The document summarizes the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, the world's worst industrial disaster. It provides context on the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal and describes how toxic gas leaked from the plant on December 2-3, 1984, exposing over 50,000 people to methyl isocyanate and other chemicals. Over 3,000 people died immediately and it is estimated thousands more have since died from gas-related illnesses. The summary describes the health impacts, the overwhelmed local hospitals, mass burials in the aftermath, and ongoing health issues among survivors. It examines factors like corroded pipes and disabled safety systems that led to the leak. Legal issues are discussed around victims compensation and corporate liability.
The Powerpoint presentation contains every aspect of one of the most disastrious Tragedy that has happened to our country. The "BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY". Starting from the Incorporation of the Gas Company to the After effects and the devastation of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It includes lot of pictures is amazing to view as a slideshow even more. The Presentation has been given a Retro look because of the the Tragedy which is still affecting the country !
- Ashmita Nahar !
The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India.
It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 in the pesticide plant of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas , one of the world’s most toxic chemicals, as it leaked into the atmosphere.
A presentation on an Air Pollution Episode called " Bhopal Gas Tragedy". Its causes, effects on humans, animals, plants and environment. Measures taken thereafter to overcome the situation
HELLO.I HAVE UPLOADED MY PRESENTATION BASED ON BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY.PLEASE VIEW IT IN LATEST VERSION OF POWER POINT TO SEE VIDEOS AND INFOGRAPHIC SLIDES.HOPE YOU ALL WILL GET BENEFITS.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy - 1984. The presentation is about the disasters happened in Bhopal on 2nd and 3rd December in 1984, in which more than 4,000 were dead instantly and 5,00,000 were affected. It also shows the procrastination of the company and negligence of the Factory workers, which caused this tragic incident.
The Powerpoint presentation contains every aspect of one of the most disastrious Tragedy that has happened to our country. The "BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY". Starting from the Incorporation of the Gas Company to the After effects and the devastation of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It includes lot of pictures is amazing to view as a slideshow even more. The Presentation has been given a Retro look because of the the Tragedy which is still affecting the country !
- Ashmita Nahar !
The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India.
It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 in the pesticide plant of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas , one of the world’s most toxic chemicals, as it leaked into the atmosphere.
A presentation on an Air Pollution Episode called " Bhopal Gas Tragedy". Its causes, effects on humans, animals, plants and environment. Measures taken thereafter to overcome the situation
HELLO.I HAVE UPLOADED MY PRESENTATION BASED ON BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY.PLEASE VIEW IT IN LATEST VERSION OF POWER POINT TO SEE VIDEOS AND INFOGRAPHIC SLIDES.HOPE YOU ALL WILL GET BENEFITS.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy - 1984. The presentation is about the disasters happened in Bhopal on 2nd and 3rd December in 1984, in which more than 4,000 were dead instantly and 5,00,000 were affected. It also shows the procrastination of the company and negligence of the Factory workers, which caused this tragic incident.
A complete case study on Bhopal gas leak incident
Visit my youtube channel to view video presentations :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtgw7WI5PPHISERF33ZrpSw
Running head: BHOPAL DISASTER IN INDIA 1
BHOPAL DISASTER IN INDIA 2
Bhopal Disaster in India
Name
Institution
Bhopal Disaster in India
The Bhopal disaster took place more than thirty years ago in India in a town called Bhopal and it has been the worst ever experienced accident in the industrial sector to date. The disaster involved leakage of several tons of a gas that was highly poisonous known as methyl isocyanate alongside other gases that are poisonous too (Fernandez,2017). According to Taylor (2014), the plant that was into the production of pesticide was surrounded by several shanty towns which lead to the exposure of thousands of people to the lethal gas on that particular day. The gases were near the ground and hence caused the throats as well as eyes of the victims to burn, induced nausea and resulted in a lot of deaths. This paper will discuss the Bhopal disaster in India, including the issues and the mistakes that were made during the response and recovery of the disaster as well as the aftermath of the disaster.
On the 3rd of December of the year 1984, around 45 tons of a dangerous gas known as methyl isocyanate leaked from a plant that was into the manufacturing of insecticide which was owned by an Indian based subsidiary of the Union Carbide Corporation which is an American company. The gas spread over the neighbourhoods surrounding the plant which were densely populated killing many people immediately and created panic as several other people tried to run away from the area. The final estimates of the death toll were around 15,000 to 20,000. More than half a million of those that survived suffered other issues such as respiratory problems, blindness and eye irritation, and others gave birth to mentally and physically disabled kids. Many of the victims were awarded a few dollars in compensation for the harm caused. Investigations into the accident revealed that the incident was as a result of safety and operating procedures that were substandard. It was also established that the plant was understaffed (Fernandez,2017).
The Indian government had in the 1970s initiated policies which were aimed at encouraging the investment into the local industry by the foreign companies. That is when the Union Carbide Corporation was requested to build a plant that would be used for the manufacturing of sevin which was a pesticide that was mainly used across Asia. The government insisted that the local shareholders held a significant proportion of the investment. The government also held a 22 per cent share in the Union Carbide India Limited which was a subsidiary of the company. Bhopal was chosen as a good site for the construction of the plant because it is centrally located and easy to access transport and other infrastructure. This site was mainly used for light.
Running head BHOPAL DISASTER IN INDIA .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: BHOPAL DISASTER IN INDIA 1
BHOPAL DISASTER IN INDIA 2
Bhopal Disaster in India
Name
Institution
Bhopal Disaster in India
The Bhopal disaster took place more than thirty years ago in India in a town called Bhopal and it has been the worst ever experienced accident in the industrial sector to date. The disaster involved leakage of several tons of a gas that was highly poisonous known as methyl isocyanate alongside other gases that are poisonous too (Fernandez,2017). According to Taylor (2014), the plant that was into the production of pesticide was surrounded by several shanty towns which lead to the exposure of thousands of people to the lethal gas on that particular day. The gases were near the ground and hence caused the throats as well as eyes of the victims to burn, induced nausea and resulted in a lot of deaths. This paper will discuss the Bhopal disaster in India, including the issues and the mistakes that were made during the response and recovery of the disaster as well as the aftermath of the disaster.
On the 3rd of December of the year 1984, around 45 tons of a dangerous gas known as methyl isocyanate leaked from a plant that was into the manufacturing of insecticide which was owned by an Indian based subsidiary of the Union Carbide Corporation which is an American company. The gas spread over the neighbourhoods surrounding the plant which were densely populated killing many people immediately and created panic as several other people tried to run away from the area. The final estimates of the death toll were around 15,000 to 20,000. More than half a million of those that survived suffered other issues such as respiratory problems, blindness and eye irritation, and others gave birth to mentally and physically disabled kids. Many of the victims were awarded a few dollars in compensation for the harm caused. Investigations into the accident revealed that the incident was as a result of safety and operating procedures that were substandard. It was also established that the plant was understaffed (Fernandez,2017).
The Indian government had in the 1970s initiated policies which were aimed at encouraging the investment into the local industry by the foreign companies. That is when the Union Carbide Corporation was requested to build a plant that would be used for the manufacturing of sevin which was a pesticide that was mainly used across Asia. The government insisted that the local shareholders held a significant proportion of the investment. The government also held a 22 per cent share in the Union Carbide India Limited which was a subsidiary of the company. Bhopal was chosen as a good site for the construction of the plant because it is centrally located and easy to access transport and other infrastructure. This site was mainly used for light ...
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A Haunting Legacy Enduring for Decades
In the heart of India lies Bhopal, a city forever etched in the annals of global history, not for its vibrant culture or rich heritage, but for a singular, unimaginable nightmare – the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Unfolding on the chilling night of December 2nd, 1984, the leak of highly toxic methyl isocyanate gas from the Union Carbide pesticide plant turned the city into a gas chamber, unleashing a horror story that continues to scar lives even decades later.
The Night the City Choked:
The air, once thick with the scent of spices and life, became a suffocating cloak as a cloud of invisible death slithered out of the Union Carbide factory. Panic rose like a tide, engulfing homes in a desperate frenzy for escape. Eyes stung, throats closed, lungs wheezed in agony as the gas, heavier than air, crept into every crevice, every refuge. Thousands rushed through the dark, their terrified screams swallowed by the choking air.
A Toll Beyond Counting:
The official death toll of the immediate aftermath stands at an agonizing 2,259, a number cold and sterile in the face of the human tragedy it represents. But the truth about Bhopal's carnage is far bleaker. Estimates place the actual number of lost lives anywhere between 8,000 and 16,000, with the spectre of death continuing to claim lives even today. Children born after the tragedy grapple with birth defects, genetic mutations, and crippling illnesses, a grim testament to the lingering toxicity that haunts the very soil of Bhopal.
Beyond the Immediate Onslaught:
The scars of Bhopal go far beyond the initial wave of death. Survivors were left gasping for breath, their eyes etched with the horror of watching loved ones succumb. Blindness, paralysis, skin lesions, and a host of respiratory ailments became their unwanted companions. The fear of the unknown, the constant shadow of invisible poison, poisoned their lives as surely as the gas itself.
A City Scarred:
The once bustling landscape of Bhopal now bears the silent wounds of that fateful night. Abandoned factories stand like skeletal remains, a chilling reminder of the negligence that unleashed the disaster. Contaminated water continues to poison lives, turning even the basic need for refreshment into a gamble with health. The legacy of Bhopal is not just etched on human flesh but also on the very essence of the city, a constant echo of the night the air turned deadly.
A Fight for Justice:
In the face of unimaginable suffering, the human spirit, however battered, finds its voice. The people of Bhopal rose against the tide of despair, their quest for justice echoing across continents. Lawsuits were filed, battles fought in courtrooms, and voices, hoarse from grief, demanded accountability. While the fight for justice is far from over, it has served as a beacon of hope, a testament to the unwavering spirit of a community unwilling to be forgotten.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
4. In the 1970s, the Indian government initiated policies to encourage foreign companies to
invest in local industry.
Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) was asked to build a plant for the manufacture of Sevin, a
pesticide commonly used throughout Asia.
The government itself had a 22% stake in the company Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) .
The company built the plant in Bhopal because of its central location and access to
transport infrastructure.
The plant was initially approved only for formulation of pesticides from component
chemicals, such as MIC(methyl iso cyanide).
5. The main role of UCC was to supply Pesticides to
farmers of India.
In 1984 the company was processing just one
quarter of its total production because of the crop
failure in 1980.
Hence the production of the company decreased .
Local managers were directed to close the plant
and prepare it for sale in July 1984 due to
decreased profitability.
When no ready buyer was found, UCC made plans
to dismantle key production units of the facility for
shipment to another developing country.
7. Bhopal gas tragedy was a gas
leak incident in India- the world's
worst industrial disaster.
Occurred on the night of 2–3
December 1984 at the Union
Carbide India
Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant
in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
Over 50,000 people were exposed
to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas
and other chemicals.
The toxic substance made its way
in and around the towns located
near the plant.
8. The Leakage
In November 1984, most of the
safety systems were not functioning.
Valves and lines were in poor
condition, vent gas scrubbers had
been out of service as well as the
steam boiler, intended to clean the
pipes.
During the night of 2–3 December
1984, water entered a side pipe of
Tank 610 which contained 42 tons of
MIC.
9. A reaction started, which was accelerated by contaminants, high
temperatures and other factors.
Also presence of iron from corroding non-stainless steel pipelines.
This caused exothermic reaction which increased the temperature
inside the tank to over 200 °C and raised the pressure.
This released a large volume of toxic gases; about 30 metric tons of
methyl isocyanate (MIC) escaped from the tank into the atmosphere in
45 to 60 minutes.
11. Health Issues
The initial effects- coughing, severe eye irritation,
suffocation, burning in the respiratory tract,
breathlessness, stomach pain and vomiting.
The immediate death toll was 2,259;
the government confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths
related to the gas release.
The leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478
temporary partial injuries and approximately
3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.
Others estimates 8,000 died within two weeks and
another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-
related diseases.
12. Studied and reported long term health effects are:
Eyes: Chronic conjunctivitis, scars on cornea, corneal
opacities, early cataracts.
Respiratory tracts: Obstructive and/or restrictive disease,
pulmonary fibrosis, aggravation of TB and chronic
bronchitis.
Neurological system: Impairment of memory, finer motor
skills, numbness etc.
Psychological problems: Post traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)
13. Children’s health: Perinatal and neonatal
death rates increased, failure to grow,
intellectual impairment etc.
Missing or insufficient fields for research
are reproduction, chromosomal
aberrations, cancer, immune deficiency,
neurological problems, post traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) and children born
after the disaster.
Late cases that might never be highlighted
are respiratory insufficiency, cardiac
insufficiency, cancer and tuberculosis.
14. Immediate Aftermath
The plant was closed to outsiders by
the Indian government.
Lack of information by government caused
confusion.
The health care system became overloaded
having 70% under qualified doctors.
Medical staff unprepared for the thousands
of casualties.
15. Doctors and hospitals unaware of proper treatment methods for MIC
gas inhalation.
Mass funerals and cremations.
Trees in the vicinity became barren.
Bloated animal carcasses had to be disposed of.
16. 170,000 people were treated at hospitals and temporary
dispensaries.
Supplies including food, became scarce due to suppliers' safety
fears.
Fishing prohibited causing supply shortages.
The Government of India passed the "Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act"
giving the government rights to represent all victims.
17.
18. Factors for Gas Leak
Use of hazardous chemicals (MIC)
instead of less dangerous ones.
Storing these chemicals in large tanks
instead of steel drums.
Corrosion of pipelines.
Poor maintenance after the plant
ceased production in the early 1980s.
Failure of several safety systems.
19. Safety systems shut down to save money
- including the MIC tank refrigeration
system.
Plant design modifications did not abide
by government regulations and
economic pressures in order to reduce
expenses.
The problem was made worse by the
plant's location near a densely populated
area, non-existent catastrophe plans and
shortcomings in health care ,etc.
21. Civil and criminal cases were filed in the district court of Bhopal
involving UCC and Warren Anderson, CEO at the time.
Legal Issues: One of the main issues which the Bhopal Gas tragedy
raises is the issue of absolute liability.
The Principle of Absolute Liability states that when an enterprise is
engaged in hazardous or inherently dangerous industry and if any
harm results in account of such activity then the enterprise is
absolutely liable to compensate for such harm and that it should be
no answer to the enterprise to say that it had taken all reasonable
care and that the harm occurred without any negligence on its
part.
22. This is the principle of absolute liability and liability can be fixed even if
there is no negligence on part of the accused.
Thus, even if the accident is some freak incident, liability would still be
fixed.
In such a case, it would be no good defence to argue that the direct or
the proximate cause of the accident or the cause of the accident was
not the carrying of such hazardous activity, but it actually is an Act of
God or that it is due to some third party intervention.
23. Even if the company had taken extreme precautions to ensure
that such events do not take place, responsibility would still be
fixed on them.
This principle of absolute liability in India evolved primarily
because of the awakening that the Bhopal Gas Disaster case
gave.
24. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy is also in a way responsible for the
passing of the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 which
provides for compulsory insurance of any unit or factory
undertaking a hazardous activity.
25. Apart from all of this, the tragedy has recently been much discussed in
the light of the Nuclear Liability Bill.
This bill has a lot of controversial provisions which aim at capping the
total liability in case of a nuclear accident.
The bill also prohibits the victims from suing the suppliers directly and
allows them to recover only from the operators.
26. In the light of the events that followed Bhopal, it is clear that there
is a need for a proper mechanism of compensation.
In June 2010, 7 ex-employees were convicted in Bhopal of causing
death by negligence and sentenced to 2 years imprisonment and
fine of Rs. 2000 each.
Eventually, an out-of-court settlement reached in February
1989,UCC agreed to pay US$ 470 million for the damages caused in
Bhopal disaster
28. What in your opinion, is the ethical
orientation of government ?
Government protected themselves under the article 300 of Indian
Constitution. Also it did not take into account any damages to be paid
to the victims due to its ineffective controls required under the
factories effect.
Also it didn’t take the responsibility in fallacy of letting slum dwellers
stay close to factory, apart from permitting it to operate within city
limits.
29. What should be the ground rules of
environmental ethics?
The agenda should be “THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY”.
The Third World is highly different from the developed world and so will
be the conservation/utilitarian policies of the same.
There is a need for development but it should not come at the cost of
risking future generations.
30. Warren Anderson & Union Carbide
Officials of USA:
Profit was the utmost priority of UCC ,but Indian
Government refusing ownership was not a valid
reasons as the safety standards is the priority in
these kind of manufacturing companies.
Union Carbide Officials of India:
As the safety mechanisms were already installed,
so its responsibility of Operating managers and
personnel inside the plant to manage it in
running condition.
31. Indian Government:
Intention: Increase in crop production, providing job and
employment.
At least few trained American officials should have been allowed to
operate permanently in the UCC factory of India.
Limitation: Scare away International investors due to litigations.
Madhya Pradesh Government:
Should have made arrangements so that factory was never setup
within the city premises
Also local leaders should not get into the operations of the company.