative
adds.
Now, Political adds are typically high production Value, using
images, music and different effects to create mood.
15. In the modern era, social media became a powerful weapon for
politicians. Social Media is more powerful than main stream
media. Politicians use social media for engaging their followers
and common people. Many political researchers believe that
Political Socialization became possible through Social Media.
During 2012 election campaign, President Barack Obama use
social networking side to shore up support among young voters.
“Hi, I’m Barack Obama, President of United State. Ask me
anything.”
Obama won the election because of social networking side.
Indian politician Narendra Modi
is another example of politician
use social networking side to
influence common people and
won elections.
16. Title of Article Use of Social Media for Political
Engagement: Literature Review
Name of Journal ResearchGate
Author Nirankush Dutta &
Anil K. Bhat
ISBN No 978-1-943295-05-0
Year of Publish December,2016
Website htpp://www.researchgate.net/publication
/312468953
17. The authors were select database with the keywords “social media”
“politics” and “political campaign” for the period starting from 2010-
2016. Only journal papers were chosen as generally journals are peer
reviewed for this research paper.
2010 was chosen starting time and information about research in the
last seven years is evaluated by this literature survey. Article per year
by top 10 journals and more than 5300 journals related social science,
art & humanities and computer science for this paper.
An interesting finding arising from the analysis of this research paper
is that Social media has a great importance for political purposes
politicians.
The main objective of this study is to highlight use of social media for
political engagement.
19. Political Coverage refers to the
Political News.
Political coverage strongly influences
people’s perception about politics.
The focus of political coverage is on
the president; whatever the president
says or does is newsworthy and
current scenario of a country.
20. Political Coverage Focuses on:
President
Political Parties
Political Event
Election Campaign
Gaffes of Political
Candidates.
22. • The word “news” is derived from an
Arabic word.
• News means “Something one had not
heard before”.
• Many journalist and linguist explain
the definition of news his own words.
23. Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese and their
colleagues developed a comprehensive
perspective on news:
“Hold a mirror up to society and try to report it
as faithfully as possible,”
as a CBS network executive famously stated
(Epstein, 1973, pp. 13–14).
24. DOES NEWS REFLECT REALITY?
WELL, NOT EXACTLY
On a broader level, there is considerable evidence
that news does not reflect reality.
“More than 70 percent of news stories focus only
on the handful of people who are known or already
prominent, rather than on the entire
population.” (Gans, 1979).
25. What American thinks about news?
They are of one mind: It’s biased!
Two-thirds of the public believe that news stories are
frequently inaccurate.
More than three-fourths of Americans perceive that news
media tend to favor one side, and 8 of 10 Americans
believe the press is often influenced by powerful Interests
(Pew Research Center for the People
and the Press, 2011b; see
also Ladd, 2012).
26. Why mostly news does
not reflect reality?
Due to:
Gate-keeping
Agenda setting
Framing
27. Shoemaker (1991) notes,
“Gate-keeping is the process by which the billions of
messages that are available in the world get cut down and
transformed into the hundreds of messages that reach a
given person on a given day” (p. 1).
Framing is sometimes
referred to as second
level agenda setting
theory. It focuses on How
media draws public’s eye
to specific topic or
specific political party.
28. Perloff M. Richard, THE DYNAMICS OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION: Media
and Politics in a Digital Age. New York: Routledge.
The Media and Political Campaigns: Boundless Political Science
The Mass Media and Political Coverage - CliffsNotes
Nirankush Dutta & Anil K. Bhat, (2016), Use of Social Media for Political
Engagement: A Literature Review, ResearchGate, 978-1-943295-05-0
Ivan B. Dylko, (2013), On the Role of Technology in Political Communication
Research, New York Journal of Javnost-the public, 20(1), 55-70
