Fundamental of Public Administration PPA 101 NANCY GENOVA, MPA INSTRUCTOR/ CHAPTER 2 (P.35-75) Learning Objectives Chapter 2Understanding the organization and function of the branches of the federal governmentUnderstanding the organization and function of the other levels of governmentUnderstanding the policy processExploring the controls exerted by the legislative branch on administratorsExploring the controls exerted by the judicial branch on administrators Administrative Organizations The Executive Office of the PresidentCabinet-Level Executive DepartmentsIndependent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions, and Public CorporationsAgencies Supporting the Legislature and the Judiciary The State Level Its own constitutionIts own asssetsNumerous departments and commissions The Local Level CitiesCountiesNative American TribesSpecial Purpose GovernmentsNonprofit Organizations and Associations RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE LEGISLATIVE BODY The Policy Process Exploring Concepts: STAGES IN THE POLICY PROCESS Agenda SettingPolicy FormulationPolicy LegitimationPolicy ImplementationPolicy Evaluation and Change Political Context of PA Public administrators need awareness of how all the government systems work in an effort to become more effective in regards to what they doAttention to how leadership works in our political settings is essential to understanding how to get things done as a public administrator Public AdministratorsPublic administrators are responsible for implementing public policyProposals are written and submitted the process includes….Organizations develop policies to guide their activitiesPublic agencies work together with executive, the legislature and the judiciary to seek important policy goals Federal Government 3 BranchesExecutiveLegislatureJudiciary‘Founding Father’s’ had fears of concentrated power that’s why they divided the power Administrative Organizations & Executive Leadership Executive Office of the President- Office of Management & Budget, National Security Council, Council of Economic Advisers Cabinet level executive departments- Department of Defense, Health & Human Services, Treasury, Agriculture, Housing & Urban Development, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security (2002,) Ambassador to United Nations Independent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions, and Public Corporations Jurisdiction & Federalism Jurisdiction- territorial range of government authority is sometimes used as a synonym for city or townFederalism- a system of government in which powers are divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) goverments. Relationship Among 3 Levels of the GovernmentFederalStateLocalCooperation vs. conflictWho has policy making authority? The Capacity of States & LocalitiesIn the 1950’s & 60’s policy reflected the interest of the elite1980’s state government transformed from weak links to progressive political units1990’s brought about local governments being ‘proact ...

1. Fundamental of Public Administration PPA 101
NANCY GENOVA, MPA
INSTRUCTOR/ CHAPTER 2 (P.35-75)
Learning Objectives Chapter 2Understanding the organization
and function of the branches of the federal
governmentUnderstanding the organization and function of the
other levels of governmentUnderstanding the policy
processExploring the controls exerted by the legislative branch
on administratorsExploring the controls exerted by the judicial
branch on administrators
Administrative Organizations
The Executive Office of the PresidentCabinet-Level Executive
DepartmentsIndependent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions,
and Public CorporationsAgencies Supporting the Legislature
and the Judiciary
The State Level
Its own constitutionIts own asssetsNumerous departments and

2. commissions
The Local Level
CitiesCountiesNative American TribesSpecial Purpose
GovernmentsNonprofit Organizations and Associations
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE LEGISLATIVE BODY
The Policy Process
Exploring Concepts: STAGES IN THE POLICY PROCESS
Agenda SettingPolicy FormulationPolicy LegitimationPolicy
ImplementationPolicy Evaluation and Change
Political Context of PA Public administrators need awareness of
how all the government systems work in an effort to become
more effective in regards to what they doAttention to how
leadership works in our political settings is essential to
understanding how to get things done as a public administrator
Public AdministratorsPublic administrators are responsible for

3. implementing public policyProposals are written and submitted
the process includes….Organizations develop policies to guide
their activitiesPublic agencies work together with executive, the
legislature and the judiciary to seek important policy goals
Federal Government 3
BranchesExecutiveLegislatureJudiciary‘Founding Father’s’ had
fears of concentrated power that’s why they divided the power
Administrative Organizations & Executive Leadership
Executive Office of the President- Office of Management &
Budget, National Security Council, Council of Economic
Advisers
Cabinet level executive departments- Department of Defense,
Health & Human Services, Treasury, Agriculture, Housing &
Urban Development, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland
Security (2002,) Ambassador to United Nations
Independent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions, and Public
Corporations
Jurisdiction & Federalism
Jurisdiction- territorial range of government authority is
sometimes used as a synonym for city or townFederalism- a
system of government in which powers are divided between a
central (national) government and regional (state) goverments.
Relationship Among 3 Levels of the
GovernmentFederalStateLocalCooperation vs. conflictWho has

4. policy making authority?
The Capacity of States & LocalitiesIn the 1950’s & 60’s policy
reflected the interest of the elite1980’s state government
transformed from weak links to progressive political
units1990’s brought about local governments being ‘proactive
rather than reactive’
How States & Localities Increased Their CapacitiesTwo-party
competitionLobbying presenceMore effective, capable &
professional leadersUnified court system, hiring of court
administrators, and creation of additional layers of court
Improved Revenue SystemTaxing legalized gambling, alcohol,
tobaccoProviding property-tax relief to residentsIncreasing
local sales taxNYC sales replicas of street signs
Expanding the Scope of State OperationsStates are now policy
innovators; i.e. family leave act, Amber alert then the federal
government followed suitBefore the federal government
reformed welfare several states had established workfare
program and imposed time limits on the receipt of welfare
benefits
Leaders & FollowersHere are some examples of states adopting
policy and then the federal government following; stopping

5. telephone solicitation, self extinguishing cigarettes, privatizing
the running the schools ‘charter’, use of social media to inform
and share
Inter-jurisdictional CooperationJoint problem solving; aide one
another when natural disasters happen, 42 states banned
together in a lawsuit to recover the Medicaid cost of treating
tobacco related diseases against tobacco companiesAnti -trust
lawsuit against Microsoft (1998) the firm illegally stifled
competition, harmed consumers, undercut competition
Increased National-State ConflictOne states interest negatively
affects another state; i.e. Very common inter-jurisdictional
conflict in areas of natural resources and economic
development; i.e. one states water supply, moving business to
another state
Political CorruptionCorruption can undermine public trustData
indicates that political corruption are associated with declines
in job growth because corruption creates uncertainty and
inflates costsTransparency more openness and more rules
How is Local Government OrganizedLocal government is
organized in 3 ways47% of municipalities use mayor-council
form (council or mayor are elected). Strong mayor systems are
used in most large and industrial cities, sometimes the Deputy
Mayor has the role of administrator (internal
management)Council -manager- (52% municipalities employ

6. this model) council makes policy, appropriation, primary
executive responsibilities lies with the city manager
(populations of 25-250,000)Counties- (small to huge
populations,) provide services on behalf of state government;
public works, mental health, police. Elected officials such as a
sheriff, auditor, tresurer. A chief executive and holds power
similar to that of a governor
Native American TribesNative Americans have inherent rights
to possess and use their land and sovereignty over running their
own affairs/ American government acts a guardian (Supreme
Court Justice Marshall, known as the Marshall Trilogy 1827-
32)There are more than 500 recognized tribes in the United
States
Special Purpose Governments
School districts
Economic development (public non-profit)
Non-profit organizations & associations- can have a profit but
can only be used for purposes of the organization it cannot be
distributed to shareholders or members (faith based
organizations, healthcare, unions, colleges, youth activities/
Boy Scouts) 1.5 million organizations nationwide. Provide
services for public benefit or to some segment of the public.
They are tax exempt and must be governed by a board of
trustees
Policy Process
Agenda setting- problems needing action

7. Policy formulation- development of formal policy statement
Policy legitimation- giving legal force to decision justifying
policy action (political as once a policy is in place how to role
out???)
Policy implementation- activities directed toward putting a
program
Policy evaluation and change- assessment as to whether policies
are working well (cost, programs worth)
Types of Policy
Regulatory- i.e.; criminal justice laws, business practice laws,
access to certain goods clean water and air….
Distributive- (most common form of government policy) tax
revenues provide benefits to individuals or groups (grants,
subsidies) military, parks….
Redistributive- takes taxes from one group and gives them to
others (Medicare, Medicaid
Constituent- intended to benefit the public or serve the
government, i.e; foreign defense policies
Sources of Bureaucratic PowerGovernment agencies have
influence in government because they have specific experti se in
their area so they can provide guidance in design and
implementationMany times the legislation is vague so the
government is reliant on the expertise of a particular agency
Support can come to agency from members of the legislature
that champion the agency’s causeYou can get support from the
executive branchLobbying strategiesCommitment by it’s
members

8. Legislative Supervision: Structural ControlsLegislative Veto-
Statutory provision that gives Congress the authority to approve
or disapprove certain executive actions.Sunset Laws- Provision
that sets a specific termination date for a program.Sunshine
Laws- Provision that requires agencies to conduct business in
public view.Agency Conduct
*
Legislative Supervision: Structural ControlsJudicial review;
courts may review administrative actions through this process.
They can set aside actions deemed unconstitutional that extend
beyond the limits of statutory authority, that are arbitrary,
capricious or abuse discretion that are procedurally unfair or
without substantive justificationCourts have ruled in cases
involving the managing of prisons,
Legislative Supervision: Oversight
Legislative Supervision: Casework
Students analyze the power of the governor in your state, giving
special attention to the governor’s power to exercise executive
leadership over the agencies of state government. The analysis
should be based on the formal and informal powers of
officeholders discussed in Chapter 2. How do the governor’s
executive powers compare to those of the president of the
United States? How do they compare to those of the local
mayor?

9. RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE JUDICIARY
Quasi-legislative ActionQuasi-judicial ActionAgency
DiscretionJudicial ReviewConcerns for Due Process
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in History: THE SPOTTED OWL
AND AGENCY INTERPRETATION OF THE LAW
The Courts and Agency Administration
Group DiscussionLet’s choose a current event or topic and walk
students through the process of how a policy might be
developed to address this topic. Base your discussion on the
stages of the policy process outlined in this chapter.
SummaryNow you’re realizing that public administrators
require vast knowledge of how policies, local government, and
executive branch work and affect day to day operations of
public agencies
ResourcesThe following are links to websites that can provide
information about the executive branch of the federal

10. government and of state and local governments:The White
House: (www.whitehouse.gov).The federal executive branch:
(www.usa.gov/Agencies//Federal/Executive.shtml).Executive
orders: (http://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-
actions/executive-orders).State, local, and tribal governments:
(http://www.usa.gov/Agencies.shtml). The following are links
to websites that can provide information about nonprofit
organizations:Alliance for Nonprofit Management:
(www.allianceonline.org/).The following are links to sources
about policy making and legislative and judiciary controls:The
United States Congress: (http://house.gov/).The United States
Senate: (http://www.senate.gov/).The Urban Institute:
(http://www.urban.org/