This document provides an overview of the structure of the US federal bureaucracy. It discusses the three main types of federal administrative entities: cabinet-level departments, independent agencies, and regulatory boards and commissions. It also outlines some of the key characteristics of bureaucracies, including their hierarchical structure, specialization of tasks, explicit rules and procedures, and emphasis on objective merit-based hiring and processes. Additionally, it examines the roles of administrators, rule makers, and judges within bureaucracies and their relationship with Congress and interest groups.
Lloyd Pierre-Louis presented "2015 Ohio Ballot Issues" to the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission on October 27, 2015.
The presentation discussed important issues on the ballot for Ohio voters.
An overview of state and federal laws, rules and regulations that govern how boards and staff of community development corporations may influence public policy.
Lloyd Pierre-Louis presented "2015 Ohio Ballot Issues" to the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission on October 27, 2015.
The presentation discussed important issues on the ballot for Ohio voters.
An overview of state and federal laws, rules and regulations that govern how boards and staff of community development corporations may influence public policy.
House Passes Permanent Bonus Depreciation ProvisionCBIZ, Inc.
On July 11, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill to restore and make permanent the 50 percent bonus depreciation provision. The vote was 258-160, largely along party lines, with only 34 Democrats voting for the bill and two Republicans voting against it.
Tracking legislation enables organizations to limit their
exposure to such costs. With early notification of
emerging measures, organizations can have an impact
on the legislative process well before those measures
become law and related rules are adopted.
Welfare and Drug Testing Policy in the USAFaisal Farrukh
American Congress adopted the Anti Drug Abuse Act in 1988. In 1995 the policy was further refined and the government started implementing its drug free policy. The drug free policy enforce denial of federal benefits to users, possessors and traffickers from one to five years and the third timers permanently. This included grants, contracts, licensing, loans, but excluded welfare and public housing. In 1996 the government enacted Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, created Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to make people move from welfare to work, a mandatory state run drug test.
Results of research on the impact of the CARD Act on the credit card market. Based on the report "Credit Card Clarity", presented at the American Council on Consumer Interests annual conference in 2011.
House Passes Permanent Bonus Depreciation ProvisionCBIZ, Inc.
On July 11, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill to restore and make permanent the 50 percent bonus depreciation provision. The vote was 258-160, largely along party lines, with only 34 Democrats voting for the bill and two Republicans voting against it.
Tracking legislation enables organizations to limit their
exposure to such costs. With early notification of
emerging measures, organizations can have an impact
on the legislative process well before those measures
become law and related rules are adopted.
Welfare and Drug Testing Policy in the USAFaisal Farrukh
American Congress adopted the Anti Drug Abuse Act in 1988. In 1995 the policy was further refined and the government started implementing its drug free policy. The drug free policy enforce denial of federal benefits to users, possessors and traffickers from one to five years and the third timers permanently. This included grants, contracts, licensing, loans, but excluded welfare and public housing. In 1996 the government enacted Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, created Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to make people move from welfare to work, a mandatory state run drug test.
Results of research on the impact of the CARD Act on the credit card market. Based on the report "Credit Card Clarity", presented at the American Council on Consumer Interests annual conference in 2011.
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Chapter 13:The Bureaucracy
ADA Text Version
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the formal organization of the federal bureaucracy.
2. Classify the vital functions performed by the bureaucracy.
3. Explain the present Civil Service system and contrast it with the 19th century spoils system.
4. Identify the various factors contributing to bureaucracy's growth over time.
5. Compare the means by which Congress and the president attempt to maintain control over the bureaucracy.
6. Analyze and evaluate the problems that bureaucratic organization poses for American democracy.
Introduction
The very word "bureaucracy" often carries negative connotations. To refer to an institution as a "bureaucracy" or characterize it as "bureaucratic" is usually intended as an insult. But the national bureaucracy, sometimes called the "fourth branch of government", is responsible for practically all of the day-to-day work of governing the country. While bureaucracy in the United States, consistent with our tradition of more limited government, is smaller than its counterparts in other longstanding democracies, its influence extends to almost every corner of American society. From delivery of the mail to regulation of the stock market to national defense, federal employees plan, regulate, adjudicate, enforce, and implement federal law. Despite recurrent calls to "shrink" the size of government, the federal bureaucracy remains the largest single employer in the United States. This lesson examines the bureaucracy's formal organization, its critical role in the American economy and society, and its perceived weaknesses.
Study Questions
1. How did sociologist Max Weber define bureaucracy?
2. Identify the various functions federal bureaucracies perform giving at least one example each:
a. Implementation
b. Regulation
c. Adjudication
d. Enforcement
e. Policy-making
3. How many people does the federal government employ? For what percentage of GDP does federal spending account? How does this compare to other economically advanced democracies?
4. Classify and distinguish the major types of bureaucracy in the federal government:
a. Cabinet Departments
b. Independent Agencies
c. Independent Regulatory Commissions
d. Government Corporations
5. How does the federal bureaucracy select and recruit personnel? Contrast the present civil service system with the spoils system. What advantages does the present system provide?
6. What factors explain the growth of bureaucracy over time despite recurrent calls for limiting the size of government?
7. Identify those factors in the budget process making it difficult to cut bureaucratic funding.
8. Describe the way Congress authorizes funding for the federal bureaucracy.
9. How does Congress attempt to control the federal bureaucracy?
10. How does the president attempt to control the federal bureaucracy?
11. What special problems does bureaucratic independence present in a democracy? Discuss with re.
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Chapter 5
Administrative Law
Administrative law governs and de�ines the powers of government agencies. A number of political and technological factors have led to an explosion in
the growth of government since the turn of the 20th century, at both the federal and state levels. Even though these bureaucracies fall under the executive
or legislative branch, their rapid growth has given rise to what is commonly referred to as the "fourth branch of government": administrative agencies.
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Comstock/Thinkstock
The Internal Revenue Service is one example of an
agency created by the federal government to expand
its regulatory power.
5.1 What Is the Purpose of an Administrative Agency?
Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government has been steadily expanding its regulatory powers
over business and individuals through the creation of agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission,
Internal Revenue Service, and Food and Drug Administration. Under the U.S. Supreme Court's broad
interpretation of the Commerce Clause, Congress has the power to regulate nearly any matter that has
an impact on interstate commerce. However, the 535 men and women that make up the 112th
Congress have neither the time nor the expertise to become involved in the speci�ics of drafting
regulatory rules for each federal agency. What Congress has done instead is to create administrative
agencies to oversee or carry out speci�ic governmental functions and then empower those agencies to
create the rules by which they will operate. The same holds true for the executive branch of
government, where the president uses administrative agencies to help carry out the responsibilities of
the of�ice.
When an agency is created, Congress gives the agency the power to draft its own agency rules—the
guidelines under which the agency operates and that must be followed by persons over whom the
agency is given regulatory powers. When federal agencies enact rules, they must follow the guidelines
set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), which speci�ies the procedures agencies must
follow in promulgating new rules. As long as an agency creates rules in accordance to the
Administrative Procedure Act, such rules have the force of law.
Agencies have two main purposes: assisting in carrying out vital government functions and exerting
regulatory control. They are the instruments through which Congress and the president institu ...
Chapter Eighteen The Law of Administrative AgenciesIntroduction to.docxbissacr
Chapter Eighteen The Law of Administrative AgenciesIntroduction to Administrative Law and Administrative AgenciesAdministrative Law
For the purposes of this text, administrative law is defined broadly as any rule (statute or regulation) that affects, directly or indirectly, an administrative agency. These rules may be procedural or substantive, and they may come from the legislative, executive, or judicial branch of government or from the agencies themselves. Such rules may be promulgated at the federal, state, or local levels. A procedural rule generally has an impact on the internal processes by which the agencies function or prescribes methods of enforcing rights. For example, under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), a federal administrative agency must give adequate notice to all parties involved in an agency hearing. A substantive rule defines the rights of parties. An example is an act of Congress that forbids the FTC from applying the antitrust laws to all the Coca-Cola bottlers in the United States. In this instance, the rights and regulations of both the FTC and the Coca-Cola bottlers were defined by Congress.
administrative law
Any rule (statute or regulation) that directly or indirectly affects an administrative agency.
procedural rule
A rule that governs the internal processes of an administrative agency.
substantive rule
A rule that creates, defines, or regulates the legal rights of administrative agencies and the parties they regulate.Critical Thinking About The Law
As a future business leader, you will certainly encounter many governmental regulations. Congress created administrative agencies, in part, because it could not hope to address the enormous variety and number of concerns that are now covered by administrative agencies. Although you will not learn about every administrative agency in this chapter, you can jump-start your thinking about administrative agencies by answering these critical thinking questions.
1. Your roommate states that people do not have to follow the regulations passed by administrative agencies because these regulations are not laws. She argues that only Congress can make laws. Which critical thinking question could be applied to settle this disagreement?
Clue: Do you and your roommate agree on the meaning of the words she is using?
2. Some individuals may argue that the creation of regulations by administrative agencies promotes unfair restrictions on business. What ethical norm seems to be behind this thought?
Clue: If you want fewer restrictions from the government, what ethical norm is influencing your thought? What ethical norm seems to conflict with the wish for fewer governmental regulations?
3. Congress assumes that the administrative agencies will address problems effectively in their respective areas. For example, the EPA ensures compliance with environmental laws. If Matt makes the assumption that environmental problems are so complex and widespread that the EPA could not hope to ma.
Chapter Eighteen The Law of Administrative AgenciesIntroduction to.docxmccormicknadine86
Chapter Eighteen The Law of Administrative AgenciesIntroduction to Administrative Law and Administrative AgenciesAdministrative Law
For the purposes of this text, administrative law is defined broadly as any rule (statute or regulation) that affects, directly or indirectly, an administrative agency. These rules may be procedural or substantive, and they may come from the legislative, executive, or judicial branch of government or from the agencies themselves. Such rules may be promulgated at the federal, state, or local levels. A procedural rule generally has an impact on the internal processes by which the agencies function or prescribes methods of enforcing rights. For example, under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), a federal administrative agency must give adequate notice to all parties involved in an agency hearing. A substantive rule defines the rights of parties. An example is an act of Congress that forbids the FTC from applying the antitrust laws to all the Coca-Cola bottlers in the United States. In this instance, the rights and regulations of both the FTC and the Coca-Cola bottlers were defined by Congress.
administrative law
Any rule (statute or regulation) that directly or indirectly affects an administrative agency.
procedural rule
A rule that governs the internal processes of an administrative agency.
substantive rule
A rule that creates, defines, or regulates the legal rights of administrative agencies and the parties they regulate.Critical Thinking About The Law
As a future business leader, you will certainly encounter many governmental regulations. Congress created administrative agencies, in part, because it could not hope to address the enormous variety and number of concerns that are now covered by administrative agencies. Although you will not learn about every administrative agency in this chapter, you can jump-start your thinking about administrative agencies by answering these critical thinking questions.
1. Your roommate states that people do not have to follow the regulations passed by administrative agencies because these regulations are not laws. She argues that only Congress can make laws. Which critical thinking question could be applied to settle this disagreement?
Clue: Do you and your roommate agree on the meaning of the words she is using?
2. Some individuals may argue that the creation of regulations by administrative agencies promotes unfair restrictions on business. What ethical norm seems to be behind this thought?
Clue: If you want fewer restrictions from the government, what ethical norm is influencing your thought? What ethical norm seems to conflict with the wish for fewer governmental regulations?
3. Congress assumes that the administrative agencies will address problems effectively in their respective areas. For example, the EPA ensures compliance with environmental laws. If Matt makes the assumption that environmental problems are so complex and widespread that the EPA could not hope to ma ...
Week 3 - AssignmentElements of a ContractSuppose that the Fabu.docxjessiehampson
Week 3 - Assignment
Elements of a Contract
Suppose that the Fabulous Hotel hires you as head chef under a two-year employment contract. After two years, another hotel wants to hire you. However, in the original employment contract you signed with the Fabulous Hotel, the following paragraph appears:
“The below-signed agrees not to work as a chef for another hotel in the same metropolitan area for a period of two years after leaving our employ.”
· Describe and analyze the five elements of a contract that must exist for this agreement to be enforceable.
· Explain why this contract is governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).
· Examine at least two circumstances in which this non-compete agreement would be unenforceable.
Submit a four- to five-page paper (not including title and reference pages). Your paper must be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide and must cite three scholarly sources in addition to the textbook
Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.) for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
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Chapter 5
Administrative Law
Administrative law governs and de�ines the powers of government agencies. A number of political and technological factors have led to an explosion in
the growth of government since the turn of the 20th century, at both the federal and state levels. Even though these bureaucracies fall under the executive
or legislative branch, their rapid growth has given rise to what is commonly referred to as the "fourth branch of government": administrative agencies.
8/15/2019 Print
https://content.ashford.edu/print/AUBUS670.12.2?sections=ch05,sec5.1,sec5.2,sec5.3,ch05summary,unit02&content=all&clientToken=49039f02-3ec… 2/12
Comstock/Thinkstock
The Internal Revenue Service is one example of an
agency created by the federal government to expand
its regulatory power.
5.1 What Is the Purpose of an Administrative Agency?
Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government has been steadily expanding its regulatory powers
over business and individuals through the creation of agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission,
Internal Revenue Service, and Food and Drug Administration. Under the U.S. Supreme Court's broad
interpretation of the Commerce Clause, Congress has the power to regulate nearly any matter that has
an impact on interstate commerce. However, the 535 men and women that make up the 112th
Congress have neither the time nor the expertise to become involved in the speci�ics of drafting
regulatory rules for each federal agency. What Congress has done instead is to create administrative
agencies to oversee or carry out speci�i ...
Exercise 9
Regulatory Management:
Administrative Law
WHAT IS ADMINISTRATIVE LAW?
In addition to services and projects, public agencies
are responsible for enforcing government regulations.
While private and not-for-profit organizations, like
government agencies, have programs, projects, and
outsourcing, the public sector uniquely has the
authority to enforce regulations. Regulatory manage-
ment is the substance of administrative law. The
federal Administrative Procedures Act of 1946,
which has been amended only a few times since its
passage, is the most important single codification of
administrative law. Most, but not all, states have a
law similar to the federal one. However, administra-
tive law is tucked away in many different places-in
federal and state constitutions, statutes, executive
orders, signing statements, administrative rules,
waivers, treaties, and court decisions. All of these
things taken together as they affect public administra-
tion constitute administrative law.
WHY IS ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
IMPORTANT?
The traditional theory of public administration held
that elected officials make policy and administrators
implement it. Whether this neat distinction ever
applied in practice is doubtful. Certainly it does not
apply today. The scope of modern government is so
vast and the issues government confronts are so
technically complex that elected officials can attend
directly only to a minute proportion of the items
on the publ ic agenda. Consequently, much of the
day-to-day responsibility for making public policy is
delegated-formally or informally-to publ ic
administrators. This is what is meant by the concept
of the administrative state. Public administrators, not
legislators, are the ones who, for example, determine
safety standards for oil drilling, set the specific
requirements for health insurance companies, define
what can be classified as organic food, and decide
thousands of other questions, large and small.
General laws are passed and administrators fill in the
details-and the devil is in the details!
Administrative law sets forth the extent to which
agencies are allowed to fill in the details, the
procedures that must be used in doing so, and the
rights of those affected by agency actions to appeal
administrative decisions. Administrative law is
grounded in the basic separation of powers doctrine
incorporated into governance in the United States.
Agencies have important inherent powers, but these
powers are limited by the respective powers of
legislatures and courts.
STATUS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Whenever a legislative body passes a law, it specifies
which executive branch agency (existing or new) has
the authority for making detailed rules to describe
what the affected individuals and organizations must
do to comply with the law. And the limits of an
agency's authority are set by the legislature as well.
State legislatures, for example, have passed laws that
require drivers of cars to have a license based on
requ ...
Fundamental of Public Administration PPA 101NANCY GENOVADustiBuckner14
Fundamental of Public Administration PPA 101
NANCY GENOVA, MPA
INSTRUCTOR/ CHAPTER 2 (P.35-75)
Learning Objectives Chapter 2Understanding the organization and function of the branches of the federal governmentUnderstanding the organization and function of the other levels of governmentUnderstanding the policy processExploring the controls exerted by the legislative branch on administratorsExploring the controls exerted by the judicial branch on administrators
Administrative Organizations
The Executive Office of the PresidentCabinet-Level Executive DepartmentsIndependent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions, and Public CorporationsAgencies Supporting the Legislature and the Judiciary
The State Level
Its own constitutionIts own asssetsNumerous departments and commissions
The Local Level
CitiesCountiesNative American TribesSpecial Purpose GovernmentsNonprofit Organizations and Associations
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE LEGISLATIVE BODY
The Policy Process
Exploring Concepts: STAGES IN THE POLICY PROCESS
Agenda SettingPolicy FormulationPolicy LegitimationPolicy ImplementationPolicy Evaluation and Change
Political Context of PA Public administrators need awareness of how all the government systems work in an effort to become more effective in regards to what they doAttention to how leadership works in our political settings is essential to understanding how to get things done as a public administrator
Public AdministratorsPublic administrators are responsible for implementing public policyProposals are written and submitted the process includes….Organizations develop policies to guide their activitiesPublic agencies work together with executive, the legislature and the judiciary to seek important policy goals
Federal Government 3 BranchesExecutiveLegislatureJudiciary‘Founding Father’s’ had fears of concentrated power that’s why they divided the power
Administrative Organizations & Executive Leadership
Executive Office of the President- Office of Management & Budget, National Security Council, Council of Economic Advisers
Cabinet level executive departments- Department of Defense, Health & Human Services, Treasury, Agriculture, Housing & Urban Development, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security (2002,) Ambassador to United Nations
Independent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions, and Public Corporations
Jurisdiction & Federalism
Jurisdiction- territorial range of government authority is sometimes used as a synonym for city or townFederalism- a system of government in which powers are divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) goverments.
Relationship Among 3 Levels of the GovernmentFederalStateLocalCooperation vs. conflictWho has policy making authority?
The Capacity of States & LocalitiesIn the 1950’s & 60’s policy reflected the interest of the elite1980’s state government transformed from weak links to progressive political units1990’s brought about local governments being ‘proact ...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
11. Fifteen Departments
Secretary appointed by president
What issues fall under the cabinet?
Foreign Relations
Agriculture
Education
12.
13. Enforce regulations and create policy
Single head appointed by president
Narrow areas of jurisdiction
Size varies
14. Agency run by a small number of officials
Appointed by the president, serve a fixed term
Sector of economy or political arena
Federal
Communications
Commission
Food and Drug
Administration
20. Implements and administers laws
Professional and non-partisan
Examples: Park Rangers and Police Officers
21. Writes details of legislation
Bureaucracy is delegated legislative authority,
known as bureaucratic discretion
Importance of judgment
Decisions not without safeguards
Federal Register and Public
22. Interpreting the law in certain cases
“Rules of the game”
Responsible for ensuring compliance
Rulings can be overturned by Congress
23.
24. Appointment Power
The Budget Process
Government Reorganization
“The Power of Persuasion”
25. Relationship between government actors:
Congressional Committee
Interest Group
Bureaucratic Agency
27. Powerful check
Members’ views on implementation
Committees with jurisdiction can request
agency testify before them
Congress sets funding levels for agencies
28. Agencies sued by individuals and businesses
Courts play minor role in process
Bureaucratic deference
Agencies being out of Court’s reach
Time constraints
