This document provides a literature review on guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and Lake Sebu, Philippines. It discusses the taxonomy, morphology, behavior, habitat, and feeding of guppies. It also describes the location, climate, population, industries, and festivals of Lake Sebu. Finally, it reviews the SHAPE software which is used to analyze biological shapes through elliptic Fourier descriptors and principal component analysis.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
Feed formulation is the major part of aquaculture.The main objective of feed formulation is to utilize the knowledge of nutrient requirements, locally available feed ingredients and digestive capacity of fish for the development of a nutritionally balanced mixture of feed stuff…
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
Introduction of Fish and Fisheries of India.
• Freshwater Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in freshwaters, such as rivers and lakes, having a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. Around 40% of all known species of
fish are found in freshwater.
They may be divided into Coldwater Fish (5-20 °C); examples: Mahseer, Trout, etc., and Warmwater Fish (25 35 °C); example: Carps, Catfish, Snakeheads, Featherbacks, etc.
• Brackishwater Fish: Fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinity (0.5 30.0 ppt)
and live in backwaters, estuaries and coastal waters.
Example: Mullet, Milkfish, Seabass, Pearlspot, Mudskipper, etc.
• Marine Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in seawater, such as Seas and
Oceans, having salinity above 30 ppt. There are about 240 species contributing to
the marine fisheries. Example: Sardines, Mackerel, Ribbonfish, Anchovies, Grouper, Cobia, Tuna, etc.
Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds have paired pharyngeal ultimobranchial glands that secrete the hypocalcemic hormone calcitonin. The corpuscles of Stannius, unique glandular islets found only in the kidneys of bony fishes, secrete a peptide called hypocalcin.
Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. Rotifers can be found in many freshwater environments and in moist soil, where they inhabit the thin films of water that are formed around soil particles.
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70–100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
Feed formulation is the major part of aquaculture.The main objective of feed formulation is to utilize the knowledge of nutrient requirements, locally available feed ingredients and digestive capacity of fish for the development of a nutritionally balanced mixture of feed stuff…
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
Introduction of Fish and Fisheries of India.
• Freshwater Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in freshwaters, such as rivers and lakes, having a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. Around 40% of all known species of
fish are found in freshwater.
They may be divided into Coldwater Fish (5-20 °C); examples: Mahseer, Trout, etc., and Warmwater Fish (25 35 °C); example: Carps, Catfish, Snakeheads, Featherbacks, etc.
• Brackishwater Fish: Fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinity (0.5 30.0 ppt)
and live in backwaters, estuaries and coastal waters.
Example: Mullet, Milkfish, Seabass, Pearlspot, Mudskipper, etc.
• Marine Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in seawater, such as Seas and
Oceans, having salinity above 30 ppt. There are about 240 species contributing to
the marine fisheries. Example: Sardines, Mackerel, Ribbonfish, Anchovies, Grouper, Cobia, Tuna, etc.
Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds have paired pharyngeal ultimobranchial glands that secrete the hypocalcemic hormone calcitonin. The corpuscles of Stannius, unique glandular islets found only in the kidneys of bony fishes, secrete a peptide called hypocalcin.
Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. Rotifers can be found in many freshwater environments and in moist soil, where they inhabit the thin films of water that are formed around soil particles.
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70–100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
The Assessment of Human-Snake Interaction and its Outcome in the City of KumbaAI Publications
Throughout history humans have had an uneasy relationship with serpents. Snakes are animals that fascinate many people while frightening others, good or bad, most people have strong feelings about snakes, but few people remain neutral. Most human-snake interactions had lead to the destruction of snakes due to human inability to control fear and panic. The indiscriminate killing of snakes for presumed human safety has drastically reduced the population of many snake species to the level of extirpation. The objective of this, however, is to examine the human interaction with snakes in city of Kumba. To get this survey done, a total number of two hundred and fifty questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected population sample in the study area. The results of the survey revealed that the prevention of snake attacks and the opinion of people on snake population management is significantly related (X2 = 11.069 df=4, P<0.05).The importance of snakes and their medical need for snake venom has showed a significant agreement (X2 = 12.045 df=2, P<0.05). Also, the prevention of snake attacks and the area snakes are easily sighted showed a significant association (X2 = 29.205 df=4, P<0.05). In addition, there is a significant link between the snake-bite treatment and its prevention (R2 = 0.312, P<0.05). Moreso, a respondent score of 39.30% is recorded upon the knowledge of venomous snakes. Furthermore, the study recorded a respondent score of 39.30% on the preferable use of traditional treatment on snake-bite victim than the expected medical treatment (31.84%), creating an understanding that the people of Kumba are still very much dependent on the ancient methods of treating snake-bite victims. The Kumba city dwellers need education on the snake behaviour, venomous and non venomous species around their area and the ecological and medical importance of snakes.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
Snapper shrimp is a symbiotic organism usually hidden under the rocks, sponges and pen shells in the seagrass and coral habitats. The relationship study within snapper shrimp and pen shell was conducted from Merambong shoal, one of the biggest seagrass beds in peninsular Malaysia. A total of 40 individual pen shells were collected randomly and four species of pen shells were identified. 40 Anchistus custoides were found inhabiting symbiotically in the mantle cavity of the pen shell as solitary males and females and heterosexual pairs. Pen shell, Pinna bicolour and Atrina vexillum recorded the highest average SH 217.79±53.15 mm, SV 2.62±1.36 dm3 and SH 164.10-224.78 mm with the SV 1.18±0.43 dm3, respectively compared to the other species. The size of Anchistus custoides ranged from 15.00 to 20.00 mm in length and it was determined to be female due to the presence of eggs in the pleopods. The length of the cephalothorax and its length were highly related (rs=0.563, p≤0.01, N=40) and found wider in females. A little difference in size between the left and right chela in males of identical length was noticed, although the left chela is much bigger than the right. The significant relationship (rs=0.450, p≤0.01, N=40) between the pen shell length and shrimp (male-female) length revealed that the size of the shell is important to be hosted the snapper shrimp in the shell cavity.
Freshwater Molluscs distribution and diversity status of Nakana Lake, Dhule, were studied during June 2013 to May 2014. The samples were collected at every fortnight from two sites. A total of 13 species were reported, out of which 10 species were Gastropods and three species were Pelecypods; those belonged to four orders, 10 families and 12 genera. The abundance of molluscs was also studied. The average number of animals were indicated per season: i.e. monsoon, winter and summer. Maximum species were collected in the summer season at both the sites. Molluscan diversity were calculated by the various diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson’s Dominance index (D), Simpson’s index of diversity (I-D), Simpson’s Evenness(E) and Pielou’s Evenness index (J).
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Jordan P. Arroyo Jr.*
, Mythel Faith T. Solis#
, Khesed Adonai E. Garcia
Mindanao State University
9500 General Santos City, Philippines
e-mail: j_arroyo0422@yahoo.com*
sis_mythel@yahoo.com#
I. GUPPY (Poecilia reticulata)
TAXONOMY
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinoptergii (Ray-finned Fish)
Order: Cyprinodontiformes (Tooth-carp)
Family: Poeciliidae (Livebearer)
Genus: Poecilia
Species: Poecilia reticulata
Guppies (Peters, 1860), commonly known as million fish, or more likely to be
called as rainbow fish are small, brackish or fresh-water dwellers (Nelson, 1994) in
which males have maximum lengths of 3.5 cm., and females having 6 cm. (Froese and
Daniel, 2010). Females are pale olive-colored with transparent fins and are typically
larger than males. Males on the other hand are polychromatic, which means they have a
variation of color combinations especially in their sides and fins. These colors are usually
red, orange, yellow, blue, and green with white and black patches. With these variable
colorations, no two males are identical in terms of pigment patterns (Meffe and Snelson,
1989). Guppies are remarkably to have distinct and marked sexual dimorphism
(Ringuelet and Aramburu, 1967). The Poeciliidae family has about 200 species coming
from 16 genera (Parenti, 1981). Guppies are neotropical species which are natives of
Northwestern South America (Bisazza, 1993), and was then introduced in many countries
in Asia, and other continents to be used as an effective controllers of mosquitoes and/or
as an ornamental fish for aquariums.
Guppies are benthopalgic – live on or in the sediment at the bottom of a sea, lake,
or deep river. They inhabit waters ranging from springs to ponds and estuaries and are
tolerant to wide salinity values letting them to inhabit freshwater, brackish and epipelagic
layer of marine habitats. They have also became popular aquarium species for the reason
that they are able to survive warm water temperatures from 22-24˚C (Froese and Daniel,
2010) even up to 32˚C (Gibson, 1954) but not more than 36˚C (Arai et. al., 1963). As
omnivorous individuals, they feed mainly on small insects, particularly the mosquitoes,
zooplanktons, algae, and detritus (Froese and Daniel, 2010). However, guppies have also
been observed eating native fishes’ eggs, and are occasionally exhibiting cannibalism by
eating their own young (Shoemaker, 1944). By this, they also threaten native fishes and
act as vectors for other parasites (Invasive Species Specialist Group, 2006).
(A. Webb, M. Maughan, and M. Knott, 2007)
2. On studies made for fish population distribution in deteriorated water systems,
guppies were reported as indicators of waters in poor conditions (Araújo, 1983), that is
why they are considered to as interest of study, representing one of the most significant
model in evolutionary ecology due to its quick response to natural selection (Reznick and
Bryga 1987, Reznick et al. 1990, Reznick et al. 1997, Magurran 2005). Taking also to
consideration that guppies are found incredibly in varied habitats, they also encompass a
wide range of groupings to adapt comparative level of predation (Haskins et al. 1961).
In terms of feeding behavior, males spend 15-30% of their time feeding, while
females spend about 45-73% (Dassault and Kramer, 1981). Their diet consists mainly of
zooplankton, small aquatic insects and larvae, detritus (Arthington, 1989), and sometimes
fish eggs (Edredge, 2000). When feeding, particularly on benthic algae, P. reticulata
bites rapidly by teeth to loosen algae in scraping motion. As the guppy approaches food,
it moves its whole body in a forward-downward motion with a closed mouth leaving the
food vertically (Magurran, 2005). This behavior was observed by Dassault and Kramer
and has concluded that the pecking occurs at time intervals of 0.55 seconds, the jaw
movement at 0.17 seconds and substrate contact at 0.03 seconds and ingesting algae of as
much as 25% daily when feeding continuously.
P. reticulata have also developed a social organization wherein they build schools
which are active at daytime (diurnal), disperse at night time and reassemble at morning
time (Croft et. al., 2003) and perform polygamy, where males mate with several females
in succession. Though, limited studies were done in their population, some studies
showed that they create small shoals of 2 to 20 individuals, which can be entirely males,
females, or mixed sex, that allows direct contact every 14 seconds. Through this, guppies
can live undisturbed together with other fish species and upon introduction to new
populations can join new shoals without resistance from other members.
Upon mating season, a male follows a female until it stops or slows. Once the
females notices the him, he will arch laterally in S-shape, and quivers stiffly for a short
period of time with closed caudal fins or minimal display of fins in vertical axis of few
millimeters, or may just jump away (Magurran, 2005). Males also darken their black
spots and horizontal line changes color patterns, and sometimes leading away female in a
less crowded area. Studies also showed that males which are large and or having brighter
orange spots in their bodies are more likely to be selected by females (Houde 1987;
Karino and Shinjo 2004; Karino and Haijima 2004; Karino et al. 2005). Another study
also suggested that predation pressure was also an evident selection factor in male colour
variation (Miller et. al., 2006), and influenced mate selection (Reynolds and Gross,
1992). Females can store sperms for later fertilization and may produce young every four
weeks. Pregnant females are recognizable by black triangle between anal and pelvic fins.
After a gestation period of four to six weeks females give birth to 20-40 live young. No
parental care is exercised and parents may even prey on their young.
3. II. LAKE SEBU
The Municipality of Lake Sebu is a part of the South Cotabato Province located in
its southwestern part, approximately 40 kilometers away from Koronadal City, and is
approximately 6 hours away from Cotabato City. It sits in an altitude of 300 m. with
its lowest point to be 450 m. and highest point of about 1 972 m. Its total land area is
89 138 ha. or 891.38 square kilometers which is divided into different land uses:
Built-Up, 446 ha.; Agriculture, 22 492 ha.; Pasture, 9 139 ha.; Forest, 54 902 ha.;
Misc. 2 148 ha.
It was created on November 11, 1982, under Batas Pambansa Blg. 249, and was
considered the “Center of Eco-Cultural Tourism” of South Cotabato. Lake Sebu has
19 barangays and has a total human population count of 60 401 (NSO Survey, 2007).
Accounts to this count are the different ethnic groups namely Ilongos comprising
32%, T’boli/Ethnic Tribes covering 58%, Maguindanaoans making up 2%, Cebuanos
constituting 6%, and 2% for others.
Lake Sebu is a first class in terms of income classification for its major industry
which is farming, or inland farming – cottage industries, rattan furniture. Its major
products include rice, corn, handicrafts (tinalak), forest products, wildlife resources,
and tilapia.
Lake Sebu also has a lake named after its municipality, which is a beautiful bowl
of water, that is surrounded by hills and forests, with some bamboo trees growing
alongside. In the lake are spokes of bamboo fish traps and dug-out canoe floating on
the surface. The climate of Lake Sebu is a fourth type for the reason that the rainfall is
evenly meted out all year round. Its average temperature is analogous to that of
Tagaytay City which temperature varies between 20˚C to 25˚C. Lake Sebu’s
desiccated season usually occurs between months of March and April and rain
showers typically happen during afternoons of February and May.
Lake Sebu is the largest lake among the four lake systems found near the
municipality, with an area of 452 hectares. Other lakes, like Lake Lahit is only 24
hectares, while Lake Seloton is 48 hectares, and Lake Bacdulong, or Sebu Udi is only
24 hectares.
Besides, Lake Sebu has also its festival called the Helubong Festival happens
every 9th
to 11th
day of November, wherein the Municupality of Lake Sebu celebrates
its foundation anniversary, reflecting the unique cultural identity and ethnicity of the
province. Another is the Lemlunay Festival which is celebrated every month of
September.
4. III. SHAPE ver. 1.3
SHAPE is a software developed by Hiroyoshi Iwata (Ph.D) of Tokyo Japan used
for general application of the method based on Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs)
(Kuhl and Giardina, 1982). SHAPE works by extracting the contour shape from a
full-color bitmap image and then delineates the contour shape with the EFDs, and
finally performs the principal component analysis of the EFDs for summing up the
shape formation. On the other hand, Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs) (Kuhl and
Giardina, 1982) delineates any type of shape with a closed two-dimensional contour,
and have been effectively applied to the evaluation of various biological shapes in
animals and plants. SHAPE contains four programs named ChainCoder, Chc2Nef,
PrinComp and PrinPrint for processing digital images, obtaining EFDs, performing
principal component analysis and visualizing shape variations explained by the
principal components, respectively.
Image Analysis Program or ChainCoder extracts the contour of objects from an
image file and records them as chaincode (Freeman 1974). Chaincode is a coding
system for describing geometrical information about contours in numbers from 0 to 7.
ChainCoder converts a full color image to a binary (black and white color) image,
reduces noise, traces the contours of objects and describes the contour information as
chaincode. ChainCoder outputs a chaincode file, which is analyzed by the program
Chc2Nef.
Elliptic Fourier Transformation Program or Chc2Nef calculates the normalized
EFDs from the chain code information. The normalized EFDs are calculated in
accordance with the procedures suggested by Kuhl and Giardina (1982). Chc2Nef can
perform two types of normalization. One is based on the first harmonic ellipse that
corresponds to the first Fourier approximation to the contour information. The size
and orientation of the contour is standardized in accordance with the size and
alignment of the major axis of the ellipse. The starting point for tracing the contour is
also standardized with respect to the major axis. Another normalization is based on
the point of the contour farthest from the center (i.e. the longest radius). This
normalization is performed in accordance with the direction and absolute size of the
vector from the center to the farthest point. In Chc2Nef, the normalization can be also
performed manually, if desired.
Principal Component Analysis Program or PrinComp performs a principal
component analysis of the normalized EFDs derived by Chc2Nef. When a contour
shape is described in the first 20 harmonics of Fourier coefficients, the number of
normalized EFD coefficients becomes large (77 or 80). However, principal
component analysis can efficiently summarize the information contained in these
coefficients (Rohlf and Archie 1984). The principal component analysis conducted by
PrinComp is based on the variancecovariance matrix of the coefficients and not on
the correlation matrix, because coefficients with small variance and covariance values
are generally not important for explaining the observed morphological variations.
5. Contour Visualization Program or PrinPrint visualizes the shape variation
accounted for by each principal component, using the procedure proposed by Furuta
et al. (1998). First, the coefficients of the elliptic Fourier descriptors are calculated,
letting the score for a particular principal component be equal to the mean plus or
minus two times the standard deviation (i.e. the square root of the eigenvalue of the
component), and the scores of the remaining components be zero. Then the contour
shape on each condition can be reconstructed from the coefficients by inverse Fourier
transformation. This visualization is helpful for understanding the morphological
mean of the variation evaluated by each principal component. Reconstructed contours
are easily printed with a standard printer.
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