The document is an assignment submitted by Brahmbhatt Jay H on plant growth regulators and their role in vegetable crop production. It discusses various types of plant growth regulators including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, morphactins, anti-transpirants, anti-auxins, ripening retardants, and plant stimulants. It provides details on their functions, examples, and effects on plant growth and development processes.
Plant growth regulators are very important component for enhancing yield, improvement of fruit quality, abiotic stress management, ripening, etc in horticultural crops, which are briefly described in this presentation.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Plant growth regulators are very important component for enhancing yield, improvement of fruit quality, abiotic stress management, ripening, etc in horticultural crops, which are briefly described in this presentation.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
This docx file contains the description of The Plan Growth Regulators. Their types, role in the growth. Effect on different type of regulators on different pants of the plant and different type of the plants..
Plant growth regulators are organic compounds, either natural, or synthetic, that modify or control one or more specific physiological processes with a plant. Natural plant growth regulators are produced by plants and to differentiate these from hormones in animals, the term plant hormones or phytohormones is used for such substances. Plant hormones are naturally occurring compounds produced by the plant to accelerate or retard the rate of growth or maturation.
Plant Growth Regulators used in agriculture to manipulate plant vegetative and reproductive growth. Major plant growth regulators are Auxin, gibberellin, Cytokinin, ethylene and ABA etc.
The “mode of action” is the biological process or enzyme that the herbicide interrupts, affecting normal plant growth and development. For example 2, 4-D is a growth regulator
mode of action herbicide that affects auxin growth.
The main mechanism seems to be through pumping the herbicide into the cell vacuole. As this involves specific transporters for the herbicide, resistance usually occurs to a single herbicide only.
The mode of action is the way in which the herbicide controls susceptible plants. It usually describes the biological process or enzyme in the plant that the herbicide interrupts, affecting normal plant growth and development. In other cases, the mode of action may be a general description of the injury symptoms seen on susceptible plants. In Oklahoma crop production, 11 different herbicide modes of action are commonly used, and each is unique in the way it controls susceptible plants. Some herbicide modes of action comprise several chemical families that vary slightly in their chemical composition, but control susceptible plants in the same way and cause similar injury symptoms.
Herbicides can also be classified by their “site of action,” or the specific biochemical site that is affected by the herbicide. The site of action is a more precise description of the herbicide’s activity; however, the terms “site of action” and “mode of action” are often used interchangeably to describe different groups of herbicides.
Knowing and understanding each herbicide’s mode of action is an important step in selecting the proper herbicide for each crop, diagnosing herbicide injury, and designing a successful weed management program for your production system. Over-reliance on a single herbicide active ingredient or mode of action places heavy selection pressure on a weed population and may eventually select for resistant individuals. Over time, the resistant individuals will multiply and become the dominant weeds in the field, resulting in herbicides that are no longer effective for weed control. Simply rotating herbicide active ingredients is not enough to prevent the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. Rotating herbicide modes of action, along with other weed control methods, is necessary to prevent or delay herbicide-resistant weeds. Always read each product’s label to determine the mode of action and best management practices for herbicide-resistant weeds.
Many weeds have developed “cross resistance” and are resistant to multiple herbicides within a single mode of action. Most waterhemp populations in Oklahoma, for example, are cross-resistant to both Scepter (chemical family: imidazolinone) and Classic (chemical family: sulfonylurea). Both of these herbicides are ALS inhibitors, but belong to different chemical families within the same mode of action. Therefore, it is important to not only rotate herbicide active ingredients but also to rotate modes of action to prevent herbicide-resistance weed populations.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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1. WELCOME
Submitted to:-
Shri J.R. Vadodaria
Associate.Professor
H.O.D of Veg. science
College of Horticulture
SDAU, Jagudan
Submitted by:-
Brahmbhatt Jay H.
M.Sc.Horticulture
2. An Assignment
On
“Plant growth regulators in relation
To Vegetable production ;Role and mode of
Action of Morphactins , antitranspirants ,
anti-auxins , Ripening retardant and Plant
Stimulants in Vegetable crop Production”
Course No.: VSC-504
Course Title:-Growth And
Development of Vegetable crops
3. History of Growth Regulators
Auxin was the first hormone to be
discovered in plant and at one time
considered to be only naturally occurring
plant growth hormone.
Three types of plant hormones Auxins,
Gibberellins and Cytokinins and these
were discovered in the early decades in
thetwentieth century in 1930`s and in
1960`s respectively.
4. INTRODUCTION
A Growth Regulator is
An organic compound,
Can be natural or synthatic,
It modifies or controls one or more specific
physiological processes within a plant but the sites of
action and production are different.
If the coumpound is produced within the plant, it is
called as plant hormone.
Both internal plant hormones and lab created hormones
are called plant growth regulators.
5. What is Plant Growth Regulators?
Plant growth regulators means, any
substance or mixture of substances
intended, through physiological action, to
accelerate or retard the rate of growth or
maturation, or otherwise alter the behavior
of plants or their produce.
Additionally, plant regulators are
characterized by their low rates of
application; high application rates of the
same compounds often are considered
herbicidal. e.g 2-4 D
6. Cont…
The growth of plants is regulated by certain
chemical substances, which are synthesized by the
plant in very small quantities.
These substances are formed in one tissue or
organ of the plant and are then transported to
other sites where they produce specific effects on
growth and development. They are referred to as
plant hormones.
Plant hormones are organic compounds which are
capable of promotion, inhibition or modification
of growth.
The plant hormones are also known as growth
factors, growth hormones, growth substances,
growth regulators or phytohormones.
7. Two types of hormone
Plant hormone: If the compound is produced
within the plant it is called a plant hormone.
Synthetic Hormones: Synthetic chemical
compounds that mimic the activity of hormones
produced in the body, but differ in structure from
naturally occurring hormones.
Phytohormones are grouped into 2 main types –
Growth promoters have a positive effect on a
process and thus promote it.
The growth inhibitors have a negative effect and
cause inhibition.
8. Major classes of plant growth regulators
1. Auxin
2. Gibberellins
3. Cytokinin
4. Abscisic acid
5. Ethylene
9. Auxin
Growth promoting chemicals.
Promote cell division and cell elongation.
Primary plant auxin is indole acetic acid (IAA)
Common synthetic forms of auxins are indole butyric acid (IBA)
and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)
Useful in phototropism, geotropism, apical dominance, and root
formation.
Phototropism- plant growth toward a light source.
Geotropism- plant growth in response to gravitational forces.
Apical dominance- terminal buds prevent the development of
lateral buds on plant stem.
10. Gibberellins
Also known as Gibberellic acid or GA
Growth promoting chemicals
Stimulate stem growth through cell
elongation and cell division
Commercial supplies obtained from
the
fungus Gibberella fujikuroi
11. Cytokinins
Promote cell division and delay leaf
aging
Used as a growth promoter in tissue
culture
Slows the process of senescence
(biological aging) by preventing the
breakdown of chlorophyll in leaves
12. Abscisic acid (ABA)
Only natural plant growth inhibitor.
Growth inhibitor that closes the stomates of
plants under water stress.
Counteracts the effects of auxins and
gibberellins.
Cycocel and B-Nine are two synthetic ABA type
growth inhibitors commonly used.
13. Ethylene
Gas that forms in tissue undergoing stress.
Important in the fruit-ripening process
and early petal drop of flowers.
14. MORPHACTINS
Defination: Morphactins are the group of
substances which act on morphogenesis and
modulate the expression of plants.
Chemically, they are the derivates of fluorine
compounds.
Fluorine - inactive, but the addition of COOH
group in the 9th position makes it active.
16. Effects of morphactins
Exhibit both synergistic and antagonistic
effectsdepends upon the relative
concentrations.
They inhibit seed germination, sprouting,
growth of seedling and internode
elongation.
They depolarize cell division which
probably leads to distorted
morphogenesis.
17. Cont…
Very effective in inducing lateral bud
development, so tillering will be profuse.
Some morphactins stimulate flowering in
certain short day plants.
Resemble ABA in inducing seed
dormancy, bud dormancy and suppressing
stem elongation.
Most of their effects can be reversed by
GA3 treatment.
18. Role of Morphactines
Seed germination – inhibition.
Growth of seedlings –inhibit.
Stem elongation –dwarfing effect.
19. Anti-transpirants
The term anti-transpirant is used to
designate.
Any material applied to plants for the
purpose of retarding transpiration.
Useful for reducing transplantation shock
of nursery plants (Horticultural plants).
Applied to transpiring plant surfaces for
reducing water loss from the plant.
20. Types of anti transpirants
1. Stomatal closing type :
Fungicides like phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA)
and herbicides like Atrazine in lower
concentration serve as anti transpirants by
inducing stomatal closing.
These reduce the photosynthesis.
PMA was found to decrease transpiration than
photosynthesis.
ABA induces closure of stomata.
21. 2. Film forming type
Plastic and waxy material which form a
thin film on the leaf surface.
Results in reduction of transpiration rate
and photosynthesis.
Examples:
Silicone oils
Ethyl alcohol
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyethylene, polypropylene
22. 3.Reflectance type
White materials which form a coating on the
leaves and increase the leaf reflectance (albedo).
Examples:
Kaoline @ 5% spray reduces transpiration loss
Diatomaceous earth (Celite)
Hydrated lime,
Calcium carbonate,
Magnesium carbonate,
Zinc sulphate
23. Features of anti-transpirants
Non toxic
Non permanent damage to stomata mechanism.
Specific effects on guard cells but not to other
cells.
Effect on stomata should persist at least for one
week.
Chemical or material should be cheap and
readily available.
24. Cont…
Phenyl mercuric acetate at 35 ppm, kaolinite at
5% were sprayed on onion seedlings(Arka
Pragathi, Arka Niketan, Arka Kalyan and Pusa
Red) 30, 50, 70 or 90 days after transplanting
and Irrigation was with held a week before
spraying.
Anti-transpirants cause 27 to 40% stomatal
closure and reduction varied from 22 to 56%
depend on cultivars.
kaolinite treatment was most effective in
reducing water stress and stomatal closure.
25. Anti-auxins
These are chemicals which inhibit the
action of auxins
They closely resembles auxin but lacks at
least one requirement for activity
Inhibit the effects of auxin
Synthetic chemical derived from α-p-
choloro phenoxy iso-butyric acid (PCIB).
27. Ripening Retardant
Any kind of Agent or Factor which
inhibit process of Ripening.
The plant growth retardants are
synthetic substances, which inhibit,
for a period of time, the elongation of
stem and shoots, without irreversible
blocking the vital metabolic and
developmental processes in plants.
29. Plant Stimulants
A plant stimulant is any substances or
factors applied to plant, which stimulate
growth and development of plants.
Examples
Benzyl adenine
NAA
2-4-D
IBA
2 -4 -5 T
etc….
