Plantago is a genus of plants distributed worldwide. This document discusses the biological sources, geographical distribution, and physicochemical properties of Plantago. It notes that Plantago major is found in Indonesia and its leaves, roots, and seeds are used. Geographically, it is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Chemically, it contains proteins, lipids, and mucilage dominated by D-xylose. Clinically, it has been used to treat constipation, diarrhea, and inflammation.

1. BIOLOGICAL SOURCES,
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL OF
PLNATAGO
DEEPAK SINGH
MSC PART 1
SEM 2
1403

2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCATION
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
• GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
• PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
• REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCATION
 Plantago L. (Plantaginaceae) is a
genus widely distributed all over
the world, and more than 275
species have been reported.
 CLASSIFICATION
• Division: Spermatophyta
• Sub-division: Angiospermae
• Class: Dicotyledonae
• Order: Plantaginales
• Family: Plantaginaceae
• Genus: Plantago
• Species: Plantago major

4. DESCRIPTION
 Plantago major is an endemic species found in
Indonesia.
 Habit:- Perennial & Annual growth
 Leaves are elliptic or ovoid, they are normally green,
sometimes with purple shading & hairy on the surface
or hairless, with 5–9 veins in parallel venation.
 Inflorescence:- spike (arises up to 30 cm).
 The fruit is a capsule (5 mm in length) which
produced on a spike.
 Every centimeter of spike contains 23–26 capsules,
and each capsule carries 4–15 seeds.

6. BIOLOGICAL SOURCES
 PLANT PART USED:- Fresh Leaves juice,
roots & Seed.
 The dried, ripe seeds of Plantago afra (Plantago
psyllium), Plantago indica (Plantago arenaria),
and Plantago ovata (Plantaginaceae) are used in
medicine.
 Psyllium has been in use since ancient times
throughout the world. In India the use of P.
ovata dates back to 1500 BC in the Ayurvedic
system of medicine, whereas the Chinese have
used it in traditional medicine for thousands of
years.

7. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
 It is distributed widely throughout Europe, North Africa,
North and Central Asia.
 In India it is first reported by Sharma et.al., in 1994 at
Nagaland and it is also reported in Himachal Pradesh by
Gupta and Bhardwaj, 1998.
 Cultivated in India:- Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, and in
parts of Rajasthan.
 Climate:- Temperate climates & it is also present in some
tropical areas.
 It is easily distributed by Anthropogenic activities
(originating in human activity), particularly soil disturbance
and small seeds may be spread as a contaminant.

8. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

9. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
 Many elements have been identified in the seed
which include proteins, lipids, sterols, triterpenes,
and aucubin glycoside. The mucilage level is
about 30 %. The principal constituent of the
mucilage is 85 % of a soluble polysaccharide
fraction dominated by D-xylose.
 Psyllium seed mucilage contains 22.6 %
arabinose, 74.65 % xylose and traces of other
sugars, and 35 % nonreducing terminal residues
(Fischer et al. 2004b).

10. STRUCTURE
 The polysaccharide structure constitutes a densely
substituted main chain of (1-4)-linked D-xylopyranosyl
residues, some carrying single xylopyranosyl side chains
at position 2, others bearing, at position 3, trisaccharide
branches having the sequence 1-Araf- (1-3)-1-Araf.
 Chemically the polysaccharide is arabinosyl (galacturonic
acid) rhamnosylxylan.

12. CLINICAL INDICATIONS
 Psyllium has been reported for the treatment of
constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome,
inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis), colon,
diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia (Majmudar et al.
2008; Reynolds 1993).
 Cancer:- Seeds of Plantago coronopus, P. lanceolata,
P. ovata, and P. psyllium were used by humans against
cancer (Liangli and Wei Liu 2012; Hartwell 1982).
Besides, the presence of luteolin-7-Ob-glucoside, a
major flavonoid present in the leaves, was able to
strongly inhibit the proliferation of human cancer cell
lines.

14. DRUG INTERACTION
Plantago has interaction with following drugs:
 Carbamazepine, lithium, warfarin: drcreased drug
absorption.
 Iron supplements: decrease Iron absorption.
 Insulin: insulin dependent diabetics may need less
insulin in case of using the plant.
 Minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu & Zn), Vitamin B12, Cardiac
glycoside, Coumarin derivatives: decreased drug
absorption.

15. PRODUCT

16. Potential Side Effects of Plantain
 Plantain is considered a very safe herb to use, both
externally and internally.
 Until research confirms that the herb is not harmful in
any way, it is recommended that pregnant and
breastfeeding women avoid using it.
 Bloating & Gas
 Allergic reaction including nettle rashes, anaphylactic
reaction, & even bronchial obstruction in patients
allergic to plant.

17. REFERENCES
 Kazhal Haddadian, Katayoon Haddadian & Mohsen Zahmatkash
A review of Plantago plant, Indian Journal of Traditional
Knowledge Vol. 13 (4), Oct-2014, pp. 681-685.
 Kartini, Suratsawadee Piyaviriyakul, Suchitra Thongpraditchote,
Pongpun Siripong1, Omboon Vallisuta, Effects of Plantago major
Extracts and Its Chemical Compounds on Proliferation of Cancer
Cells and Cytokines Production of Lipopolysaccharide-activated
THP-1 Macrophages, Pharmacogn. Mag. July-2017.
 Muhammad Bahrain Adoma, Muhammad Tahera,, Muhammad
Fathiy Mutalabisina, Mohamad Shahreen Amria, Muhammad
Badri Abdul Kudosa, Mohd Wan Azizi Wan Sulaimanb, Pinaki
Senguptaa,d, Deny Susantic, Chemical constituents and medical
benefits of Plantago major, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 96
(2017) 348–360.