Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
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Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
Pneumonia (Pathophysiology and management) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Pneumonia . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Pneumonia (Pathophysiology and management) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Pneumonia . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Fever, common cold and cough in pediatric age groups are common. Acute bronchiolitis is a diagnostic term used to describe the clinical picture produced by several different lower respiratory tract infections in infants and very young children (younger than 1yr ,some clinicians extend it to the age of 2 yr). Pneumonia defined as inflammation of lung parenchyma.
It is the leading infectious cause of death globally among children younger than 5 yr.
The introduction of antibiotics and vaccine against measles , pertussis ,haemophilus influenzae type b and PCV vaccine reduces the pneumonia related mortality over past 15 yr.
Acute and Chronic Bronchitis is amongst most common presenting illness for Family Physicians considering its prevalence in all ages. Revisiting it with perspective of a family physician helps improve understanding and management at Family PRactice
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
3. Epidemiology:
• Pneumonia causes 28–34% of all deaths in those under five years of
age of which 95% occur in the developing world.
• Countries with the greatest burden of disease include:
India (43 million)
China (21 million)
Pakistan (10 million).
4. Types of Pneumonia :
1. According to involvement of lung tissue :
a. Bronchopneumonia
b. Lobar Pneumonia
2. According to source:
a. Community acquired Pneumonia
b. Nosocomial Pneumonia
c. Pneumonia in special situation (aspiration pneumonia, opportunistic pneumonia)
3. According to severity (IMCI) :
a. Severe Pneumonia or very severe disease
b. Pneumonia
c. no pneumonia
5. Risk Factors for Pneumonia of pediatric age group:
1. Preterm baby
2. Malnutrition
3. cystic fibrosis
4. asthma
5. Diabetes
6. heart failure
7. weak immune system.
10. Organisms causing Pneumonia in different age group :
Age Organisms
Neonatal period • E. coli
• K pneumonia
• Group B streptococcus
After neonatal
period
• S. pneumoniae
• H. influenzae type B
• S. aureus
• viruses
Beyond 5 years • Mycoplasma
• Chlamydia
12. Fast breating:
0 to 2 months: Respiratory rate> 60/min
2 months to 12 months: RR > 50/min
1 year to 5 year : RR > 40/min
13. Investigations
Name of investigations Probable Findings
1. X-Ray chest In CONSOLIDATION: Homogenous radio-opacity in any area of the lung field.
In Bronchopneumonia: Patchy opacities are seen in different areas of lung field.
2. Complete blood counts Polymorphonuclear leukocytosis
ESR: high
3. Blood CS May show growth of organisms
14. Treatment
1. Counselling
2. Supportive Treatment :
Oxygen therapy: if Cyanosis or SpO2 less than 92%
Paracetamol for fever
Salbutamol for wheeze
Clear nose with normal saline drop
soothe the throat, relieve cough with a safe remedy(warm water, tulsi leaf
juice, lemon tea)
15. 3. Specific Treatment :
a. Bacterial:
Severe Pneumonia:
Hospitalization
Parenteral Ampicillin/ Amoxicillin
Pneumonia:
Oral Amoxicillin
Other antibiotics: Cloxacillin, Ceftriaxone
16. b. Viral:
Influenza A : rimantadine or amantadine
Influenza A or B: oseltamivir, zanamivir or peramivir
C. Aspiration Pneumonia:
Clindamycin
Beta lactam
Metronidazole
Aminoglycosides
17. Prevention of Pneumonia:
1. Vaccinations
2. Medications
3. Others: prevention of air pollution, avoiding of passive smoking of
children
18. Complications if untreated or maltreated:
Pleural effusion
Empyema
Lung abscess
Pneumothorax
Heart Failure
Septicemia
Dissemination to other organs: meninges, bones, joints etc.