The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India.
It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 in the pesticide plant of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas , one of the world’s most toxic chemicals, as it leaked into the atmosphere.
The Powerpoint presentation contains every aspect of one of the most disastrious Tragedy that has happened to our country. The "BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY". Starting from the Incorporation of the Gas Company to the After effects and the devastation of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It includes lot of pictures is amazing to view as a slideshow even more. The Presentation has been given a Retro look because of the the Tragedy which is still affecting the country !
- Ashmita Nahar !
A presentation on an Air Pollution Episode called " Bhopal Gas Tragedy". Its causes, effects on humans, animals, plants and environment. Measures taken thereafter to overcome the situation
The Powerpoint presentation contains every aspect of one of the most disastrious Tragedy that has happened to our country. The "BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY". Starting from the Incorporation of the Gas Company to the After effects and the devastation of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It includes lot of pictures is amazing to view as a slideshow even more. The Presentation has been given a Retro look because of the the Tragedy which is still affecting the country !
- Ashmita Nahar !
A presentation on an Air Pollution Episode called " Bhopal Gas Tragedy". Its causes, effects on humans, animals, plants and environment. Measures taken thereafter to overcome the situation
In this Power presentation you will recieve very important information on Bhopal Gas Disaster.After looking the presenation you will be shocked by the this industrial catastrophe as it was a major industrial catastrophe.....
In this Power presentation you will recieve very important information on Bhopal Gas Disaster.After looking the presenation you will be shocked by the this industrial catastrophe as it was a major industrial catastrophe.....
This ppt consists of INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND AND CAUSES, UNION CARBIDE CORPARTION, HOW IT HAPPENED, FACTORS LEADING TO GAS LEAK, DEATHS , EFFECTS , EFFECTS ON SURRONGING , COMPENSATION , CONCLUSION, AND THANK YOU
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
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at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. BHOPAL DISASTER,1984
The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal
gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India.
It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 in the
pesticide plant of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL)
in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl
isocyanate (MIC) gas , one of the world’s most toxic
chemicals, as it leaked into the atmosphere.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy is one of the world's
worst industrial disasters.
3. Background of UCIL
UCIL, built in 1969, was the Indian subsidiary of Union
Carbide Corporation (UCC).
At the time of disaster Indian Government controlled
banks and the Indian public were holding a 49.1%
stake.
UCIL produced pesticides and agricultural products to
cover the huge demand of Indian market.
UCIL
4. Plant Production Process
The UCIL factory was built in 1969 to produce the pesticide Sevin
(UCC's brand name for carbaryl) using methyl isocyanate (MIC) as
an intermediate.
Bayer company discovered a new method to produce Sevin without
using MIC. Since the new method was safer but more expensive,
UCIL continued using the cheaper but dangerous MIC method.
Fig. The chemical process
employed in the
Bhopal plant had
methylamine(1) reacting
with phosgene(2) to form
MIC(3), which was then
reacted with 1-naphthol(4)
to form the final product,
carbaryl(5).
5. Liquid MIC Storage
The Bhopal UCIL facility housed three underground
68,000 litres liquid MIC storage tanks: E610, E611, and
E619.
In the months leading up to the December leak, liquid
MIC production was in progress and being used to fill
these tanks.
UCC safety regulations specified that no one tank
should be filled more than 50% (here, 30 tons) with
liquid MIC. Each tank was pressurized with inert
nitrogen gas. This pressurization allowed liquid MIC to
be pumped out of each tank as needed, and also kept
impurities out of the tanks.
6. The Pre-event phase
In late October 1984, tank E610 lost the ability to
effectively contain most of its nitrogen gas pressure. It
meant that the liquid MIC contained within could not be
pumped out. At the time of this failure, tank E610
contained 42 tons of liquid MIC.
Shortly after this failure, MIC production was halted at the
Bhopal facility, and parts of the plant were shut down for
maintenance. Maintenance included the shutdown of the
plant's flare tower so that a corroded pipe could be
repaired.
With the flare tower still out of service, production of
carbaryl was resumed in late November, using MIC
stored in the two tanks still in service. An attempt to re-
establish pressure in tank E610 on 1 December failed, so
the 42 tons of liquid MIC contained within still could not
be pumped out of it.
7. The Pre-event Phase
In early December 1984, most of the plant's MIC
related safety systems were malfunctioning and
many valves and lines were in poor condition. In
addition, several vent gas scrubbers had been out of
service as well as the steam boiler, intended to clean
the pipes.
A lot of accidents happened during the operation of
the plant before the disaster. All of them gave warnings
about bad management, poor maintenance,
poor training and careless attitude about safety
regulations.
8. The Release
During the late evening hours of 2 December 1984, water entered a
side pipe and into Tank E610 which contained 42 tons of MIC that
had been there since late October.
This resulted in a runaway exothermic reaction, which was
accelerated by contaminants, high ambient temperatures and
various other factors, such as the presence of iron from corroding
non-stainless steel pipelines.
About 30 metric tons of MIC escaped from the tank into
the atmosphere in 45 to 60 minutes. This would increase to 40
metric tons within two hours time. The gases were blown in a south
easterly direction over Bhopal.
9. The cloud contained a mixture of hazardous substances.
Concentrations were higher close to the plant. These gases
were heavier than air, hence displacing oxygen.
10. The night of death
10:53 pm: Normal pressure in tank E610.
11 pm: Pressure had increased by a factor of five to 10 psi (34.5
to 69 kPa) which the senior refinery employees assumed to be
instrumentation malfunction.
11:30 pm: workers in the MIC area were feeling the effects of minor
exposure to MIC gas, and began to look for a leak.
11:45 pm: One leak found.
12:40 am: The reaction in tank E610 reached a critical state at an
alarming speed. Temperature in the tank was 25 °C and the
pressure indicated at 40 psi (275.8 kPa).
12:50 am: The plant's alarm system was triggered as the
concentration of gas in and around the plant became difficult to
tolerate.
1:00 am: Residents of neighbourhood were fleeing a massive gas
leak.
2:00 am: The MIC gas leak emanating from tank E610 petered out
11. Factors Leading to the Gas
Leak
Storing MIC in large tanks and filling beyond recommended levels.
Poor maintenance.
Three safety devices which were malfunctioning, not in use,
insufficiently sized or otherwise rendered inoperable:
A refrigeration system meant to cool tanks containing liquid MIC,
shut down in January 1982, and whose freon had been removed in
June 1984. MIC high temperature alarm, set to sound at 11 °C had
long been disconnected, and tank storage temperatures ranged
between 15 °C and 40 °C.
A flare tower, to burn the MIC gas as it escaped, which had had a
connecting pipe removed for maintenance, and was improperly
sized to neutralise a leak of the size produced by tank E610.
A vent gas scrubber, which had been deactivated at the time and
was in 'standby' mode, and similarly had insufficient caustic soda
and power to safely stop a leak of the magnitude produced.
Inadequate emergency action plans.
12. State of safety features of MIC
plant at Bhopal at time of disaster
13. THE DEVASTATION
The official immediate death toll was 2,259 and the
government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total
of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release.
Others estimate 8,000 died within two weeks and
another 8,000 or more have since died from gas
related diseases.
A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused
5,58,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial
and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently
disabling injuries.
2,000 bloated animal carcasses had to be disposed.
16. RELIEF MEASURES
Immediate relief was decided two days after the tragedy.
Relief measures commenced in 1985 when food was
distributed for a short period and ration cards were
distributed.
Madhya Pradesh government's finance department
allocated Rs 874 million for victim relief in July 1985.
Widow pension of Rs 200/per month (later Rs 750) was
provided.
One-time ex-gratia payment of Rs 1,500 to families with
monthly income Rs 500 or less was decided.
Each claimant was to be categorized by a doctor.
In court, the claimants were expected to prove "beyond
reasonable doubt" that death or injury in each case was
attributable to exposure.
17. Short term health effects
The initial effects of exposure were coughing, vomiting,
severe eye irritation and a feeling of suffocation.
The acute symptoms were burning in the respiratory tract
and eyes, blepharospasm, breathlessness, stomach
pains and vomiting.
The causes of deaths were choking, reflexogenic
circulatory collapse and pulmonary oedema.
Findings during autopsies revealed changes not only in
the lungs but also cerebral oedema, tubular necrosis of
the kidneys, fatty degeneration of the liver and necrotising
enteritis.
The stillbirth rate increased by up to 300% and neonatal
mortality rate by 200%.
19. LONG TERM HEALTH
EFFECTS
It is estimated 100,000 to 200,000 people have
permanent injuries.
Reported symptoms are eye problems, respiratory
difficulties, immune and neurological disorders,
cardiac failure secondary to lung injury, female
reproductive difficulties and birth defects among
children born to affected women.
The Indian Government and UCC deny permanent
injuries were caused by MIC or the other gases.
20. DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF THE BHOPAL GAS
TRAGEDY,1984
Pictured here in the Dwarker
Nagar neighborhood of Bhopal
is Vineeta Kumar and her
disabled son, Abhay. Abhay
was born to parents
contaminated by a carcinogenic
and mutagenic water.
21. Sunita Sahu sitting
at home with her
son, Devank, aged
8, who suffers from
severe deformities
and cerebral palsy.
22. A mother holds her
badly-deformed son in
her arms as life goes on
in a multi-family home
in central Bhopal.
23. Lessons learnt
The decision to turn off the safety systems, turned out
to cause more destruction than it should have. If the
safety systems had been in working order, the leak
would not have been as damaging.
Hospitals and authority in and around such a plant
must have proper knowledge about the chemicals
being used incase of any mishap.
Bhopal has shown that sometimes corporations do not
have to pay for the crimes they commit. There is a
need for more strict rules and regulations against such
tragedy.
24. BHOPAL TRAGEDY
LINGERS
A public call to Bhopal gas tragedy
memory.
1985 sculpture by: Holocaust survivor
Ruth Waterman
Location: Remember Bhopal Museum
Editor's Notes
From 2 to 3 December 1984, about 24 metric tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC), a highly volatile and deadly gas, escaped from the Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal.
About half a million people were exposed to hazardous levels of the deadly gas. Many suffered debilitating illnesses or were disabled for life.
December 3, 1984 encountered a fatal night in industrial history.
1) Apart from MIC, the dense gas cloud may have contained phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, oxides of nitrogen, monomethyl amine (MMA) and carbon dioxide, either produced in the storage tank or in the atmosphere.
in a matter of a few hours, hundreds of the city’s residents perished, thousands more contracted physical and psychological injuries of a lasting nature
Here, is a glimpse of what this disaster has brought into the lives of people living in Bhopal.
Bhopal gas tragedy of 1984 has still not been resolved with the whole population still suffering from the after effects of the catastrophic tragedy.