plant roots
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This document discusses different types of plant roots. It describes tap roots as large, central roots from which other roots sprout laterally. Types of modified roots are also outlined, including conical roots that taper from top to bottom like carrots, and fusiform roots that taper at both ends like radishes. Various storage and support roots are also defined, such as tuberous, stilt, prop and napiform roots. The document provides examples of plant species that demonstrate each root type.
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Roots have several important functions for plants. They anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals from the soil to transport throughout the plant. Some roots also store food, such as carrots, radishes and beets. There are two main types of roots: taproots, which are thick primary roots that grow straight down, and fibrous roots, which have many similar roots growing from the stem. Roots can also be modified, such as tuberous roots that store food or nodulated roots with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Adventitious roots grow from other parts of the plant and take various forms like subterranean, stilt, prop or aerial roots. Roots are important for plant survival and have uses for humans as
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Std 11 biology chapter 05
BIOLOGY STD 11
SANJAY SIDDHAPURA
HELPFUL FOR NEET/ GSET/NET EXAMINATION PREPARATION
ROOT, STEM, LEAVES, FLOWER, FRUIT, SEED, EMBRYO, FAMILY DISCRIPTION AVAILABLE IN THIS PRESENTATION
Jason
1) Plants have three main types of root systems: taproot systems with a primary taproot, fibrous systems with many small roots, and adventitious roots that form from other plant parts besides roots.
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Jason
1) Plants have three main types of root systems: taproot systems with a primary taproot, fibrous systems with many small roots of equal size, and adventitious roots that form from other plant parts besides roots.
2) Roots can be modified from their normal structures to perform additional functions like storage, mechanical support, or other vital processes. Modifications include swollen, tuberous, or branching root structures.
3) Stem structures also show modifications above and below ground, such as rhizomes, bulbs, stolons, and tendrils, to aid functions like storage, vegetative reproduction, climbing, and protection.
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This document summarizes the morphology and types of plant roots. It begins with definitions of roots and their origin from seeds. Roots have four zones - root cap, apical meristem, elongation zone, and root hairs. Roots transport water and nutrients from the soil. There are two main types of roots: tap roots and adventitious roots. Tap roots have a main central root with lateral roots sprouting from it. Tap roots can be storage organs and come in three shapes - conical, fusiform, and napiform. Common plants with tap roots include carrots, beets, and turnips.
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The document discusses different types and modifications of plant roots. It describes the main regions and functions of typical roots, and then focuses on various root modifications that allow roots to perform specialized functions like storage, support, and absorption. Some examples of modified roots mentioned are tuberous roots for storage, prop and stilt roots for support, and aerial roots in orchids and parasitic roots in dodder for absorption.
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Roots have several functions including absorbing water and minerals, anchoring the plant, and storing food. There are two main root systems - taproot systems, where one primary root grows downward as the main root, and fibrous systems, where many adventitious roots grow. Specialized roots include aerial roots above ground, buttress roots for support, and storage roots for nutrient storage.
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The document discusses the morphology and modifications of plant roots and stems. It begins by defining roots and their characteristics, including their regions and functions. It describes different root systems and modifications like taproots, adventitious roots, and respiratory roots. It then discusses stem characteristics and functions, and modifications including underground structures like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs; and aerial structures like tendrils and thorns. The document provides detailed descriptions of these anatomical structures and their roles in plants.
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Roots have several functions including anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, storing food, and in some cases reproduction. There are two main types of roots - tap roots which elongate from the radicle and adventitious roots which arise from other parts of the plant like the stem. Tap roots can be fibrous, tuberous, or conical/napiform depending on characteristics like branching or swelling. Adventitious roots include subterranean, partly subterranean like stilt or prop roots, aerial roots which function in clinging or absorption, parasitic roots which absorb nutrients from a host plant, and aquatic roots.
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The document discusses various modifications of roots. Underground roots like taproots and adventitious roots undergo modifications for storage and propagation. Taproots become swollen in different shapes like fusiform, napiform, and conical for food storage. Adventitious roots form tubers or clusters. Aerial roots modify for mechanical support as prop, stilt, or climbing roots or for vital functions as haustoria, pneumatophores, floating, or epiphytic roots.
Std 11 biology chapter 05
BIOLOGY STD 11
SANJAY SIDDHAPURA
HELPFUL FOR NEET/ GSET/NET EXAMINATION PREPARATION
ROOT, STEM, LEAVES, FLOWER, FRUIT, SEED, EMBRYO, FAMILY DISCRIPTION AVAILABLE IN THIS PRESENTATION
Jason
1) Plants have three main types of root systems: taproot systems with a primary taproot, fibrous systems with many small roots, and adventitious roots that form from other plant parts besides roots.
2) Roots can be modified from their normal structures to perform additional functions like storage or mechanical support. Modifications include swollen, tuberous, or pneumatophore roots.
3) Stems can also be modified, such as underground modifications for storage (like rhizomes, corms, tubers), sub-aerial modifications for vegetative propagation (runners, stolons, suckers), and aerial modifications (tendrils, thorns, phylloclades).
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1) Plants have three main types of root systems: taproot systems with a primary taproot, fibrous systems with many small roots of equal size, and adventitious roots that form from other plant parts besides roots.
2) Roots can be modified from their normal structures to perform additional functions like storage, mechanical support, or other vital processes. Modifications include swollen, tuberous, or branching root structures.
3) Stem structures also show modifications above and below ground, such as rhizomes, bulbs, stolons, and tendrils, to aid functions like storage, vegetative reproduction, climbing, and protection.
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The document discusses the morphology and modifications of roots in plants. It describes the main regions and functions of typical roots, including the root cap, meristematic region, region of elongation, region of root hairs, and region of maturation. It also discusses two main root systems - tap roots and adventitious roots. Tap roots develop from the radicle and form a main tap root with branches. Adventitious roots develop from other parts like stems and leaves. Some roots are modified for specialized functions like storage, respiration, support, and parasitism.
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The document discusses various types of specialized plant roots and their functions, including aerating roots which rise above ground or water for gas exchange, aerial roots which grow entirely above ground for support, and stilt roots which are common among mangroves and grow down from branches to provide support in soil. Storage roots like carrots and beets are also mentioned, which are modified to store food or water.
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Roots have several primary functions including anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, transporting nutrients, storing food, and reproducing. Most dicots have a taproot system with one main root and smaller branch roots, optimized for support and storage. Monocots have a fibrous root system of many similarly sized roots that maximizes absorption. Adventitious roots develop in unusual locations to aid reproduction or support. Specialized roots include storage, gas exchange, photosynthesis, and parasitic roots. Mycorrhizal and nodular roots form mutualistic relationships with fungi and bacteria respectively.
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Leaves have several key functions including photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration, and food storage. They come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and structures adapted for different environments. A leaf generally has a blade, petiole, veins, margin, and may have stipules. Leaves can be simple or compound, with netted, parallel, or dichotomous venation patterns. Their arrangement on stems includes alternate, opposite, or whorled patterns. Internally, leaves contain mesophyll and vascular tissues to facilitate photosynthesis and transport of water and nutrients. Some leaves are specialized for functions like tendrils, storage, insect trapping, or reproduction. Monocot and dicot leaves differ in
morphology of root.ppt
This document discusses the morphology and modifications of plant roots. It begins by defining morphology and describing the basic structure and functions of roots. It then discusses different root types including tap roots, fibrous roots, and adventitious roots. The document focuses on various modifications of roots for storage, respiration, mechanical support, and other vital functions. Examples are provided for different root modifications like tuberous roots, stilt roots, haustoria, and assimilatory roots. Key morphological features and functions of roots are summarized along with example questions asked in previous examinations.
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This document discusses the morphology and types of root systems in flowering plants. It describes the three main root systems - tap root system, fibrous root system, and adventitious root system. The regions of the root are also outlined, including the root cap, region of meristematic activity, region of elongation, and region of maturation. Modifications and forms of roots are covered, such as prop roots, stilt roots, and pneumatophores for support and respiration, as well as fusiform, napiform, conical, and tuberous roots for food storage.
Presentation of roots
This document summarizes the morphology and types of plant roots. It begins with definitions of roots and their origin from seeds. Roots have four zones - root cap, apical meristem, elongation zone, and root hairs. Roots transport water and nutrients from the soil. There are two main types of roots: tap roots and adventitious roots. Tap roots have a main central root with lateral roots sprouting from it. Tap roots can be storage organs and come in three shapes - conical, fusiform, and napiform. Common plants with tap roots include carrots, beets, and turnips.
rootanditsmodifications-170914145633.pdf
The document discusses different types and modifications of plant roots. It describes the main regions and functions of typical roots, and then focuses on various root modifications that allow roots to perform specialized functions like storage, support, and absorption. Some examples of modified roots mentioned are tuberous roots for storage, prop and stilt roots for support, and aerial roots in orchids and parasitic roots in dodder for absorption.
Root and its modifications
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Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
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plant roots
- 2. Roots: Root is a organ of plant that develops from radical grows down into the soil and functions for absorption of water and minerals
- 3. Types of roots: Assimilatory roots: This root arising from any part of plant body rather than the radical, e.g. Oryza sativa, Phoenix sylvestris. Tap roots: The main, present , primary root of the plant which shows apical dominance and develops from the radical. e.g. Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus
- 4. Tap root: A taproot is a large, central, and dominant rootfrom which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick,
- 5. Adventatious root: This root arising from any part of plant body rather than the radical
- 6. Modified Roots: Conical root Fusiform root Fasciculated root Napiform root Moniliform root Tuberus root Prop root Stilt root Assimilatory root
- 7. Different types of modified roots : Conical root: This type of root tuber is conical in shape,widest at the top and tapering steadily towards the bottom: e.g. carrot.
- 8. Fusiform roots: A fusiform root is a root that tapers at the top and at the bottom, For example the taproot of a white radish
- 9. Fasciculated root: Fasciculated roots are the type of modified adventitious root. They are tuberous root which become thick due to storage of food. They occur in clusters at the base of the stem; example Asparaus,
- 10. Napiform root: The root has a top- like appearance. It is very broad at the top and tapers suddenly like a tail at the bottom: e.g. turnip.
- 11. Moniliform root: Jointed or constricted at regular intervals so as to resemble a string of beads
- 12. Tuberus root: A thick fleshy storage root (as of a dahlia) that is like a tuber but lacks buds or scale leaves
- 13. Stilt root: A root that arises from the lower bole and that runs obliquely to the ground, as in mangroves and a few palms
- 14. Prop root: A root that grows from and supports the stem above the ground in plants such as mangroves.
- 15. Presented by- Arefin polock(42) Department of Botany University of Rajshahi