This document provides information about propagating and growing various fruit trees, including:
1. Easy fruit propagation methods like runners for strawberries and suckers for raspberries are described. More complex methods like grafting and budding are also covered.
2. Details are given on propagating specific fruits by hardwood cuttings, including best times, cutting length, and how to prepare and plant the cuttings.
3. Information is provided on choosing the right rootstock for different fruit trees to determine size and soil adaptability. Recommended rootstocks are listed for apples, pears, stone fruits, citrus, and other trees.
4. Pests, diseases, and natural remedies are discussed,
1. During the first year, prune grapevines to select a single shoot to form the trunk and remove all other shoots and fruit. In the second year, prune laterals to develop the cordon structure along the top wire and pinch terminal shoots to encourage secondary growth.
2. In the third year, prune one-year-old wood back to spurs for the first fruiting. Use a bud count system like 30-10-10 based on pruned weight to balance fruiting and growth.
3. Comb shoots in summer to prevent tangling and encourage light penetration and quality fruit production. Annual pruning is needed to balance vegetative growth and fruit yield.
This document provides information on harvesting times for various vegetables and fruits grown in home gardens. It includes details on when to harvest onions, garlic, peas, spinach, greens, radishes, beets, carrots and other root crops, potatoes, cucumbers, beans, melons, squash, corn, peppers, eggplant, tomatoes, berries, stone fruits, grapes, herbs and more. It also provides tips on food preservation methods like cold storage, freezing, dehydrating and canning.
This document discusses different types of companion planting and cover crops. It defines companion planting as interplanting crops together for benefits like pest suppression and nitrogen fixation. Cover crops are usually planted between growing seasons to improve soil quality. Common companion crops mentioned are legumes planted with heavy feeders, and trap crops used to lure pests away from other plants. Benefits of both techniques include increased soil nutrients, pest control, and habitat for beneficial insects.
This document provides guidance on controlling pests in home gardens using integrated pest management. It recommends using non-chemical controls first through monitoring, tolerance thresholds, and cultural/physical controls. If needed, biological controls like beneficial insects or microbial pesticides are the next option. Chemical pesticides should only be used as a last resort. The document describes common garden pests like weeds, insects and diseases. It provides life cycles and effective control methods for each.
1) The document discusses growing berries and grapes, providing information on site requirements, varieties, growth habits, pruning practices, and routine care.
2) It recommends choosing berries based on factors like climate, soil conditions, and desired production season. Common choices include raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, grapes, currants and gooseberries.
3) Proper planning is important when growing berries, considering their specific needs around spacing, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, and harvesting techniques. The document provides detailed guidance on pruning and training different berry varieties.
This document provides information on various grafting techniques used in nursery crop plants. It describes when and how to perform different types of grafts including cleft grafting, bark grafting, side-veneer grafting, splice grafting, whip and tongue grafting, saddle grafting, bridge grafting, and inarch grafting. Key steps involve preparing both the rootstock and scion wood and ensuring the vascular cambiums are aligned when joining them together. The graft is then secured and sealed to encourage healing and growth.
Selecting and Planting Fruit and Nut TreeseAfghanAg
This document provides guidance on establishing a fruit garden by selecting an orchard site, preparing the land, choosing fruit trees, and planting trees. The ideal orchard site has good drainage and a slope of 4-8% facing south. Soil tests identify fertility and potential pest issues. When selecting trees, factors like size, cultivar, rootstock and pollination requirements are important. Orchards are laid out with consideration of tree spacing, varieties, and placement of pollinizer trees. Proper planting involves digging a hole for the roots, placing the tree at the right depth, and filling in gently around it.
1. During the first year, prune grapevines to select a single shoot to form the trunk and remove all other shoots and fruit. In the second year, prune laterals to develop the cordon structure along the top wire and pinch terminal shoots to encourage secondary growth.
2. In the third year, prune one-year-old wood back to spurs for the first fruiting. Use a bud count system like 30-10-10 based on pruned weight to balance fruiting and growth.
3. Comb shoots in summer to prevent tangling and encourage light penetration and quality fruit production. Annual pruning is needed to balance vegetative growth and fruit yield.
This document provides information on harvesting times for various vegetables and fruits grown in home gardens. It includes details on when to harvest onions, garlic, peas, spinach, greens, radishes, beets, carrots and other root crops, potatoes, cucumbers, beans, melons, squash, corn, peppers, eggplant, tomatoes, berries, stone fruits, grapes, herbs and more. It also provides tips on food preservation methods like cold storage, freezing, dehydrating and canning.
This document discusses different types of companion planting and cover crops. It defines companion planting as interplanting crops together for benefits like pest suppression and nitrogen fixation. Cover crops are usually planted between growing seasons to improve soil quality. Common companion crops mentioned are legumes planted with heavy feeders, and trap crops used to lure pests away from other plants. Benefits of both techniques include increased soil nutrients, pest control, and habitat for beneficial insects.
This document provides guidance on controlling pests in home gardens using integrated pest management. It recommends using non-chemical controls first through monitoring, tolerance thresholds, and cultural/physical controls. If needed, biological controls like beneficial insects or microbial pesticides are the next option. Chemical pesticides should only be used as a last resort. The document describes common garden pests like weeds, insects and diseases. It provides life cycles and effective control methods for each.
1) The document discusses growing berries and grapes, providing information on site requirements, varieties, growth habits, pruning practices, and routine care.
2) It recommends choosing berries based on factors like climate, soil conditions, and desired production season. Common choices include raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, grapes, currants and gooseberries.
3) Proper planning is important when growing berries, considering their specific needs around spacing, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, and harvesting techniques. The document provides detailed guidance on pruning and training different berry varieties.
This document provides information on various grafting techniques used in nursery crop plants. It describes when and how to perform different types of grafts including cleft grafting, bark grafting, side-veneer grafting, splice grafting, whip and tongue grafting, saddle grafting, bridge grafting, and inarch grafting. Key steps involve preparing both the rootstock and scion wood and ensuring the vascular cambiums are aligned when joining them together. The graft is then secured and sealed to encourage healing and growth.
Selecting and Planting Fruit and Nut TreeseAfghanAg
This document provides guidance on establishing a fruit garden by selecting an orchard site, preparing the land, choosing fruit trees, and planting trees. The ideal orchard site has good drainage and a slope of 4-8% facing south. Soil tests identify fertility and potential pest issues. When selecting trees, factors like size, cultivar, rootstock and pollination requirements are important. Orchards are laid out with consideration of tree spacing, varieties, and placement of pollinizer trees. Proper planting involves digging a hole for the roots, placing the tree at the right depth, and filling in gently around it.
Pyrus communis, known as European pear, is native to central and eastern Europe. Pear is grown under temperate and subtropical conditions in India, primarily in hills of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh. Pears grow best in deep, well-drained, fertile soil with a neutral pH of 6.0-7.5. Common varieties include Bartlett, Conference, and Comice. Pears are propagated through budding, grafting, and rootstocks. Proper training, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting and postharvest handling are required for good production.
This document provides information on peach breeding and characteristics. It discusses the scientific classification of peaches, describes peach flower and bud structures, and lists breeding objectives such as developing cultivars with low chilling requirements. It also outlines ideal peach tree characteristics and fruit traits. The document details breeding methods used such as introduction and selection of varieties from other regions, hybridization, and clonal selection. It discusses modern approaches like using molecular markers for genetic evaluation and development of peach germplasm collections.
This document provides information about grapes, including their botanical name, origin, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. It discusses seeded and seedless varieties of grapes grown in India and their uses. It also describes grape cultivation methods, including establishment of vineyards, planting systems, training methods, and rootstock selection. The key information provided includes that grapes are native to Armenia, Thompson Seedless is a popular variety, and head and bower systems are common training methods.
Genetic variation & Intercultural management in Grapedasutpal1992
This document discusses genetic variation and intercultural management of grapes. It covers the different climatic regions where grapes are grown in India, including sub-tropical, hot tropical, and mild tropical regions. It describes common varieties grown in each region and their cultural practices. The document also discusses genetic variation in grapes through mechanisms like hybridization, polyploidy, and mutation. It provides details on intercultural management practices for grapes like irrigation, intercropping, manures and fertilizers, weed control, training and pruning methods, thinning, shoot pinching, and use of growth regulators.
This document summarizes the biodiversity of plum species. It discusses five centres of origin for plums in Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, China, and North America. It outlines various plum species including Prunus domestica, P. salicina, P. americana, and their traits. It also discusses classification of plums, genetic resources, distribution in India, interspecific hybrids, and important cultivars. Rootstocks commonly used for plums are also listed. The document provides a comprehensive overview of plum biodiversity and cultivation globally and in India.
MT: Harvesting and Saving Garden SeedsSotirakou964
This document provides instructions for harvesting and saving seeds from home gardens. It defines key terms like cultivar, hybrid, open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated. It explains that hybrid seeds should not be saved, as the resulting plants will not be true to type. It provides guidance on isolating different plant varieties to avoid cross-pollination when saving open-pollinated seeds. Instructions are given for harvesting and storing seeds from various plant structures like pods, flowers and fruit.
Advanced production technology of wood applePawan Nagar
This document provides information about the advanced production technology of wood apple. It discusses the origin, description, varieties, propagation, field preparation, training, pruning, fruiting, nutrient management, pests, season, harvesting, and uses of wood apple. The key points are that wood apple is native to India and has sweet or acid varieties, can be propagated from seeds or vegetatively, requires little care once established, flowers from February to May and fruits from July to December, and the fruit pulp and seeds have various nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses.
- Albizia lebbeck is a deciduous tree native to northern Australia and southeast Asia that has been widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions.
- It grows well in a range of soil and climate conditions, including drought-prone areas, and produces large quantities of seeds annually.
- However, natural regeneration is limited due to factors such as insect predation of seeds and seedlings and lack of suitable conditions for germination and establishment. Artificial regeneration through nursery techniques like seed collection, pretreatment, and transplanting or stump planting is more successful.
Leaf pots are made from large leaves that are rolled into cones and filled with soil. They allow seeds like beans, pumpkins, and cucumbers that cannot be directly transplanted to be started in a nursery where they receive proper care. Large leaves are chosen, twisted into cones, and pinned in shape. The cones are then filled with soil and sown with seeds. The leaf pots are placed in racks in the shade to protect the seedlings as they grow.
This document provides information on citrus fruit cultivation in Jammu province, India. The most important citrus fruits grown are mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime. The total area under citrus cultivation is 11,026 hectares with an annual production of 18,445 metric tons. Citrus thrive in deep, well-drained soils between pH 5.5-6.2. Common varieties and their characteristics are described. Propagation is mainly through T-budding, with rootstocks like Jatti Khatti. Pests, diseases and their management are also outlined.
This document provides information on the cultivation of peach and plum. It discusses the scientific classification, morphology, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For peaches, it describes the flower structure, ideal characteristics, approaches for improvement including the use of molecular markers and development of disease resistant rootstocks. It also discusses germplasm collections of peach in India and other countries. For plums, it covers the different species, flower structure, ideal traits and objectives for breeding programs in subtropical regions. The document concludes with information on plum germplasm collections worldwide.
Genetic Variation & Intercultural Management of Grapedasutpal1992
This document discusses genetic variation and intercultural management of grape. It notes that genetic variation arises from mechanisms like mutation, sexual reproduction, and genetic drift. Grape is grown in three agro-climatic zones in India - subtropical, hot tropical, and mild tropical regions. Different varieties are suited to each region. Grapevines require irrigation, fertilizers, pruning, thinning, and pest management. Various training methods exist to facilitate vineyard operations and maximize yield.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Figs are a versatile, hardy tree that can grow well in containers or gardens. They prefer warm climates and well-draining soil. Figs produce two crops annually, with the first crop forming on last year's wood in winter and a larger summer crop forming from new growth. Common pests include birds, possums, fruit fly, and blister mites. Popular varieties to try include Black Genoa, Brown Turkey, and White Adriatic.
This document provides information on marigold cultivation, including varieties suited for different seasons, propagation, nursery practices, planting time, fertilizer and manure application, irrigation, harvesting, and pest and disease management. It describes two popular varieties of African marigold and one variety each of French marigold and wild marigold. Common pests mentioned are cutworm, aphids, thrips, and Helicoverpa armigera. Key diseases include damping off, wilt, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. Proper spacing, fertilization, irrigation, rouging, and chemical control are recommended for pest and disease management.
General introduction of minor and underexploited vegetablesmanohar meghwal
Parsnips are a winter root vegetable grown for their long, tapered roots. Seeds are sown directly in soil and roots are
ready 3 months later. Celery is grown for its crisp stems and requires exact temperatures between 16-21°C. Pointed
gourd is a creeping vine grown from cuttings for its small, striped fruits. It requires warm, humid conditions. Yam is a
tuber crop propagated from tuber pieces which are planted and harvested 8-9 months later. Asparagus is a perennial
grown for its edible shoots or spears. It is propagated from seeds or crowns and the spears are harvested for 1-3 weeks
This document provides information on planting and maintaining a xeriscape garden using drought-tolerant plants. It lists several perennials, shrubs, trees, and groundcovers suitable for high-altitude gardens, along with their heights. It emphasizes the importance of proper irrigation, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, planting at the right times, and maintaining lawns above 2-3 inches. It encourages incorporating organic matter into soil, avoiding compaction, and using mulch to conserve water and create a sustainable landscape.
Pears are a fruit in the rose family that are closely related to apples. They originated in Europe and Asia and have been cultivated for over 5,000 years. Pears grow on trees that require full sun, fertile soil, and regular pruning and watering. Pear trees bear fruit within 3 years and can remain productive for over 75 years. The US grows most of its pears in Oregon and Washington, producing over $380 million worth annually.
This document lists "My Top 20 Best Pieces" and includes a unit number and the author's name, Lauren Barrett. It also mentions that there are 10 pieces under consideration to be included in the list.
Gypsy horses are around 15.3 hands tall and similar in size to paint horses, originating from England and Ireland. Paint horses descended from Spanish horses brought to America and were used by Native Americans as war horses. The author has two miniature horses named Gracie and Martini, who are typically 27 to 30 inches tall. Draft horses are usually used for driving but smaller drafts can be ridden; quarter horses are used for rodeo events and other riding; and Friesian horses are one of the oldest European breeds used for riding, farming, and cavalry. The Morgan horse was the first American breed and was favored in the Civil War for being loyal, calm under fire, and able to march and pull artillery all day.
Summer Care of the Home Vegetable Garden - Oklahoma State UniversityDanousis85z
This document provides guidance on summer care for home vegetable gardens in Oklahoma. It discusses best practices for watering, weed control, use of mulches, and managing diseases and insects. Proper irrigation is important, applying about 1 inch of water per week. Weeds should be controlled through mulching, hoeing, and hand weeding. Mulches help control weeds and conserve soil moisture. Diseases can be prevented through seed treatment, plant treatments, using resistant varieties, and crop rotation. Insect control involves monitoring plants and using appropriate pesticides when needed. Proper care is needed to maintain healthy, productive gardens.
Pyrus communis, known as European pear, is native to central and eastern Europe. Pear is grown under temperate and subtropical conditions in India, primarily in hills of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh. Pears grow best in deep, well-drained, fertile soil with a neutral pH of 6.0-7.5. Common varieties include Bartlett, Conference, and Comice. Pears are propagated through budding, grafting, and rootstocks. Proper training, pruning, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting and postharvest handling are required for good production.
This document provides information on peach breeding and characteristics. It discusses the scientific classification of peaches, describes peach flower and bud structures, and lists breeding objectives such as developing cultivars with low chilling requirements. It also outlines ideal peach tree characteristics and fruit traits. The document details breeding methods used such as introduction and selection of varieties from other regions, hybridization, and clonal selection. It discusses modern approaches like using molecular markers for genetic evaluation and development of peach germplasm collections.
This document provides information about grapes, including their botanical name, origin, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. It discusses seeded and seedless varieties of grapes grown in India and their uses. It also describes grape cultivation methods, including establishment of vineyards, planting systems, training methods, and rootstock selection. The key information provided includes that grapes are native to Armenia, Thompson Seedless is a popular variety, and head and bower systems are common training methods.
Genetic variation & Intercultural management in Grapedasutpal1992
This document discusses genetic variation and intercultural management of grapes. It covers the different climatic regions where grapes are grown in India, including sub-tropical, hot tropical, and mild tropical regions. It describes common varieties grown in each region and their cultural practices. The document also discusses genetic variation in grapes through mechanisms like hybridization, polyploidy, and mutation. It provides details on intercultural management practices for grapes like irrigation, intercropping, manures and fertilizers, weed control, training and pruning methods, thinning, shoot pinching, and use of growth regulators.
This document summarizes the biodiversity of plum species. It discusses five centres of origin for plums in Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, China, and North America. It outlines various plum species including Prunus domestica, P. salicina, P. americana, and their traits. It also discusses classification of plums, genetic resources, distribution in India, interspecific hybrids, and important cultivars. Rootstocks commonly used for plums are also listed. The document provides a comprehensive overview of plum biodiversity and cultivation globally and in India.
MT: Harvesting and Saving Garden SeedsSotirakou964
This document provides instructions for harvesting and saving seeds from home gardens. It defines key terms like cultivar, hybrid, open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated. It explains that hybrid seeds should not be saved, as the resulting plants will not be true to type. It provides guidance on isolating different plant varieties to avoid cross-pollination when saving open-pollinated seeds. Instructions are given for harvesting and storing seeds from various plant structures like pods, flowers and fruit.
Advanced production technology of wood applePawan Nagar
This document provides information about the advanced production technology of wood apple. It discusses the origin, description, varieties, propagation, field preparation, training, pruning, fruiting, nutrient management, pests, season, harvesting, and uses of wood apple. The key points are that wood apple is native to India and has sweet or acid varieties, can be propagated from seeds or vegetatively, requires little care once established, flowers from February to May and fruits from July to December, and the fruit pulp and seeds have various nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses.
- Albizia lebbeck is a deciduous tree native to northern Australia and southeast Asia that has been widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions.
- It grows well in a range of soil and climate conditions, including drought-prone areas, and produces large quantities of seeds annually.
- However, natural regeneration is limited due to factors such as insect predation of seeds and seedlings and lack of suitable conditions for germination and establishment. Artificial regeneration through nursery techniques like seed collection, pretreatment, and transplanting or stump planting is more successful.
Leaf pots are made from large leaves that are rolled into cones and filled with soil. They allow seeds like beans, pumpkins, and cucumbers that cannot be directly transplanted to be started in a nursery where they receive proper care. Large leaves are chosen, twisted into cones, and pinned in shape. The cones are then filled with soil and sown with seeds. The leaf pots are placed in racks in the shade to protect the seedlings as they grow.
This document provides information on citrus fruit cultivation in Jammu province, India. The most important citrus fruits grown are mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime. The total area under citrus cultivation is 11,026 hectares with an annual production of 18,445 metric tons. Citrus thrive in deep, well-drained soils between pH 5.5-6.2. Common varieties and their characteristics are described. Propagation is mainly through T-budding, with rootstocks like Jatti Khatti. Pests, diseases and their management are also outlined.
This document provides information on the cultivation of peach and plum. It discusses the scientific classification, morphology, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For peaches, it describes the flower structure, ideal characteristics, approaches for improvement including the use of molecular markers and development of disease resistant rootstocks. It also discusses germplasm collections of peach in India and other countries. For plums, it covers the different species, flower structure, ideal traits and objectives for breeding programs in subtropical regions. The document concludes with information on plum germplasm collections worldwide.
Genetic Variation & Intercultural Management of Grapedasutpal1992
This document discusses genetic variation and intercultural management of grape. It notes that genetic variation arises from mechanisms like mutation, sexual reproduction, and genetic drift. Grape is grown in three agro-climatic zones in India - subtropical, hot tropical, and mild tropical regions. Different varieties are suited to each region. Grapevines require irrigation, fertilizers, pruning, thinning, and pest management. Various training methods exist to facilitate vineyard operations and maximize yield.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Figs are a versatile, hardy tree that can grow well in containers or gardens. They prefer warm climates and well-draining soil. Figs produce two crops annually, with the first crop forming on last year's wood in winter and a larger summer crop forming from new growth. Common pests include birds, possums, fruit fly, and blister mites. Popular varieties to try include Black Genoa, Brown Turkey, and White Adriatic.
This document provides information on marigold cultivation, including varieties suited for different seasons, propagation, nursery practices, planting time, fertilizer and manure application, irrigation, harvesting, and pest and disease management. It describes two popular varieties of African marigold and one variety each of French marigold and wild marigold. Common pests mentioned are cutworm, aphids, thrips, and Helicoverpa armigera. Key diseases include damping off, wilt, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. Proper spacing, fertilization, irrigation, rouging, and chemical control are recommended for pest and disease management.
General introduction of minor and underexploited vegetablesmanohar meghwal
Parsnips are a winter root vegetable grown for their long, tapered roots. Seeds are sown directly in soil and roots are
ready 3 months later. Celery is grown for its crisp stems and requires exact temperatures between 16-21°C. Pointed
gourd is a creeping vine grown from cuttings for its small, striped fruits. It requires warm, humid conditions. Yam is a
tuber crop propagated from tuber pieces which are planted and harvested 8-9 months later. Asparagus is a perennial
grown for its edible shoots or spears. It is propagated from seeds or crowns and the spears are harvested for 1-3 weeks
This document provides information on planting and maintaining a xeriscape garden using drought-tolerant plants. It lists several perennials, shrubs, trees, and groundcovers suitable for high-altitude gardens, along with their heights. It emphasizes the importance of proper irrigation, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, planting at the right times, and maintaining lawns above 2-3 inches. It encourages incorporating organic matter into soil, avoiding compaction, and using mulch to conserve water and create a sustainable landscape.
Pears are a fruit in the rose family that are closely related to apples. They originated in Europe and Asia and have been cultivated for over 5,000 years. Pears grow on trees that require full sun, fertile soil, and regular pruning and watering. Pear trees bear fruit within 3 years and can remain productive for over 75 years. The US grows most of its pears in Oregon and Washington, producing over $380 million worth annually.
This document lists "My Top 20 Best Pieces" and includes a unit number and the author's name, Lauren Barrett. It also mentions that there are 10 pieces under consideration to be included in the list.
Gypsy horses are around 15.3 hands tall and similar in size to paint horses, originating from England and Ireland. Paint horses descended from Spanish horses brought to America and were used by Native Americans as war horses. The author has two miniature horses named Gracie and Martini, who are typically 27 to 30 inches tall. Draft horses are usually used for driving but smaller drafts can be ridden; quarter horses are used for rodeo events and other riding; and Friesian horses are one of the oldest European breeds used for riding, farming, and cavalry. The Morgan horse was the first American breed and was favored in the Civil War for being loyal, calm under fire, and able to march and pull artillery all day.
Summer Care of the Home Vegetable Garden - Oklahoma State UniversityDanousis85z
This document provides guidance on summer care for home vegetable gardens in Oklahoma. It discusses best practices for watering, weed control, use of mulches, and managing diseases and insects. Proper irrigation is important, applying about 1 inch of water per week. Weeds should be controlled through mulching, hoeing, and hand weeding. Mulches help control weeds and conserve soil moisture. Diseases can be prevented through seed treatment, plant treatments, using resistant varieties, and crop rotation. Insect control involves monitoring plants and using appropriate pesticides when needed. Proper care is needed to maintain healthy, productive gardens.
Presented by Adugna Tolera at the Inception workshop for the ‘Fodder and feed in livestock value chains in Ethiopia’ project, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 21-22 February 2012
This document discusses feedstuffs and nutrition for large animals including swine, sheep, and goats. It defines feedstuffs and their primary functions of providing nutrients and energy. It describes the international feed identification system and the eight classes of feedstuffs. For each species, it discusses their water, energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin nutrition as well as common nutritional diseases and feeding management practices.
Livestock play an important role in most small-scale farming systems throughout the world.
They provide traction to cultivate fields, manure to maintain crop productivity, and nutritious food products for human consumption and income-generation.
Despite the importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries.
Thus the feed resources plays a major role in farm animals.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 2 method of plant propagation and planning orchardRai University
This document discusses various methods of plant propagation, including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative structures and cuttings. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds, which allows for variation but offspring may not be true-to-type. Asexual propagation methods discussed include stem cuttings, layering techniques like simple layering and mound layering, and grafting and budding. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
Apple trees grow best in temperate zones with cold winters, moderate summers, and medium to high humidity. They can grow 10-30 feet tall and yield 75-130 pounds of fruit per year. There are nearly 10,000 apple varieties worldwide, with about 7,000 varieties native to North America, though only around 1,000 are commonly grown commercially. Apple trees exist in different sizes depending on the rootstock used, from full size standard trees to dwarf and semi-dwarf trees grafted onto roots that restrict growth. Proper thinning, pruning, pollination, planting, and care are needed to maximize apple production.
Plant propagation involves creating new plants through both sexual (seeds) and asexual (vegetative) means. The main methods of plant propagation are sexual propagation using seeds, and asexual propagation using vegetative structures like cuttings, layering, and grafting. Cuttings involve taking plant parts like stems, leaves, or roots and regenerating a new plant. Layering involves burying a stem or branch to encourage root formation from that part. Grafting involves joining plant parts so they unite and grow as one plant. Each method has advantages and disadvantages for different plant types.
Advances in propagation techniques of subtropical and temperate cropAjaykumarKarna
This document discusses propagation techniques for subtropical and temperate fruit crops. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation methods including cuttings, budding, grafting, and layering. Specific propagation methods are outlined for apple, pear, and peach crops. Apple is commonly propagated using whip and tongue grafting. Pear is propagated using T-budding or tongue grafting, and micropropagation is also described. Peach is propagated using T-budding and cleft grafting, with the timing of techniques varying by region.
The document discusses various vegetative propagation methods including cuttings, division, layering, and grafting. It provides details on taking stem, leaf, and root cuttings as well as creating the proper rooting environment with the right humidity, light, and temperature levels. A variety of rooting media are also described that balance moisture retention, aeration, and drainage to successfully develop new roots on cuttings.
- Mangosteen originates from Southeast Asia and is now grown in various tropical regions. It is often called the "Queen of Fruits".
- The mangosteen tree is slow growing and produces purple fruit segmented like an orange, with sweet, aromatic white flesh.
- Mangosteen is difficult to cultivate outside the tropics due to its need for high humidity and consistent warm temperatures. Propagation is also challenging as the seeds are only viable for a few days.
The document provides details about the mangosteen plant, including its origin in Southeast Asia, appearance, cultivation requirements, propagation methods, pests and diseases. It notes that the mangosteen tree is slow-growing and difficult to propagate, with a long juvenile phase. The fruit has a thick reddish-purple rind covering sweet, acidic, segmented white pulp. Mangosteens require a humid tropical climate with abundant rainfall and shade when young. Propagation is mainly through seeds, which are only viable for a few days.
Plant propagation, Plant propagation methods, Types of Plant propagation, Advantages of vegetative propagation, Recommended Propagation Techniques for Fruit Crops
1. The document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding.
2. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds which has advantages like producing hardier plants but disadvantages like offspring not being true-to-type.
3. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding allow for true-to-type reproduction and are used when seeds are not viable options.
4. Specific techniques for each method are described including rooting stem cuttings, layering branches in the soil, grafting using approaches like wedge grafting, and b
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
Minor Small Fruit Crops for New Mexico Gardens - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides information on minor small fruit crops that can be grown in New Mexico gardens, including tayberries, currants, gooseberries, elderberries, bush cherries, and sea buckthorn. It describes the growth habit and cultural requirements of each crop, highlighting varieties that have done well in trials in New Mexico. Most of these crops thrive in partial shade and require well-draining, nutrient-rich soil amended with compost. Proper pruning is important for maintaining productive plants over several years. The fruits can be eaten fresh or used to make jams, jellies, pies, and other products.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Pears Gardening Guides for Students + Teachers + Organic School Gardens
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document discusses various vegetative propagation techniques used in horticulture, including cutting, layering, grafting and budding. It describes different types of cuttings like stem cuttings, leaf cuttings and root cuttings. It also explains different layering techniques like simple layering, air layering, mound layering and trench layering. Rooting hormones and rooting media used for vegetative propagation are also discussed in detail.
Pecan and black walnut are two nut tree species well-suited for agroforestry practices in Missouri. The document provides instructions for propagating these trees through seed stratification, grafting superior cultivars onto rootstock trees, and growing trees in nurseries or containers. It describes how to collect scionwood, prepare the stock by making three vertical cuts through the bark, and attaching the scion using the three-flap graft technique to ensure it grows permanently. With careful attention to propagation methods, landowners can establish high-quality nut orchards and diversify their farm income through agroforestry.
This document provides background and instructions for an activity called "Plant Buddies" that teaches students about companion planting. The activity has two parts:
1. Students work in pairs to plant "plant cards" representing different plants in an imaginary garden based on compatibility. Insects are then introduced to test the effectiveness of the planting.
2. Students classify the plants using botanical characteristics like flower structure to learn how scientific classification relates to companion planting. They create a dichotomous key to classify plants.
The activity aims to help students understand beneficial relationships between plants and insects in the garden ecosystem. Background notes explain concepts like companion planting, plant families, and how to adapt the activity for different gardens and extension projects
Companion planting involves combining plants that provide mutual benefits in the garden. Certain plants provide nutrients, shade, or structure to other plants. Gardeners should consult companion planting guides to learn which vegetables and herbs pair well together. Some plant combinations to try include the "Three Sisters" - corn, beans, and squash. While some plants help each other, others can inhibit growth, so it's important to observe plant interactions and avoid bad companion combinations. Experimentation is key to discovering the best companion planting methods.
The document lists various herbs, vegetables, and fruits that can be grown in a garden, including dill, corn, basil, apples, beets, garlic, leeks, beans, celery, cherry, fennel, chives, chervil, apricot, lovage, borage, carrots, lettuce, hyssop, kohlrabi, eggplant, foxglove, lavender, coriander, cucumbers, fruit trees, grape vines, gooseberries, horseradish, and lemon balm. It provides a comprehensive list of plants suitable for cultivation.
Planting Companion Plants and Monthly Planting Charts - Garden MasterFayina19z
The document provides a planting guide for January through June that includes:
- Vegetables that can be planted each month through seed, transplants, or sets
- Companion plants that can be planted with each vegetable
- Vegetables that require a greenhouse for planting in certain months
The guide provides information on the optimal planting times and companions for a variety of vegetables throughout the spring growing season.
Planting Guide for Home Gardening in Alabama - Alabama Cooperative ExtensionFayina19z
This document provides a planting guide for home gardening in Alabama, including recommended planting times and cultivars for a variety of vegetables. It discusses site selection, soil preparation, fertilization, seed and transplant care, irrigation, weed and pest control, and harvesting best practices. An accompanying chart lists specific planting date ranges for spring and fall crops as well as spacing recommendations.
Plants as Deterrents - Tucson Organic GardenersFayina19z
This document lists various plant pairings that can benefit each other or deter pests when planted together. Some key points include:
- Alliums like garlic, onions, and chives planted with roses can protect them from aphids and moles.
- Basil helps tomatoes overcome insects and disease when planted near them. It also repels flies and mosquitoes.
- Beans can be planted with carrots, cabbage, beets and aid cucumbers and cabbages when interplanted. They add nitrogen to soil.
- Marigolds planted with potatoes, strawberries, and roses can help discourage nematodes.
- Mint planted near cabbage and tomatoes can improve their flavor and help repel a
Plants Influencing the Behavior of Large White ButterflyFayina19z
This study examined how different companion plants influence the oviposition behavior of Large White Butterflies (Pieris brassicae L.) on cabbage plants. French marigolds (Tagetes patula) and painted daisies (Chrysanthemum carinatum) reduced egg laying on cabbage compared to control plots with only cabbage. Butterflies were attracted to T. patula flowers for feeding but laid fewer eggs on surrounding cabbage plants. C. carinatum appeared repellent to butterflies. Painted sage (Salvia horminum) showed some repellent effects later in the summer. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and onion (Allium cepa) did not significantly
Polyculture and Integrated Tilapia Farming Systems - Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaFayina19z
1) The document discusses the need for new models of sustainable food production that integrate aquaculture and agriculture due to increasing population and demands on resources.
2) It provides examples of integrated systems around the world that combine fish farming with crops, including tilapia with oil palm, rice, citrus, grapes, and vegetables.
3) Research shows these integrated systems can provide fertilizer to crops from fish waste while fish benefit from irrigation water, leading to increased food production.
Potted Bedding and Companion Plants - Fox Valley Growers, IllinoisFayina19z
This document is an order form for potted bedding and companion plants from a plant nursery. It lists over 100 plant varieties that are available in 4-inch pots with 15 pots per tray. The order form requests information about the customer such as their name, address, phone number, and special instructions. It provides pricing and growing conditions for each plant variety. Minimum orders of 5 trays per variety are required except for grass varieties which have a 3 tray minimum. Customers can request special varieties to be grown.
Puyallup Demonstration Garden - Master Gardeners, Pierce County, WashingtonFayina19z
The document provides information about children's activities and garden talks hosted by the WSU Pierce County Extension Master Gardeners in August and September 2012. The children's activities include learning about bats in gardens, identifying backyard birds, making vegetable soup and critters, preparing gardens for winter, and more. The garden talks cover various gardening topics such as companion planting, growing vegetables, pruning, using native plants, and weeds. The events are open to the public and aimed to educate about gardening and nature.
Rainbow of Hope for Children: Biointensive Gardening in El SalvadorFayina19z
This document provides an overview and update on the Rainbow of Hope for Children's Biointensive Garden project in Izalco, El Salvador. Over the past 6 years, Rainbow has supported the organic mini-farming demonstration site by providing equipment, infrastructure, salaries, and technical support. The project has trained local farmers and successfully implemented biointensive techniques to improve food security and nutrition for children at a nearby orphanage. Outcomes include steadily increasing vegetable production, employment and training of local farmers, and supplementing the diets of 90 orphanage children. Rainbow is seeking ongoing funding to maintain the self-sustaining garden and continue its benefits.
Raised Bed Gardening and Companion Planting - West Virginia UniversityFayina19z
Raised bed gardening allows for season extension, easier access, and improved drainage. Raised beds can be constructed from various materials and filled with rich soil. Square foot gardening involves intensive planting of one type of plant per square foot in 4x4 foot beds. Companion planting involves using plants that help each other, such as using chives to repel aphids from roses or interplanting crops that grow at different times like corn, beans, and squash.
Recommended Vegetable Varieties for Utah for Home Vegetable GardenFayina19z
This document provides recommendations for home vegetable garden varieties in Utah. It discusses factors to consider when selecting varieties such as disease resistance, maturity times, and growing conditions. The bulk of the document is a table that lists recommended vegetable varieties for Utah and the seed sources for each variety. Varieties are organized by vegetable type and include details like days to maturity and disease resistances. The document encourages gardeners to consider their local conditions and consult extension resources when choosing which varieties to grow.
Ron’s Veggie Garden Tips - University of Illinois ExtensionFayina19z
Ron provides several tips for the vegetable garden:
1) Use mesh bags and pantyhose to protect fruits and vegetables from birds and insects as they grow and dry herbs.
2) Place cans or fencing around newly planted vegetables to protect them from cutworms in the soil.
3) Be prepared for late frosts by covering tender plants with materials that insulate but don't conduct cold.
4) Install chicken wire fencing to keep rabbits from the garden.
This document is an introduction to a book on the root development of vegetable crops. It discusses how roots adapt to different environments and the importance of understanding root systems for improving crop production and variety selection. While aerial plant growth has been extensively studied, root systems are less understood due to being underground. The introduction emphasizes that a complete understanding of soil-crop relations requires knowledge of root systems, which mediate the relationship between plants and soil.
Sample Planting Guide for Raised-Bed Garden - Colorado Master GardenersFayina19z
This document provides a planting guide for a raised bed vegetable garden laid out in a block style. It includes a table with recommended planting times and harvest periods for cool and warm season crops in the Front Range of Colorado. The table also estimates plant spacing and projected yields for common vegetables planted in 4-foot wide beds.
School Garden Basics Workshop For Educators - HawaiiFayina19z
This document provides information on common garden pests and diseases, as well as integrated pest management (IPM) techniques. It identifies common insect pests like aphids, whiteflies, and beetles, as well as diseases caused by fungi and viruses. The document introduces IPM as a sustainable approach using biological, cultural, physical and chemical controls. It emphasizes using beneficial insects, companion planting, sanitation and other cultural techniques before resorting to organic or synthetic pesticides. The workshop teaches educators how to identify pests and diseases, monitor problems, and implement a multi-pronged IPM approach to maintain healthy school gardens.
School Garden Manual - Jefferson County Public Schools, KentuckyFayina19z
This document provides information and resources for starting and maintaining a school garden. It includes sections on developing the garden such as selecting a site, designing plans, and gathering materials. Detailed guidance is given for preparing the soil and keeping the garden growing through the seasons. Contact information is provided for various community resources and agencies that can assist with the garden. Teacher resource books and a suggested reading list are also included in the appendix.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Plants for Free
1. OTHER USEFUL INFO ...
Plants for free
Some fruits are easy to propagate, and this Also, they can take several years to bear fruit,
can save you a lot of money. Make sure you and for all that time you won't know whether
propagate from a healthy plant! the fruit is any good! Cape Goosberry and
Passionfruit are the exceptions.
Grafting and budding
These are the methods for propagating most Easy and reliable methods
fruit trees, but they are fairly tricky. Find a Instructions for the easiest propagation
local workshop to get some experience with methods are in the section 'Part 3 – Essential
them, or check out the instructions on these Plant Info', under the heading of the fruits for
websites: which they are suitable.
ww.sces.org.nz/pmwiki.php/Content/ Examples:
Grafting
• Runners – strawberry
www.sces.org.nz/pmwiki.php/Content/
TakingCuttingsFromOldVarieties • Layering – blackberry, boysenberry, blue-
berry
Growing from seed • Suckers – raspberry.
This is not a good method for most fruits, as the
'offspring' often aren't as good as the 'parent'.
Propagating by hardwood cuttings
White/
Blackcurrant Blueberry Fig Gooseberry Grape
Redcurrant
Autumn or
Best time Autumn Midwinter Autumn Midautumn Autumn
winter
Cutting 20–30cm Stem section
20–30cm 10–15cm 30–38cm 30–38cm
length (1–2cm thick) with 3 buds
Leave all buds Use the bottom Choose stems Leave all buds Choose stems Remove all but
on the stem, 2/3 of strong with some 2- on the stem, that are just the top 4 or 5
Preparing
but remove all shoots of year-old wood and the top 2 thicker than a buds, and all
the cutting
leaves the previous at the base leaves pencil leaves
season's growth
Insert upright in Insert upright in Insert upright in Insert upright in Insert upright in Insert upright in
a trench or pot, a pot, leaving a pot, leaving a pot, to half its a pot, leaving a pot, to half its
Planting
leaving 2 buds 1–2 buds a few buds length the top bud length
showing showing showing showing
Should have Should be ready Can take more Should be Pot up after Should be
roots and 3 or to plant out after than a year to ready to plant leaves and ready to plant
What to
4 good stems 1 year develop a good out after 1 year roots form in out after 1 year
expect
after 1 year root system summer, plant
out next winter
www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE 59
2. Rootstocks
Choose the right rootstock
It is the rootstock of a fruit tree that determines Useful information about types of apple
how big the tree gets and what soil conditions rootstock is listed below, and the best rootstocks
it can handle. This especially applies to apples. for other types of fruit are on the next page.
Rootstocks for apple trees
Adapted from How to Make a Forest Garden
M27 Super dwarf M9 Dwarf M26 Dwarf MM106 Semi-dwarf
• Suits well-drained, fertile soils – NOT heavy • Best in fertile, free- • Good on most soils, except
clay soils draining soil – cannot poorly drained sites
• Fruits well in 2nd year cope with waterlogging • Has a strong frame and roots,
• Shallow roots – needs a sheltered spot, • Can be grown without does not need staking – good in
permanent stakes, and plenty of mulch staking in sheltered areas exposed areas
• Espalier is best – train along a fence or • Semi-vigorous – can be kept
wires smaller with pruning
• Lives about 30 years • Fruits in the 3rd or 4th year and
can be a heavy cropper
• More resistant to woolly aphid
60 PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts
3. Rootstocks
Rootstocks for other trees
Pear Cherry
On heavy, fertile soils, grow pears on quince Choose trees grown on Tangshe rootstock
rootstock (grows to about 3m tall). (grows to 4m). Prune to an appropriate size for
your section, as a standard tree or as a fan.
Apricot, plum, peach, nectarine
On heavy soils, use trees grown on plum Citrus
rootstock (grows to 4–6m). On dry soils, use Use trees grown on Flying Dragon (grows to
peach rootstock (grows to 5–8m). To save 2.5m), or if you're on heavy clay soil, Trifoliata
space, you can prune them to size as a standard (grows to 2.3m).
tree, or as a fan against a wall.
(Apple rootstocks cont.)
Adapted from How to Make a Forest Garden
M116 Semi dwarf M793 Tall Northern Spy
• Better suited to difficult soils (heavy or clay) than other rootstocks • An especially good rootstock for
• Vigorous, looks chunkier than the M106, and has a more upright framework heavy clay soils
and branches • Suits conditions in Golden Bay
• Needs regular pruning, or growing as espalier, to control size • Grows into a large strong tree –
• Has good anchorage needs regular pruning, or growing
• Fruits strongly in the 5th year as espalier, to keep it smaller
• More resistant to woolly aphid and collar rot • Shows resistance to woolly aphid
www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE 61
4. Pests & diseases Tonics for your trees
Regular doses of tonic food (e.g.
compost, comfrey leaves, seaweed)
Pests & diseases help plants resist diseases and survive
the effects of insect attacks.
Before you turn to toxic chemicals, make You can either put the tonics on the
sure you follow these steps to reducing the soil as a mulch, or make a 'tea' out of
likelihood of getting pests and diseases in your
them:
fruit trees:
• Put one of the above tonics in a
1. Choose the right kind of fruit, and the
right specific variety, to suit the conditions bucket of water, cover it with a lid,
at your place. For the varieties that suit and leave it for a few weeks. (It will
home gardens, see the 'Tried & True' chart smell terrible!)
overleaf. • Put a cup or two of the liquid in a
2. Allow enough space between trees for good bucket or watering can and dilute
airflow, and also prune to keep the inside of
it with water to the colour of weak
the tree open.
tea.
3. Summer prune to remove the lush growing
tips, so the plants are less attractive to • Pour this over the leaves, or strain
sucking insects. the bits out and spray the tree.
4. Keep your plants appropriately fertilised and
watered, so they don't become vulnerable
to pests and diseases.
5. Attract a range of helpful insects into your
garden to control the pests for you: - keep some rocks, logs and long grass on
- plant 'good companions' for your trees the property for helpful animals to hide in
(see the 'Companions' page) (or under) and live and breed safely.
Helpful insects
Ants eat fruit flies, codling moth and some caterpillars
Birds eat heaps of insect pests BUT also your fruit
Centipedes eat caterpillars and slugs
BUT also ground-nesting
Hedgehogs eat millipedes, snails and slugs
bird's eggs, skinks, geckos
aphids, scale insects, mites, young caterpillars and the larvae of
Hoverfly larvae eat
pear/cherry slugs
Lacewing larvae eat HEAPS of aphids, scale, mealy bugs, mites and whitefly
Ladybirds eat scale, aphids, whitefly and mealy bugs
Praying mantises eat caterpillars, bugs, beetles, aphids BUT also beneficial insects
AND anything else that
Spiders eat flies, mosquitoes, codling moth, caterpillars, butterflies
strays into their web!
Parasitic wasps invade caterpillars and their larvae eat the caterpillars from the inside
62 PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts
5. Pests & diseases
Hygienic habits
Good garden hygiene is ESSENTIAL. Not all pests require action from you e.g.
• Clean up all fallen fruit, 'mummies' and • Pear leaf slug dries up on a hot day.
prunings, as pests and diseases can live on • Beneficial insects multiply when there's
them until next season. Remove them from a lot of their favourite pest food around,
your property. and sometimes they can restore the balance
• When you're pruning, wipe your tools with without your 'help'.
methylated spirits or bleach between trees, Some growers do a copper spray at leaf fall and
to avoid spreading diseases. again at bud burst to control diseases.
• Always read spray labels carefully and
Lotions & potions
apply as recommended.
If you think you've discovered a problem in
• Wear protective gear.
your fruit trees, first of all find out exactly
• Make sure you know what else is living in
what's going on:
the target zone – even a 'natural' spray can
• Is it really a pest attack or outbreak of
wipe out both the pest you're targeting, and
disease? If it's a nutrient deficiency or a
also every other friendly insect in the area.
problem with the soil, then spraying for
• Spray in the morning before many insects
diseases won't get rid of the problem!
are out and about, and when there is no
• Take some samples (in a plastic bag) to your
wind so the spray doesn't drift.
local nursery to get advice, or compare the
sample with pictures in library books (e.g. Don't give up!
Managing Pests and Diseases – Rob Lucas) If your trees develop a pest or disease problem,
or on websites (e.g. www.hortnet.co.nz/ don't give up on your efforts to provide the
publications/hortfacts/hfinall.htm). best conditions possible.
Controls you can make
Problem Solution
Blend together 2–3 garlic cloves, 6–12 chilli peppers, 1tbsp cooking oil, 7 cups of water,
Sucking insects (e.g. aphids)
and a few squirts of detergent. Spray it directly on the pest.
Fungal diseases Mix 1tbsp baking soda with 4.5l of water, and spray it on the affected areas.
Powdery mildew Mix equal parts of milk and water, and spray it on affected areas.
Wrap corrugated cardboard around the base of the tree when it's fruiting so the moths
Codling moth (apples)
hibernate in it. Take it off in early winter and burn it.
For more spray recipes see www.urbanorganics.org.nz/node/35
'Natural controls' you can buy
Problem Solution
Slugs, snails, caterpillars Diatomaceous earth – a natural rock-based powder
Sucking insects (e.g. aphids) Neem oil or sprays based on fatty acids – useful if numbers seem to be building up.
Pheromone-based traps that you hang in trees at a certain time of year – they don't
Codling moth
control the moth, but they help you know if you have a lot and need to take some action
Copper or sulphur-based sprays – read the labels, use only as recommended, and wear
Fungal diseases
protective gear.
www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE 63
6. Companion plants
Companion plants
Some plants are known to benefit each other when they grow together. Also, some plants are
known to be bad companions, so try to avoid having them near your fruit trees – e.g. grass.
Planting 'good companions' under your fruit trees will mean less work for you, as your trees will
be healthier.
How good companions help The top 10 companions
1. They provide food for: Think about:
• bees to pollinate the blossoms • what herbs you like using
• predatory insects to eat the pests • what flowers you like
• birds to pollinate the blossoms and eat • what other plants like the same conditions
pests. as your tree.
Examples: Then choose some of these examples:
- yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Bergamot (Monarda didyma) for bees
- sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
- sage (Salvia) • Bulbs (eg snowdrops, daffodils, jonquils,
- lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) garlic, chives) to help with soil nutrients
- borage (Borago officinalis). • Calendula/marigold (Calendula officinalis)
for insects, and as a herb
2. They collect nutrients for other plants in
• Fennel (Foeniculum) for insects, and as a
two ways:
herb
• Their deep roots bring up minerals and
• Lavender (Lavandula) for insects – good in
nutrients to their leaves, which end up
drier soils
rotting on the soil's surface and then the
• Lovage (Levisticum officinale) for insects,
tree's roots can absorb them.
and as a herb
Examples:
- comfrey (Symphytum officinale) • Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) for bees,
- chicory (Cichorium intybus) and as a herb – good in drier soils
- dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) • Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) as a groundcover,
• They absorb nitrogen from the vegetable
atmosphere and when they die, other • Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) for insects
plants can use it. • Violet (creeping – (Viola odorata) for bees,
Examples: and as a groundcover
- red clover (Trifolium pratense)
Ideas for specific companions for each type of
- lucerne/alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
fruit are given in the section 'Part 3 – Essential
- peas and beans.
Plant Info'. For more information about
3. Groundcovers protect the soil and plant Companion Planting, look at:
roots from the sun and heavy rain. www.urbanorganics.org.nz/node/36
Examples:
- oregano (Origanum vulgare)
- nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus)
- roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)
- strawberries (Fragaria).
64 PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts
7. Varieties to use
Tried & true varieties for home gardens
The varieties listed below have been recommended for home gardens by growers in this region.
There's also a list of more apple varieties, including heritage types, on our website.
These lists are a selection only – there are other varieties that also do well. Talk to other organic
growers in your area to find out about their successes, or contact the local branch of the NZ Tree
Crops Association.
Almond CY750, 403, Fabi, Monovale Kiwifruit Hayward
Early: Akane, Gravenstein Stripey
Apple Mid: Priscilla, Prima, Sir Prize Lemon Meyer, Genoa, Yen Ben
Late: Liberty, Sturmer, Jonagold
Early: Katy Cot, Sundrop
Apricot Lime Bearss, Tahitian
Mid/late: Trevatt, Fitzroy
Blackberry Black Satin, Navaho Mandarin Clementine, Encore, Miho for containers
Rabbit eye: Tifsblue, Powder Blue Early: Snowqueen
Blueberry Nectarine
Highbush: Duke, Dixie, Bluecrop Late: Fantasia, Red Gold, Sunglo
Washington Navel, Ruby Blood, Harward
Boysenberry Tasman, McNicholls Choice, Mapua Orange
Late
Early: Burlat, Summit, Rosann
Mid: Redhaven, Black Boy
Cherry Mid: Dawson, Bing, Compact Stella Peach
Late: April White, Golden Queen
Mid-late: Lapins
Early: Williams Bon Chrétien
Black: Magnus, Tai Tahi Mid: Princess, Beurre Hardy, Conference
Currants Pear
Red: Myra McKee, Gloriade de Versaille Late: Beurre Bosc, Doyenne du Comice
Very late: Winter Cole, Winter Nelis
Early: Apollo, Gemini, Unique Early: Duff's Early Jewel, Wilson's Early
Feijoa Mid: Kakapo, Wiki Tu Plum Mid: Fortune, Purple King, Greengage
Late: Triumph Late: Omega
Early: Brown Turkey
Mid: Cacak Fruitful
Fig Mid: Brunswick, San Pedro No 2 Prune Plum
Late: Italian, Stanley
Late: Lesa, Preston Prolific, French Sugar
Early: Himrod, Buffalo, Shuyler
Early: Van Deman
Grape Mid: Iona, Albany Surprise Quince
Mid: Vranja
Late: Niagara
Early: Waiau
Gooseberry Invicta, Pax Raspberry
Late: Autumn Bliss, Manna Yellow
Mid: North Star, Fanal, Kelleris
Hazelnut Whiteheart, Alexandra, Barcelona, Ennis Sour Cherry
Mid/late: Montmorency, Richmorency
Kiwiberry Takaka Green Tangelo Seminole
www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE 65
8. Glossary of terms
Terms used in this booklet
Bud – a little lump on a shoot that will grow either a leaf or a flower
Central leader – a tree trained with one main stem or trunk
Cordon – a fruit tree grown as a main stem with spurs but no side branches
Deciduous – leaves fall off the tree in winter
Espalier – a fruit tree trained to grow with horizontal branches flat against a wall or fence, or on
wires
Evergreen – has leaves all year round
Fan – the shape of one method of growing fruit trees on wires against a wall or fence
Forest gardening – using all the space around and under trees, including vertical space, to grow
more plants
Frost tender – a plant that gets damaged by frost
Fruiting arm – a main branch that grows sideways from the leader
Graft – fusing a piece of living tissue from the shoot of one plant onto the root system and stem
of another plant
Grafting union – the place where the new tissue was fused to the rootstock tissue
Hardwood cutting – a piece of a plant that is cut at the end of the growing season, when the new
growth has matured
Head back – cut a shoot back to a suitable bud
Lateral – a thin, fruit-producing side shoot
Leaders – strong upright stems that sprout from the central stem and form the main framework
of the tree – there might be one central leader or several leaders
Microclimate – the climate conditions in a smaller area that are noticeably different from the rest
of the area
Mulch – a layer of organic matter (e.g. straw, compost, shredded material) spread over the soil to
retain moisture and suppress weeds
Mummified fruit – the shrivelled, brown fruit left on the tree after the harvest is finished
Pollinate – pollen is transferred from one flower to another, which fertilises the flower so it can
turn into a fruit
Prune – deliberately cut the plant in certain places to control its size and shape, and to encourage
the development of more fruiting wood
Rootstock – the living roots and stem of a plant that has tissue from a different plant grafted onto
it to grow into the upper form of the plant
Self-fertile – the flowers are fertilised by the pollen from the same plant, which means they don't
need a different variety to pollinate them and form fruit
Spurs – short, stubby clusters of fruit buds growing on leaders and fruiting arms
Sucker – shoot growing from the base of the tree
Thinning cut – cut a shoot right back to where it sprouts from the branch or trunk, in order to
thin out some of the growth
Vase – a tree trained with several upright leaders creating a 'bowl' shape in the centre
66 PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts
9. Further resources
Bibliography
General websites
www.treecrops.org.nz/
www.garden-nz.co.nz/growers-nurseries /2.html
Climate
www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/climate
Planning
www.edible.co.nz/calendar.php
www.edibleforestgardens.com/about_gardening
www.permaculture.co.uk
www.agroforestry.co.uk/forgndg
Site considerations
www.sces.org.nz/pmwiki.php/Content/ChoosingFruitTrees
www.edible.co.nz/growing.php
Growing in containers
www.edible.co.nz/growing.php#container
Planting
www.sces.org.nz/pmwiki.php/Content/PlantingAndCaringForFruitTrees
www.urbanorganics.org.nz/node/18
Training & Pruning
www.newplymouthnz.com/VisitingNewPlymouth/Attractions/ParksAndReserves/GardeningTips/
PruningFruitTrees.htm
www.sces.org.nz/pmwiki.php/Content/Pruning
Pests and diseases
www.urbanorganics.org.nz/node/35
www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biosystematics/invertebrates/invertid/index.asp
www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/hortfacts/hfinall.htm
www.urbanorganics.org.nz/node/35
Companion planting
www.urbanorganics.org.nz/node/36
Propagation
www.sces.org.nz/pmwiki.php/Content/Grafting
Books
Ballinger, R & J (1981) Fruit gardening in New Zealand. Christchurch: The Caxton Press.
Baxter, K (2007) Koanga garden guide. Havelock North: EK Body & Soul Publishing.
Baxter, K (2008) Design your own orchard. (Rev. ed.) Kaiwaka: Body & Soul Publishing.
Beazley, M (1997) The complete book of plant propagation. London: Reed International Books
Ltd.
Cuthbertson, Y (2006) Success with organic fruit. East Sussex, UK: Guild of Master Craftsman
Publications Ltd.
Lucas, R (2009) Managing pests and diseases. Nelson: Craig Potton Publishing.
Lyle, S (2006) Discovering fruit & nuts: A comprehensive guide to the cultivation, uses and
health benefits of over 300 food-producing plants. Auckland: David Bateman Ltd.
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (1986) Aglink information pack: Subtropicals. Wellington:
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Pears, P (2001) HDRA Encyclopedia of organic gardening. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd.
Sunset (1975) Pruning handbook. California: Lane Publishing Co.
Whitefield, P (1996) How to make a forest garden. Hampshire, England: Permanent Publications.
Williams, D (1985) Home fruit growing in New Zealand. Wellington: Government Printer.
www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts PART 4: FRUIT & NUT GUIDE 67
10. This Guide is available on:
www.nec.org.nz/growing-fruit-and-nuts/
For more information on growing food at home and in Open Orchards go to:
www.healthyas.org.nz/fresh-foods/grow-your-own/
ISBN 978-0-473-17487-3
68