Planning involves defining organizational goals, strategies, and plans. There are formal and informal types of planning. Goals are desired outcomes that guide decisions, while plans outline how goals will be achieved. Stated goals are what an organization publicly claims its goals are, while real goals are what the organization actually pursues based on members' actions. Types of plans include strategic plans for the whole organization, operational plans for specific areas, long and short-term plans based on timeframe, specific plans with no ambiguity versus directional flexible plans, single-use plans for unique situations, and standing ongoing plans.

1. Planning
• Isn’t something to that’s relevant to you right now.
• you decide what you need to do to finish a class project on time.
• is something that all managers, such as top manager and others who
responded to the relief effort, need to do.
• what they plan and how they plan may differ.
• why managers plan, and how they plan.

2. Planning (cont.…)
• planning involves defining the organization’s goals, establishing strategies for
achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate work
activities. It’s concerned with both ends (what) and means (how).
• Formal planning specific goals covering a specific time period are defined.
• Informal planning specific goals covering no period are defined.

3. Goal and Plan
• important aspects: goals and plans. Goals (objectives) are desired outcomes
or targets. They guide management decisions and form the criterion against
which work results are measured. That’s why they’re often described as the
essential elements of planning. You have to know the desired target or
outcome before you can establish plans for reaching it. Plans are documents
that outline how goals are going to be met. They usually include resource
allocations, schedules, and other necessary actions to accomplish the goals.
As managers plan, they develop both goals and plans.

4. Types of Goals
• Stated goals
• Real goals

5. Stated goals
what an organization says, and what it wants its stakeholders to
believe, its goals are. However, stated goals which can be found in
an organization’s charter, annual report, public relations
announcements, or in public statements made by managers—are
often conflicting and influenced by what various stakeholders think
organizations should do

6. Real goals
• those goals an organization actually pursues observe what organizational
members are doing. Actions define priorities. For example, universities may
say their goal is limiting class sizes, facilitating close student-faculty relations,
and actively involving students in the learning process, but then they put
students into 300+ student lecture classes! Knowing that real and stated
goals may differ is important for recognizing what you might otherwise think
are inconsistencies

8. Types of Plans
• Strategic plans are plans that apply to the entire organization and establish
the organization’s overall goals.
• Operational Plans that encompass a particular operational area of the
organization
• long-term plans as those with a time frame beyond three years
• Short-term plans cover one year or less

9. Types of plans(Cont…)
• Specific plans are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation. A
specific plan states its objectives in a way that eliminates ambiguity and
problems with misunderstanding. For example, a manager who seeks to
increase his or her unit’s work output by 8 percent over a given 12-month
period might establish specific procedures, budget allocations, and schedules
of activities to reach that goal.

10. Types of plans(Cont…)
• Directional plans are flexible plans that set out general guidelines. They
provide focus but don’t lock managers into specific goals or courses of
action.
• single-use plan is a one-time plan specifically designed to meet the needs of
a unique situation.
• Standing plans are ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities
• performed repeatedly. Standing plans include policies, rules, and procedures