The disease which develops on harvested parts of the plants like seeds, fruits and also in vegetables are called post-harvest disease. It leads to measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its
consumption or other end uses. In Nepal, different studies have shown the postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables are 20-50% (Gautam and Bhattarai, 2012) and 6-12% losses in worldwide.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines. While diseases are natural, annual crop losses of 30-50% are common in developing countries. Major disease factors include temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients. Control methods center on exclusion, eradication, protection, and improving host resistance/immunity. The key is that a mother's prayers are the best protection, so we shouldn't hurt our mothers with our words.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines from crop losses of 30-50% in some areas. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients can influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using practices like sanitation, crop rotation, and regulating the environment, along with developing host resistance. The key message is that prayer and respecting one's mother are more protective than any security.
1) The document discusses various microbes that can contaminate vegetables at different stages, from planting to consumption. It identifies bacteria (e.g. Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella), fungi (e.g. Botrytis, Penicillium), and yeasts that can cause spoilage or pose health risks.
2) Conditions like improper refrigeration, transportation, and packaging are outlined as factors that can enable microbial growth. Specific spoilage symptoms caused by different microbes are also described, such as soft rotting and discoloration.
3) The document recommends safety practices like temperature control, sanitation, protecting fields, and staff training to minimize microbial contamination of vegetables from farm to
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...Mayur Thesiya
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
This document discusses plant pathology, which is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. It addresses the causes of plant diseases, including living organisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, as well as non-living factors. The disease cycle and factors affecting disease development are also examined. Plant diseases can cause significant economic losses by reducing crop yields and quality. Understanding plant pathology is important for preventing diseases and maintaining food supply.
Post-Harvest Pathology and Physiological disorders in fruits completed .pptxJoseph Messam Jr.
this PowerPoint will explore post harvest pathology, you will see common types of pathogenic species that affects fruit and vegetables. secondly the PowerPoint will explore physiological disorders along with the different types of physiological disorders
Plant pathology is the study of diseases that affect plants. It examines the microorganisms and environmental factors that cause plant diseases, as well as methods for preventing and controlling diseases. Plant pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and other microbes that infect plants and cause damage. A key goal of plant pathology is minimizing crop losses from diseases, which globally account for 36.5% of annual losses. Understanding plant diseases and their causes is crucial for improving global food security.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines. While diseases are natural, annual crop losses of 30-50% are common in developing countries. Major disease factors include temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients. Control methods center on exclusion, eradication, protection, and improving host resistance/immunity. The key is that a mother's prayers are the best protection, so we shouldn't hurt our mothers with our words.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines from crop losses of 30-50% in some areas. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients can influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using practices like sanitation, crop rotation, and regulating the environment, along with developing host resistance. The key message is that prayer and respecting one's mother are more protective than any security.
1) The document discusses various microbes that can contaminate vegetables at different stages, from planting to consumption. It identifies bacteria (e.g. Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella), fungi (e.g. Botrytis, Penicillium), and yeasts that can cause spoilage or pose health risks.
2) Conditions like improper refrigeration, transportation, and packaging are outlined as factors that can enable microbial growth. Specific spoilage symptoms caused by different microbes are also described, such as soft rotting and discoloration.
3) The document recommends safety practices like temperature control, sanitation, protecting fields, and staff training to minimize microbial contamination of vegetables from farm to
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...Mayur Thesiya
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
This document discusses plant pathology, which is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. It addresses the causes of plant diseases, including living organisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, as well as non-living factors. The disease cycle and factors affecting disease development are also examined. Plant diseases can cause significant economic losses by reducing crop yields and quality. Understanding plant pathology is important for preventing diseases and maintaining food supply.
Post-Harvest Pathology and Physiological disorders in fruits completed .pptxJoseph Messam Jr.
this PowerPoint will explore post harvest pathology, you will see common types of pathogenic species that affects fruit and vegetables. secondly the PowerPoint will explore physiological disorders along with the different types of physiological disorders
Plant pathology is the study of diseases that affect plants. It examines the microorganisms and environmental factors that cause plant diseases, as well as methods for preventing and controlling diseases. Plant pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and other microbes that infect plants and cause damage. A key goal of plant pathology is minimizing crop losses from diseases, which globally account for 36.5% of annual losses. Understanding plant diseases and their causes is crucial for improving global food security.
This document discusses the early history of plant pathology and the role of fungi in plant diseases. It describes how ancient texts like the Rig Veda and Vraksha Ayurveda showed early understanding of plant diseases and their microbial causes. Throughout history, plant diseases were often attributed to supernatural causes. However, in the 17th-18th centuries, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Pier Antonio Micheli began careful microscopic study of fungi and their role in plant diseases. This laid the foundations for the modern science of plant pathology.
1. Post-harvest losses of horticultural crops in India are estimated between 5.8-18.1% for fruits and 6.9-13% for vegetables due to lack of cold storage, inefficient supply chains, and inaccessibility for small farmers.
2. Biological factors like respiration and ethylene production as well as environmental factors like temperature and humidity influence the deterioration of fruits and vegetables after harvest.
3. Maturity at harvest, harvest method, and post-harvest handling and storage conditions impact the quality and shelf life of horticultural crops. Proper harvest practices and cold storage can help reduce post-harvest losses.
General account of post harvest diseases of vegetablesvaishalidandge3
1. Losses due to postharvest diseases can occur at any point from harvest to consumption and diseased produce poses health risks. 2. Common postharvest diseases infect through wounds from mechanical, insect or physiological injuries and are caused by fungi like Penicillium, Botrytis, Colletotrichum, and Rhizopus. 3. Integrated control methods include fungicides, temperature control, hygiene, packaging, and preventing injuries to limit infection sites.
Plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history by reducing crop yields and sometimes causing famines. Major outbreaks include the Irish potato famine of 1845-1860. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and soil properties influence disease development. Symptoms vary but include wilting, discoloration, and rotting. Effective disease control relies on exclusion, eradication of the pathogen, and protection of the plant through cultural practices and chemicals.
Biological control of the post harvest diseases of fruits.Dinithi De Silva
what is post harvest disease. Simply , Postharvest diseases are those that appear and develop after harvest. Here theses are some pictures of post harvest diseases.
Fig 01- cherry fruit rot caused by Alternaria sp.
Fig 02- mango stem end rots causative agent is Dotheiorella sp.
All postharvest diseases of fruit are caused by fungi and bacteria.
viral infections present before harvest can sometimes develop more rapidly after harvest. In general, however, viruses are not an important cause of postharvest disease. Postharvest diseases are often classified according to how infection is initiated. The so-called 'quiescent' or 'latent' infections are those where the pathogen initiates infection of the host at some point in time , but then enters a period of inactivity or dormancy until the physiological status of the host tissue changes in such a way that infection can proceed.
After The dramatic physiological changes like compositional changes physiological changes which occur during fruit ripening are often the trigger for reactivation of latent infections. It can be through direct penetration through skin, natural openings & injuries . injuries can be mechanical or caused by insects. Therefore, post harvest diseases can be arised during or after harvest.After harvest in the dramatically physiological changes like compositional changes physiological changes which occur during the fruit ripening of in triger for reactivation of the latent infection.
And also many of the physiological changes also triggers the reactivation of the latent infection mainly both the losses conditions can lead to the fungal infection because fungi are optimum at the dry conditions after that ethylene production fruit ripening cannot so it causes a lot of compositional changes in the sugar content and physiological changes in the fruit it soften the fruit covering and then it can be easily the damage so through the damage microorganisms can enter the fruits and grow inside and multiplication then causes postharvest diseases
This document discusses biological control of post-harvest diseases of fruits. It begins by defining post-harvest diseases and outlining some common examples like anthracnose, gray molds, and sour rots. Factors that influence post-harvest diseases are then examined, followed by their impacts. Management strategies are explored, with biological control highlighted as an environmentally friendly option. The mechanisms and ideal characteristics of biocontrol agents are summarized. Examples of commercial products are given along with methods of application both pre- and post-harvest. Advantages include being natural and cost-effective, while disadvantages include being host-specific and requiring initial investment.
Alternative means of disease control 30 mins 16x9 (johns desktop's conflicted...Dr John Dempsey
This document discusses methods for reducing turfgrass disease through alternative means to fungicides. It summarizes a presentation on traditional and alternative ways to reduce disease incidence, including nutrient inputs, defence activators like phosphite and Civitas, and cultural controls like rolling, topdressing and mowing heights. It also examines the infection processes of common cool season pathogens like Anthracnose and Microdochium patch and how environmental and plant factors contribute to disease levels.
This study was carried out to isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms associated with
deterioration of tomato fruits. Fruit samples of infected and non-infected tomatoes were collected from
two open markets, Oja-Oba and Sabo in Osogbo, Nigeria. Each of the tomato was cut and the liquid
content inoculated on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar, incubated at 37 0C and 25 0C, respectively,
and observed from 24 hours to 5 days, after which different colonies obtained were identified using slide
culture technique. Two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp, as well as two fungi Aspergillus
flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer were observed in the tomato samples in both markets. Prevalence indices
revealed that isolated pathogens is higher at Sabo market than Oja-Oba market. Pathogenicity tests also
revealed that both of bacteria and fungi caused fruit decay. Consumers’ awareness on potential health
hazards of consuming relatively cheaper and pathogen contaminated spoilt fruits should be intensified.
principle of disease(caused by pathogen) control & managementArif Asraf
The document discusses plant diseases, their importance, and factors that affect disease development. It notes that crop losses due to diseases are estimated at 30-50% annually in less developed countries. Key environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, pH, type, and fertility influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using principles like sanitation, crop rotation, and pesticide application.
pathology of fruits; fruit conservation causes of fruits disease; biotic and ...Faith Dumebi Chukwudi
This document discusses fruit pathology, which is the study of diseases that affect fruits. It defines fruits and pathology, and explains that fruit pathology strives to understand the nature and causes of diseases in fruits. The document outlines the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods in fruit production and describes common biological and physical agents that can cause fruit diseases, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, temperature, and humidity. It also discusses the impacts of fruit diseases, which include quality and storage life reductions and economic losses.
Precision Agriculture for Potatoes: Optimizing Growth at 40° - 50° with Data-...refoda6029
Worldwide, the potato is the third most important food crop, after rice and wheat, in terms of
human consumption. As a foodstuff, potato has widespread acceptance across cultures and social
classes. More than a billion people worldwide eat potato, and global total crop production exceeds
300 million metric tons. A growing world population heightens the threat of increase in hunger
rate and the associated search for food security. This is best illustrated by the case of China, which is
now the world’s largest consumer of potatoes. Furthermore they expect that potatoes will provide
50% of the increased food production needed to meet demand during the next 20 years.
Potato is an important crop worldwide and in India. It was introduced to India in the 17th century from South America. Potato breeding aims to develop varieties with traits like increased yield, earliness, pest and disease resistance. As a tetraploid crop, potato has complex genetics. Breeding efforts focus on traits like tuber appearance, plant type, maturity, dormancy, and resistance to diseases like late blight and viruses.
ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC PRODUCING FUNGI IN STORED GRAINS (RICE, BEANS, WHEAT, GRO...EngrNwigwePromiseChu
This document appears to be a student research project assessing toxins produced by fungi in stored grains like rice, beans, wheat and groundnuts. It includes an introduction outlining fungi and mycotoxins, as well as a literature review covering the grains being studied, common fungal diseases and infections that affect these grains. It discusses factors that influence fungal growth in storage and the health impacts of mycotoxins on humans and livestock. The student declares the work as their own and it receives approval from their supervisor and department head.
Plant pathology is the study of diseases that affect plants. The document outlines key concepts in plant pathology including definitions of plant disease, the disease triangle, classification of diseases, and causes of infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also discusses the objectives and importance of plant pathology, summarizing that plant pathology aims to study the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and develop management strategies, in order to reduce losses from diseases and meet global food needs.
Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum o...Innspub Net
Current research work was conducted to determine impact of various genotypes and heat on shelf life of apple. Study was carried out in vitro. Effect of temperature on lesion diameter of fungal growth in most prominent apple fruit varieties growing in Pakistan was assessed. Four temperature (5, 15, 25 and 35°C) treatments were provided to fruits of each variety after inoculation with spore suspension adjusted at 106spores/ml and growth of P. expansum was measured for 12 days at 3 days interval. Pathogen showed maximum growth (23mm) at 25°C while minimum (11mm) at 5°C in all varieties and moderate growth was observed at 15°C and 35°C. Golden delicious apple which have thin cuticle and prone to injuries more frequently as compared to other varieties was found most susceptible at all temperatures while Red delicious proved to be the most resistant against growth of pathogen at all temperature sets comparatively. It was concluded that Red delicious is most resistant against pathogen studied consequently can be saved for longer time without providing extraordinary conditions while Golden delicious apple should be kept in special environment to reduce damage of product after harvesting due to its most susceptibility against blue most disease.
Microorganisms like yeasts, molds, and bacteria can cause spoilage in fruits and vegetables. Major spoilage types include soft rots caused by bacteria or fungi. Preservation methods to control spoilage include refrigeration, freezing, drying, use of preservatives like salt or sulfur dioxide, and heat processing through blanching, boiling, or canning. Proper sanitation and avoiding contamination are also important for preserving quality during harvesting and processing.
A detailed project on plant diseases,causes, symptoms and control measures with illustrations. The project explains in brief fungal and bacterial and and their control measures.Blast disease, citrus canker and leaf mosaic disease of tapioca are explained in detail. Non - infectious diseases are also mentioned.
- Postharvest diseases of banana are a major constraint causing losses of up to 50% in Nepal. The most prevalent diseases are anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum musae and crown rot caused by Fusarium musae.
- Crown rot starts as dark brown or black rot in the crown and spreads to pedicels and fingers under severe conditions. Anthracnose causes brown sunken spots on the peel that increase in size as the fruit ripens.
- Integrated management of postharvest diseases includes practices like season management, sanitation, de-handling, bunch sleeving, modified atmosphere storage, physical and biological controls, and chemical treatments.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of plant pathology. It discusses key topics including the definition of plant pathology, objectives of plant pathology such as studying the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and disease control. It also defines important terminology like pathogen, disease, symptoms, and host. The document outlines the classification of plant diseases and different types of causal agents like fungi, bacteria, viruses. It highlights the importance of plant pathology in reducing crop losses and ensuring food security.
The document summarizes plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. Plants have constitutive defenses like waxes and antimicrobial compounds. They also have inducible defenses where pathways are activated upon detection of pathogens through elicitors. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides play an important role in plant immunity. The document then focuses on anthracnose disease of chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici and describes experiments conducted to study the induction of defense responses in chili upon inoculation with the pathogen.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This document discusses the early history of plant pathology and the role of fungi in plant diseases. It describes how ancient texts like the Rig Veda and Vraksha Ayurveda showed early understanding of plant diseases and their microbial causes. Throughout history, plant diseases were often attributed to supernatural causes. However, in the 17th-18th centuries, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Pier Antonio Micheli began careful microscopic study of fungi and their role in plant diseases. This laid the foundations for the modern science of plant pathology.
1. Post-harvest losses of horticultural crops in India are estimated between 5.8-18.1% for fruits and 6.9-13% for vegetables due to lack of cold storage, inefficient supply chains, and inaccessibility for small farmers.
2. Biological factors like respiration and ethylene production as well as environmental factors like temperature and humidity influence the deterioration of fruits and vegetables after harvest.
3. Maturity at harvest, harvest method, and post-harvest handling and storage conditions impact the quality and shelf life of horticultural crops. Proper harvest practices and cold storage can help reduce post-harvest losses.
General account of post harvest diseases of vegetablesvaishalidandge3
1. Losses due to postharvest diseases can occur at any point from harvest to consumption and diseased produce poses health risks. 2. Common postharvest diseases infect through wounds from mechanical, insect or physiological injuries and are caused by fungi like Penicillium, Botrytis, Colletotrichum, and Rhizopus. 3. Integrated control methods include fungicides, temperature control, hygiene, packaging, and preventing injuries to limit infection sites.
Plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history by reducing crop yields and sometimes causing famines. Major outbreaks include the Irish potato famine of 1845-1860. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and soil properties influence disease development. Symptoms vary but include wilting, discoloration, and rotting. Effective disease control relies on exclusion, eradication of the pathogen, and protection of the plant through cultural practices and chemicals.
Biological control of the post harvest diseases of fruits.Dinithi De Silva
what is post harvest disease. Simply , Postharvest diseases are those that appear and develop after harvest. Here theses are some pictures of post harvest diseases.
Fig 01- cherry fruit rot caused by Alternaria sp.
Fig 02- mango stem end rots causative agent is Dotheiorella sp.
All postharvest diseases of fruit are caused by fungi and bacteria.
viral infections present before harvest can sometimes develop more rapidly after harvest. In general, however, viruses are not an important cause of postharvest disease. Postharvest diseases are often classified according to how infection is initiated. The so-called 'quiescent' or 'latent' infections are those where the pathogen initiates infection of the host at some point in time , but then enters a period of inactivity or dormancy until the physiological status of the host tissue changes in such a way that infection can proceed.
After The dramatic physiological changes like compositional changes physiological changes which occur during fruit ripening are often the trigger for reactivation of latent infections. It can be through direct penetration through skin, natural openings & injuries . injuries can be mechanical or caused by insects. Therefore, post harvest diseases can be arised during or after harvest.After harvest in the dramatically physiological changes like compositional changes physiological changes which occur during the fruit ripening of in triger for reactivation of the latent infection.
And also many of the physiological changes also triggers the reactivation of the latent infection mainly both the losses conditions can lead to the fungal infection because fungi are optimum at the dry conditions after that ethylene production fruit ripening cannot so it causes a lot of compositional changes in the sugar content and physiological changes in the fruit it soften the fruit covering and then it can be easily the damage so through the damage microorganisms can enter the fruits and grow inside and multiplication then causes postharvest diseases
This document discusses biological control of post-harvest diseases of fruits. It begins by defining post-harvest diseases and outlining some common examples like anthracnose, gray molds, and sour rots. Factors that influence post-harvest diseases are then examined, followed by their impacts. Management strategies are explored, with biological control highlighted as an environmentally friendly option. The mechanisms and ideal characteristics of biocontrol agents are summarized. Examples of commercial products are given along with methods of application both pre- and post-harvest. Advantages include being natural and cost-effective, while disadvantages include being host-specific and requiring initial investment.
Alternative means of disease control 30 mins 16x9 (johns desktop's conflicted...Dr John Dempsey
This document discusses methods for reducing turfgrass disease through alternative means to fungicides. It summarizes a presentation on traditional and alternative ways to reduce disease incidence, including nutrient inputs, defence activators like phosphite and Civitas, and cultural controls like rolling, topdressing and mowing heights. It also examines the infection processes of common cool season pathogens like Anthracnose and Microdochium patch and how environmental and plant factors contribute to disease levels.
This study was carried out to isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms associated with
deterioration of tomato fruits. Fruit samples of infected and non-infected tomatoes were collected from
two open markets, Oja-Oba and Sabo in Osogbo, Nigeria. Each of the tomato was cut and the liquid
content inoculated on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar, incubated at 37 0C and 25 0C, respectively,
and observed from 24 hours to 5 days, after which different colonies obtained were identified using slide
culture technique. Two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp, as well as two fungi Aspergillus
flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer were observed in the tomato samples in both markets. Prevalence indices
revealed that isolated pathogens is higher at Sabo market than Oja-Oba market. Pathogenicity tests also
revealed that both of bacteria and fungi caused fruit decay. Consumers’ awareness on potential health
hazards of consuming relatively cheaper and pathogen contaminated spoilt fruits should be intensified.
principle of disease(caused by pathogen) control & managementArif Asraf
The document discusses plant diseases, their importance, and factors that affect disease development. It notes that crop losses due to diseases are estimated at 30-50% annually in less developed countries. Key environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, pH, type, and fertility influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using principles like sanitation, crop rotation, and pesticide application.
pathology of fruits; fruit conservation causes of fruits disease; biotic and ...Faith Dumebi Chukwudi
This document discusses fruit pathology, which is the study of diseases that affect fruits. It defines fruits and pathology, and explains that fruit pathology strives to understand the nature and causes of diseases in fruits. The document outlines the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods in fruit production and describes common biological and physical agents that can cause fruit diseases, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, pests, temperature, and humidity. It also discusses the impacts of fruit diseases, which include quality and storage life reductions and economic losses.
Precision Agriculture for Potatoes: Optimizing Growth at 40° - 50° with Data-...refoda6029
Worldwide, the potato is the third most important food crop, after rice and wheat, in terms of
human consumption. As a foodstuff, potato has widespread acceptance across cultures and social
classes. More than a billion people worldwide eat potato, and global total crop production exceeds
300 million metric tons. A growing world population heightens the threat of increase in hunger
rate and the associated search for food security. This is best illustrated by the case of China, which is
now the world’s largest consumer of potatoes. Furthermore they expect that potatoes will provide
50% of the increased food production needed to meet demand during the next 20 years.
Potato is an important crop worldwide and in India. It was introduced to India in the 17th century from South America. Potato breeding aims to develop varieties with traits like increased yield, earliness, pest and disease resistance. As a tetraploid crop, potato has complex genetics. Breeding efforts focus on traits like tuber appearance, plant type, maturity, dormancy, and resistance to diseases like late blight and viruses.
ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC PRODUCING FUNGI IN STORED GRAINS (RICE, BEANS, WHEAT, GRO...EngrNwigwePromiseChu
This document appears to be a student research project assessing toxins produced by fungi in stored grains like rice, beans, wheat and groundnuts. It includes an introduction outlining fungi and mycotoxins, as well as a literature review covering the grains being studied, common fungal diseases and infections that affect these grains. It discusses factors that influence fungal growth in storage and the health impacts of mycotoxins on humans and livestock. The student declares the work as their own and it receives approval from their supervisor and department head.
Plant pathology is the study of diseases that affect plants. The document outlines key concepts in plant pathology including definitions of plant disease, the disease triangle, classification of diseases, and causes of infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also discusses the objectives and importance of plant pathology, summarizing that plant pathology aims to study the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and develop management strategies, in order to reduce losses from diseases and meet global food needs.
Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum o...Innspub Net
Current research work was conducted to determine impact of various genotypes and heat on shelf life of apple. Study was carried out in vitro. Effect of temperature on lesion diameter of fungal growth in most prominent apple fruit varieties growing in Pakistan was assessed. Four temperature (5, 15, 25 and 35°C) treatments were provided to fruits of each variety after inoculation with spore suspension adjusted at 106spores/ml and growth of P. expansum was measured for 12 days at 3 days interval. Pathogen showed maximum growth (23mm) at 25°C while minimum (11mm) at 5°C in all varieties and moderate growth was observed at 15°C and 35°C. Golden delicious apple which have thin cuticle and prone to injuries more frequently as compared to other varieties was found most susceptible at all temperatures while Red delicious proved to be the most resistant against growth of pathogen at all temperature sets comparatively. It was concluded that Red delicious is most resistant against pathogen studied consequently can be saved for longer time without providing extraordinary conditions while Golden delicious apple should be kept in special environment to reduce damage of product after harvesting due to its most susceptibility against blue most disease.
Microorganisms like yeasts, molds, and bacteria can cause spoilage in fruits and vegetables. Major spoilage types include soft rots caused by bacteria or fungi. Preservation methods to control spoilage include refrigeration, freezing, drying, use of preservatives like salt or sulfur dioxide, and heat processing through blanching, boiling, or canning. Proper sanitation and avoiding contamination are also important for preserving quality during harvesting and processing.
A detailed project on plant diseases,causes, symptoms and control measures with illustrations. The project explains in brief fungal and bacterial and and their control measures.Blast disease, citrus canker and leaf mosaic disease of tapioca are explained in detail. Non - infectious diseases are also mentioned.
- Postharvest diseases of banana are a major constraint causing losses of up to 50% in Nepal. The most prevalent diseases are anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum musae and crown rot caused by Fusarium musae.
- Crown rot starts as dark brown or black rot in the crown and spreads to pedicels and fingers under severe conditions. Anthracnose causes brown sunken spots on the peel that increase in size as the fruit ripens.
- Integrated management of postharvest diseases includes practices like season management, sanitation, de-handling, bunch sleeving, modified atmosphere storage, physical and biological controls, and chemical treatments.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of plant pathology. It discusses key topics including the definition of plant pathology, objectives of plant pathology such as studying the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and disease control. It also defines important terminology like pathogen, disease, symptoms, and host. The document outlines the classification of plant diseases and different types of causal agents like fungi, bacteria, viruses. It highlights the importance of plant pathology in reducing crop losses and ensuring food security.
The document summarizes plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. Plants have constitutive defenses like waxes and antimicrobial compounds. They also have inducible defenses where pathways are activated upon detection of pathogens through elicitors. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides play an important role in plant immunity. The document then focuses on anthracnose disease of chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici and describes experiments conducted to study the induction of defense responses in chili upon inoculation with the pathogen.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
SMNAssign.pptx
1. The presentation on post harvest disease of fruits,
vegetables, cereals, legumes and their management
Sarad Pokhrel
MSc.Ag Plant Pathology
Agriculture and Forestry University
2. Postharvest Disease
The disease which develops on harvested parts of the plants like seeds,
fruits and also in vegetables are called post-harvest disease.
It leads to measurable qualitative and quantitative food loss along the
supply chain, starting at the time of harvest till its consumption or other
end uses.
.In Nepal, different studies have shown the postharvest losses of fruits and
vegetables are 20-50% (Gautam and Bhattarai, 2012) and 6-12% losses in
worldwide.
3. How grains, ripen fruits and vegetables become subject
to attacks of various microorganisms upon harvesting??
Disease resistance weakens as a result of separation from the parent plant.
Harvested fruits and vegetables are rich in moisture and nutrients, which suit the
development of pathogens.
Upon ripening the fruits and vegetables often become more susceptible to injury.
series of physiological processes occurs during prolonged storage which leads to
the senescence of tissues and, in parallel increased susceptibility to weak
pathogens.
4. Factors affecting disease development
A. Pre-harvest factors, harvesting and handling
Cultivar
Planting materials
Environmental conditions
Cultural practice
Harvesting
5. Factors affecting disease development
B. Inoculum level
C. Storage conditions
Temperature
Relative humidity and moisture
Storage atmosphere
6. Some major post-harvest disease of Cereals
A. Ear and kernel molds of corn
1. Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A.
parasiticus, etc.; Capable of producing an
aflatoxin which is toxic to livestock and
human.
7. Some major post-harvest disease of Cereals
A. Ear and kernel molds of corn
2. Fusarium spp.: white to pink mold;
Fumonisin toxin, which is toxic to
livestock (particularly horses), can be
produced
8. Some major post-harvest disease of Cereals
A. Ear and kernel molds of corn
3. Gibberella zeae (bright pink and red to
white), Potential mycotoxins include
vomitoxin or deoxynivalenol (DON) and
zearalenone(ZE), which are deadly to
livestock.
9. Some major post-harvest disease of Cereals
A. Ear and kernel molds of corn
4. Penicillium spp : Powdery blue-green
mold
.
10. Some major post-harvest disease of Cereals
A. Ear and kernel molds of corn
5. Cladosporium herbarum
6. Stenocarpella maydis(Diplodia): White to gray mold
7. Nigrospora sphaerica, synonym N. oryzae (ear or cob rot)
.
11. Some major post-harvest disease of Cereals
B. kernel molds of wheat
1. Penicillium
verrucosum primarily
produced Ochratoxin,
2. Fusarium
graminearum produced
DON and ZE
3. Aspergillus spp
12. Some major post-harvest disease of Cereals
C. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium genera are responsible for production of
most important mycotoxins often occur in rice, which includes:
Aflatoxins
Citrinin
DON
Sterigmatocystin
Patulin, etc.
13. Some major post-harvest disease of Fruits
and Vegetables
1. Fruit rot, dark spot, sooty mold
Primary host: Stone and pome fruits,
grapes, papaya, tomato, pepper,
eggplant cucumber, melon,
watermelon, squash, cabbage,
cauliflower, broccoli, corn, pea, bean.
carrot, potato, sweet potato, onion
Pathogen: Alternaria alternata (Fr.)
Keissler
14. Some major post-harvest disease of Fruits
and Vegetables
2. Gray mold disease
Primary host: strawberry, raspberry, cherry, grape, pome and stone
fruits, persimmon, citrus fruits, tomato, pepper, eggplant, cucumber,
squash, melon, pumpkin, artichoke, cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, broccoli,
pea, bean, carrot, onion, potato, sweet potato
Pathogen : Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. Perfect state: Botryotinia
fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel
15.
16. Some major post-harvest disease of Fruits
and Vegetables
3. Anthracnose
Primary host: Avocado, mango, papaya,
guava, citrus fruits, Pome and stone
fruits(Bitter rot), Banana(crown rot)
Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
(Penz.) Sacc. Perfect state: Glomerella
cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld & V. Schrenk,
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ,
Colletotrichum musae
17. Some major post-harvest disease of Fruits
and Vegetables
3. Dry or soft rot
Primary host: tomato, pepper,
eggplant, melon, squash,
pumpkin, watermelon,
cabbage, celery, artichoke,
asparagus, corn, carrot, potato,
sweet potato, onion, garlic
Pathogen: Fusarium spp.
18. Some major post-harvest disease of Fruits
and Vegetables
4. Green mold/Blue mold
Primary host: citrus fruits ( green
mold exclusively), Tomato,
cucumber, melon , pome fruits
mainly, but also stone fruits(Blue
mold)
Pathogen: Penicillium digitatum
Sacc, Penicillium expansum (Link)
Thom
19. Some major post-harvest disease of Fruits
and Vegetables
5.Watery soft rot:
Primary host: Stone and pome fruits.
grape, avocado, papaya, strawberry,
raspberry, cherry, tomato, pepper,
eggplant, carrot, melon, pumpkin,
squash, pea, bean, sweet potato
Pathogen: Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehr. ex
Fr.) Lind
21. Some major post-harvest disease of Fruits
and Vegetables
7. Watery white rot, cottony rot
Primary host: Citrus fruits, cabbage,
cauliflower, lettuce. celery, broccoli,
artichoke, pea, bean, carrot, eggplant,
melon, cucumber, pumpkin, squash,
onion, garlic
Pathogen: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)
de Bary
22. Some major post-harvest disease of Fruits
and Vegetables
8. Brown rot citrus caused by Phytophthora citrophthora (Smith & Smith)
Leon.
9. stem-end and fruit rot, green-yellow mold of citrus caused by
Trichoderma viride Pers. ex S.F. Gray
10. Brown rot of stone fruits mainly, but also pome fruits caused by
Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey
11. stem-end rot, dry black rot of papaya caused by Phoma caricae-papayae
(Tarr) Punith. And so on.
23.
24. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
A. Maintaining the host resistance
Treatments and conditions that lead to delayed ripening and senescence
Indirectly suppress postharvest disease development.
Includes include low-temperature storage, low-O2 and high-C02
atmospheres, ethylene removal from the atmosphere, growth regulators,
calcium application
25. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
A. Maintaining the host resistance
1. Cold storage:
Storage at low temperature is the main method for reducing deterioration of
harvested fruits and vegetables
inhibition of ripening and senescence of the host and extension of the period
during which it maintains its resistance to disease.
inhibition of pathogen development by subjecting it to a temperature unfavorable
for its growth.
26. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
A. Maintaining the host resistance
2. Modified and controlled atmosphere
'CA storage' generally implies precise control of O2 and CO2
concentrations in the atmosphere,
MA storage' is broader and may indicate any synthetic atmosphere, arising
intentionally or unintentionally, in which the composition of its constituent
gases cannot be closely controlled.
27. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
A. Maintaining the host resistance
2. Modified and controlled atmosphere
controlled atmosphere i.e. low O2 levels or high CO2 levels suppress various
stages of the pathogen growth, and its enzymatic activity.
Maintains the resistance of the host to infection by keeping it in a superior
physiological condition
In order to obtain appreciable reduction of spore germination, mycelial growth
and sporulation in many fungal species, O2 concentrations of less than 1% are
required
28. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
A. Maintaining the host resistance
3. Growth regulators
Suppress decay development indirectly, by retarding ripening and senescence
processes in fruits and vegetables
It may be of special importance mainly for fruits and vegetables that cannot be
stored at low temperatures because of their cold sensitivity
Applying the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) to citrus
fruits prior to storage , resulting in considerable reduction of stem-end rot.
29. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
A. Maintaining the host resistance
4. Calcium Application
Calcium contributes to preserve the structural integrity and functionality of
membranes and the cell wall during fruit ripening and senescence
Calcium treatment may reduce storage disorders, such as bitter pit and internal
breakdown in apples
It was thus found that pre-harvest calcium sprays reduced the rate of storage
losses caused by Gloeosporium spp. in apples, or Botrytis and Geotrichum rots in
stored grapes (Miceli et al., 1999)
30. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
B. Physical Methods
1. Heat Treatments
It may be applied by means of hot water dips and sprays, hot vapor or dry air, or infrared
or microwave radiation
It can be Short-term heating 40°C (generally 44-55°C) for a short time
Long-term heat treatments usually (38-46°C), for a longer duration (12 h to 14 h)
For example, postharvest decay of strawberries caused by Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus
stolonifer was controlled by exposure of the fruit to humid air at 44°C for 40-60 min.
31. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
B. Physical Methods
2. Ionizing radiation:
may directly harm the genetic material of the living cell, leading to mutagenesis
and eventually to cell death
Due to deep penetration ability, it irradiates microorganisms in wounds, and also
quiescent or active infections.
Presence of oxygen and water content of the cell are major factors for its
effectiveness.
Low doses of UV-C light (wavelength of 190-280 nm) to induce disease
resistance in a wide range of fruits and vegetables
32. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
C. Biological methods
refers to the use of naturally found microorganisms which antagonize the postharvest
pathogens we wish to suppress
Strains of Pseudomonas putida and Chryseobacterium indologenes were found to reduce
the incidence of gray mold rot on fruits under field conditions
Candida oleophila(Aspire) to control P. expansum, Botrytis cinerea, and R, stolonifer
under various cold-storage conditions
Pseudomonas syringae is a biological products for commercial postharvest applications
to citrus fruits:
Field sprays of strawberry flowers with antagonistic non-pathogenic Trichoderma viridae
isolates resulted in a decreased incidence of gray rot (B. cinerea) during storage
33. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
D. Chemical methods
1. Pre-harvest chemical treatments
application of broad-spectrum protective fungicides to the developing fruit on the
plant, in order
to prevent spore germination or
infection establishment in the lenticels or in floral remnants of the fruit.
Oranges are sprayed with benomyl before harvest, to prevent the development of
stem-end rot, which arises from infections of Diplodia natalensis and Phomopsis
citri .
34. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
D. Chemical methods
2. Sanitation
may be achieved through the immediate disposal of every rotted fruit or
vegetable, or by immersing it in a disinfectant solution
Use of chlorinated water at 38-43°C to wash tomatoes in the
packinghouse prevents the buildup of inoculum in the water
Formaldehyde, isopropyl alcohol, quadronic ammonium compounds,
captan or other chemicals must be used for disinfecting packinghouse or
store rooms.
35. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
D. Chemical methods
3. Post harvest Chemical treatments
selection of the appropriate chemical compound depends on
the sensitivity of the pathogen to the chemical substance
the ability of the substance to penetrate through surface barriers into the
infection site
the tolerance of the host, as expressed both by injury and other phytotoxic
effects, and by any adverse effect upon the quality of the product
36. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
D. Chemical methods
3. Post harvest Chemical treatments
Captan (N-trichloromethylmercapto-4-cyclohexene-l,2-dicarboximide), which is
a bicarboximide fungicide, has been proven effective as a postharvest dip against
decay development in various fruits and vegetables, such as strawberries,
peaches, cherries, pears, figs and potatoes
Dicloran (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline, DCNA, botran) is effective against several
postharvest fungi
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is applied as a postharvest fumigation to grapes in order to
eradicate spores of Botrytis cinerea
37. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
D. Chemical methods
3. Post harvest Chemical treatments
The benzimidazole compounds - thiabendazole (TBZ), benomyl.are active
against a broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi. Like Penicillium digitatum ,
Monilinia fructicola ,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and so on
Metalaxyl (ridomil), which is an acylalanine fungicide, acts as a strong inhibitor
of the various developmental stages of Phytophthora spp.
Essential oils and plant extracts are sources of antifungal activity against a wide
range of fungi for eg. palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini) and red thyme (Thymus
zygis) showed the greatest inhibitory effect on B. cinerea spore germination at
the lowest concentration.
38. 1.Management of post harvest disease of
fruits and vegetables
D. Chemical methods
3. Post harvest Chemical treatments
Gel derived from Aloe vera plants has been found to have antifungal
activity against four common postharvest pathogens:
Penicillium digitatum, P. expansum, B. cinerea and A. alternata.
The natural gel suppressed both germination and mycelial growth, with P.
digitatum and A. alternata being the most sensitive species
39. 2. Management of postharvest disease of
cereals and pulses
Avoid Infestation of through the use of fumigants. This helps to reduce rapid
growth of storage fungi.
The stored grain should not be unripe or too old; it should be clean, and be free
of mechanical damage
The moisture content should kept at levels below the minimum required for the
growth of the common storage fungi i.e. below 12%
The temperature of stored grain should kept as low as possible, . As it slows
down the respiration of grain and prevents an increase of moisture in grain.
40. 2. Management of postharvest disease of
cereals and pulses
• Ideally, grain should be cooled after drying and maintained at 1°C to 4 °C
for the duration of storage, while during the summer months the grain
temperature can be maintained between 10 and 15°C.
• Both reductions in oxygen tension and increase in carbon dioxide
concentrations can have profound effects on the growth of fungi
• Decreasing O2 to<0.14% and increasing CO2 >50% is required for
inhibition of mycelial growth and will prevent mycotoxin production.
1. For example melons with a thick skin and raspberries with a firm texture are better able, than others, to withstand the rigors of harvesting and handling and should, therefore, have longer storage lives.
2. . For example, high temperature was found to increase Botrytis cinerea infection of tomatoes via the flowers because it increased the rate of flower development and senescence.
3. . For example, high temperature was found to increase Botrytis cinerea infection of tomatoes via the flowers because it increased the rate of flower development and senescence.
4. Wider within-row plant spacing reduced Botrytis rot in strawberries compared with narrower spacing.