Planets and the solarsystem
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This document discusses the different planets in our solar system and what stars and planets are. It defines a planet as a large ball of rock or gas that orbits the sun, and a star as a huge ball of hot gases like our sun. It also mentions that constellations are groups of stars that form patterns in the sky.
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The solar system.
The solar system consists of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including 8 planets, moons, asteroids, comets and other space objects. The Sun contains over 99% of the mass in the solar system and is at the center. It is a medium-sized, yellow dwarf star that is over 4 billion years old. The planets can be divided into inner, rocky planets like Earth and outer gas giants like Jupiter that have rings.
1. the solar system
The document summarizes key aspects of our solar system. It states that the sun is at the center and is much larger than all the other planets combined. It describes the eight planets in our solar system, which can be remembered using the mnemonic "My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos". It notes that the inner four planets are rocky, while the outer four are gas giants. It also discusses other objects like asteroids, comets and meteoroids that orbit the sun.
Regan jupiter
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. It is a giant gas ball with a rocky core that takes approximately 12 years to orbit the sun. Jupiter has over 64 moons, including the largest moon Ganymede, and iconic swirling clouds due to its fast rotation and diverse atmosphere of gases.
The earth and beyond
Our solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is the only known planet capable of supporting life. The Earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once a year, causing the changing of seasons as the Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of the year. Other objects in our solar system include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
Other members of the solar system
The document discusses different objects that orbit the Sun within our Solar System. It describes comets as small icy bodies made of ice and dust that orbit the Sun, and asteroids as rocky objects larger than meteoroids that also orbit the Sun. It defines meteoroids as small interplanetary objects that enter Earth's atmosphere, often burning up and creating streaks of light called shooting stars, and meteorites as meteoroids that survive entry and land on Earth.
Sky science vocabulary
Two or more stars that orbit each other and appear as a single star from Earth are known as binary stars. Constellations are patterns of bright stars as viewed from Earth, while asterisms are smaller patterns that are part of larger constellations. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and contains thousands of chunks of rock known as asteroids.
Space vocabulary
This document defines key terms related to space and astronomy. It explains that Earth revolves around the sun while rotating on its axis. The moon orbits Earth and follows a path called an orbit. Other terms defined include axis, gravity, satellite, atmosphere, moon phases, crater, solar, lunar, eclipse, star, sunspot, planet, comet, asteroid, model, scale, absorb, reflection, refraction, telescope. It also lists and describes the 8 phases of the moon in order from new moon to new moon.
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This document discusses different types of celestial objects including dwarf planets, comets, and asteroids. Dwarf planets are made of ice and dust and orbit the sun, examples include Pluto, Eris, and Ceres. Comets are mixtures of ice and frozen gases and dust that can orbit planets or land on them, collecting scientific information. The document also mentions Claudius Ptolemy, an ancient astronomer who believed the Earth was the center of the universe, and Galileo Galilei, an early astronomer who built a telescope and used it to discover Jupiter's moons, concluding the Sun is at the center of the solar system rather than the Earth.
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The solar system.
The solar system consists of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including 8 planets, moons, asteroids, comets and other space objects. The Sun contains over 99% of the mass in the solar system and is at the center. It is a medium-sized, yellow dwarf star that is over 4 billion years old. The planets can be divided into inner, rocky planets like Earth and outer gas giants like Jupiter that have rings.
1. the solar system
The document summarizes key aspects of our solar system. It states that the sun is at the center and is much larger than all the other planets combined. It describes the eight planets in our solar system, which can be remembered using the mnemonic "My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos". It notes that the inner four planets are rocky, while the outer four are gas giants. It also discusses other objects like asteroids, comets and meteoroids that orbit the sun.
Regan jupiter
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. It is a giant gas ball with a rocky core that takes approximately 12 years to orbit the sun. Jupiter has over 64 moons, including the largest moon Ganymede, and iconic swirling clouds due to its fast rotation and diverse atmosphere of gases.
The earth and beyond
Our solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including eight planets. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is the only known planet capable of supporting life. The Earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once a year, causing the changing of seasons as the Earth's distance from the Sun varies over the course of the year. Other objects in our solar system include asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
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The document discusses different objects that orbit the Sun within our Solar System. It describes comets as small icy bodies made of ice and dust that orbit the Sun, and asteroids as rocky objects larger than meteoroids that also orbit the Sun. It defines meteoroids as small interplanetary objects that enter Earth's atmosphere, often burning up and creating streaks of light called shooting stars, and meteorites as meteoroids that survive entry and land on Earth.
Sky science vocabulary
Two or more stars that orbit each other and appear as a single star from Earth are known as binary stars. Constellations are patterns of bright stars as viewed from Earth, while asterisms are smaller patterns that are part of larger constellations. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and contains thousands of chunks of rock known as asteroids.
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This document defines key terms related to space and astronomy. It explains that Earth revolves around the sun while rotating on its axis. The moon orbits Earth and follows a path called an orbit. Other terms defined include axis, gravity, satellite, atmosphere, moon phases, crater, solar, lunar, eclipse, star, sunspot, planet, comet, asteroid, model, scale, absorb, reflection, refraction, telescope. It also lists and describes the 8 phases of the moon in order from new moon to new moon.
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This document discusses different types of celestial objects including dwarf planets, comets, and asteroids. Dwarf planets are made of ice and dust and orbit the sun, examples include Pluto, Eris, and Ceres. Comets are mixtures of ice and frozen gases and dust that can orbit planets or land on them, collecting scientific information. The document also mentions Claudius Ptolemy, an ancient astronomer who believed the Earth was the center of the universe, and Galileo Galilei, an early astronomer who built a telescope and used it to discover Jupiter's moons, concluding the Sun is at the center of the solar system rather than the Earth.
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Galaxies contain billions of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity. The Milky Way galaxy is our galaxy and contains over 100 billion stars. Galaxies can be elliptical or irregular shapes. Our solar system consists of the sun and eight planets plus dwarf planets orbiting the sun. Planets can be inner planets like Earth that orbit close to the sun or outer planets like Jupiter that orbit farther from the sun. A light year is the distance light travels in one year and galaxies can be many light years across. The zodiac signs have roots in ancient cultures and are based on Greek myths. Constellations are groupings of stars named by ancient astronomers.
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This document discusses comets, meteors, asteroids, and the moon. It provides details on their composition, sizes, orbits, and the potential effects of large impacts. A large comet impact would likely only injure humans, while the largest meteor ever could endanger humanity. The largest known asteroid impact 65 million years ago caused the extinction of dinosaurs. A second moon would result in bigger tides and more frequent solar eclipses.
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Comets and asteroids are both small solar system bodies that orbit the sun. Comets have elliptical orbits and are distinguished by their coma and tail, which form when a comet passes close to the sun from ice and dust. Asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter, are made of rocks and metals, and unlike comets do not have a coma or tail. The largest recorded asteroid, Ceres, is about a quarter the size of the moon.
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Comets are made of dust, rock and frozen gases that vaporize as they near the Sun, forming a coma and tail. Comets eventually break apart after passing by the Sun multiple times. Small pieces of comets are called meteoroids, which appear as meteors or "shooting stars" when burning up in Earth's atmosphere, or meteorites if they reach the ground. Asteroids are rocky bodies like planets that mainly orbit in a belt between Mars and Jupiter.
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Galaxies contain billions of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity. The Milky Way galaxy is our galaxy and contains over 100 billion stars. Galaxies can be elliptical or irregular shapes. Our solar system consists of the sun and eight planets plus dwarf planets orbiting the sun. Planets can be inner planets like Earth that orbit close to the sun or outer planets like Jupiter that orbit farther from the sun. A light year is the distance light travels in one year and galaxies can be many light years across. The zodiac signs have roots in ancient cultures and are based on Greek myths. Constellations are groupings of stars named by ancient astronomers.
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This document discusses comets, asteroids, and meteors. Comets are dirty balls of ice that develop tails when passing near the sun. Asteroids are large chunks of rock and metal that orbit the sun. When asteroids and comet fragments enter Earth's atmosphere, they are called meteoroids. Most burn up and are seen as meteors, also known as shooting stars. If fragments survive entry and reach the ground, they are called meteorites. Large impacts from asteroids or comets in the past have created craters and possibly contributed to mass extinctions like the dinosaurs.
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This document defines key terms related to magnets and magnetism. It explains that magnets have north and south poles and attract iron, cobalt, and nickel. The magnetic field lines run from the north to south pole. There are natural and artificial magnets. Electromagnets are created when electric current passes through a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core, inducing magnetism. The Earth's magnetic field is believed to originate from circulating currents in its iron-rich liquid outer core.
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Experimental techniques
This document discusses various techniques for purifying substances, including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. It provides examples of how each technique works and the types of mixtures it can be used to separate. Key points include:
- Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a filter paper.
- Crystallization forms pure crystals of a soluble solid by slowly evaporating the solvent from a saturated solution.
- Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates mixtures by exploiting differences in how substances partition between a stationary and mobile phase.
Experimental techniques
This document discusses various techniques for purifying substances, including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. It provides examples of how each technique works and the types of mixtures it can be used to separate. Key points include:
- Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a filter paper.
- Crystallization forms pure crystals of a soluble solid by slowly evaporating the solvent from a saturated solution.
- Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates mixtures by exploiting differences in how substances partition between a stationary and mobile phase.
Chromatography windows 8
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of substances that are soluble in the same solvent. A spot of the mixture is placed on filter paper and a solvent is used to carry the different substances along the paper at different rates, based on how strongly they interact with the solvent and paper. This allows the different substances to be visually identified based on how far they travel up the paper compared to samples of single known substances run alongside the mixture.
Scientific enquiry
The scientific method involves 6 key steps: 1) making observations and recording them, 2) asking a question and developing a testable hypothesis, 3) conducting research, 4) performing an experiment, 5) recording results, and 6) drawing a conclusion about whether the hypothesis was confirmed or not. The document then discusses the concept of variables in an experiment, defining the independent variable as the factor that is deliberately changed, the dependent variable as the factor that is measured, and controlled variables as other factors kept the same.
Lab safety rules, safety symbols and tools
This document provides information about lab safety rules, common safety symbols seen in laboratories, and descriptions of various laboratory tools and equipment. It lists 10 lab safety rules but does not specify them. It also describes safety symbols for substances that are explosive, flammable, corrosive, toxic, radioactive, pose environmental dangers, or are oxidizing, gases under pressure, or health hazards. Finally, it provides the names, uses, and simple diagrams of common lab tools including test tubes, beakers, conical flasks, Bunsen burners, tripods and gauzes, clamps and stands, funnels and filter paper, round-bottom and flat-bottom flasks, separating funnels, and delivery tubes.
Classroom rules and intro. to chemistry igcse (ext.)
This document outlines expectations and provides an introduction for the IGCSE Chemistry (Extended) course. It details that students will be assessed through pop quizzes, regular quizzes, three progression tests, and mock exams starting in March. Students are expected to take notes, use provided resource packs, past papers, and copybooks to study on a daily basis. They should understand all material, ask questions if unsure, and assess understanding through homework.
Classroom rules and intro. to chemistry igcse (core)
This document outlines expectations and provides an introduction for the IGCSE Chemistry course. It discusses that students will be assessed through pop quizzes, regular quizzes, three progression tests, and mock exams starting in March. Students are expected to take notes, use provided resource packs, past papers, and copybooks to study. They should take notes during each session, understand the material, and study daily assignments to assess their understanding, asking questions if anything is unclear.
Electric circuits 1
The document discusses electric circuits and their components. It explains that an electric circuit requires a power source, conducting materials like wires, components that use the electricity such as light bulbs, and switches. It also describes how to draw circuit diagrams using symbols and discusses key circuit concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. The document uses examples like dimmer switches and defibrillators to illustrate these circuit principles.
Plants life cycles
1. Seeds need certain conditions like water, light, and warmth to germinate and grow into new plants.
2. Flowers have both male and female parts that work together to create new plants through pollination and fertilization. Pollen is transferred by insects from the male stamen to the female stigma and ovary.
3. The process of reproduction through spreading seeds and pollinating flowers is important for the circle of life as it allows plants and animals to continue their species and prevent extinction.
9 c plants-and-photosynthesis-101oqsd
Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce their own food. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll. It occurs in the leaves of plants, specifically in the chloroplasts of leaf cells. The process produces glucose and oxygen and provides plants with the energy and nutrients they need to grow.
25 people and the planet part1
Hunter-gatherers lived in East Africa about 200,000 years ago and gradually spread across continents. Around 10,000 years ago, some groups in the Middle East began farming, which allowed population growth and specialization in crafts. Early machines like watermills and windmills harnessed energy from water and wind. The steam engine was invented in the 18th century and powered the Industrial Revolution, but also caused pollution. Today various renewable and non-renewable sources provide energy for transportation, electricity generation, and more.
27 people and planet(part3)
The document provides 5 tips for reducing environmental damage through conserving energy at home, such as switching off unused lights and electrical equipment, using low energy light bulbs, only running washing machines with full loads, drying clothes outside instead of using driers, and wearing warm clothes instead of using heaters. It also lists large-scale projects like setting up recycling schemes, developing alternative energy sources, reducing CFCs and harmful pesticides, and creating pollution-reducing devices. The document concludes by stating these efforts require work from governments and companies.
26 people and planet part 2
This document summarizes several ways that human activities have impacted the environment. It discusses how the development of farming, industry, and fossil fuel use has destroyed natural habitats and introduced chemicals like pesticides and pollutants. It also describes how the introduction of gases like CFCs in the early 20th century were found to be damaging the ozone layer. The extra carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels may cause global warming and changes to habitats worldwide. Acid rain can damage soil and kill plants from gases emitted by volcanoes, lightning, power stations, and factories.
Heat transfer
Heat can be transferred through three main processes: conduction, convection and radiation. Radiation involves the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves called infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is able to travel through empty space, which is how heat from the Sun travels to the Earth. All objects emit infrared radiation, with the amount emitted depending on the object's surface properties - matte black surfaces are the best emitters and absorbers of infrared radiation.
Static electricity
Static charge builds up when two insulating materials are rubbed together through friction, such as a plastic comb moving through hair. This friction causes electrons to be transferred from one material to the other, leaving one material with an excess of electrons and an overall negative charge, and the other material with a deficit of electrons and an overall positive charge. Static charge comes from the transfer of electrons between atoms during rubbing, as electrons can sometimes be removed from their atoms.
Week 7 10 turning effects
This document discusses balanced and unbalanced forces. It defines a moment as a turning effect caused by a force, and explains that the size of a moment depends on two factors: the size of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot point. It provides the moment equation and gives examples of moments, including a see-saw. It introduces the principle of moments, which states that for an object to be balanced, the sum of clockwise moments must equal the sum of anticlockwise moments. Finally, it defines the center of mass as the point where all the mass of an object seems to be concentrated.
9.10.3 pressure
This document discusses the concept of pressure in physics. It defines pressure as the force applied over an area, and provides an example comparing the pressure exerted by a fingertip versus a palm. Pressure is measured in units of pascals or other derivatives of newtons per area. The document explains that applying the same force over a larger area results in lower pressure. It provides examples of how high and low pressure are used in different situations like shoes on muddy ground, skis on snow, and knives cutting food. Finally, it briefly discusses how pressure increases with depth in liquids and can be transmitted through a liquid.
Density
1. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and can be used to compare how much mass is contained within a certain volume of different materials.
2. The density of a material can be calculated by measuring its mass and volume, with density equaling mass divided by volume.
3. There are different methods to determine the density of regular solids, irregular solids, liquids, and gases depending on whether their volume needs to be measured directly or determined through displacement.
Ch.16.magnets and electromagnets
The document discusses magnetism and electromagnets. It begins by identifying which materials are magnetic, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt. It then explains what magnetic fields are, how they can be visualized using iron filings, and how their patterns differ depending on whether two magnets' north or north/south poles are brought together. The document also explores how electromagnets work and can be made stronger by increasing the number of coils or electrical current. Electromagnets have advantages over permanent magnets in applications like recycling plants due to being able to be turned on and off.
7 l the_solar_system_and_beyond
Scientists' ideas about the solar system have developed over time from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy, who believed the Earth was the center, to Copernicus, who proposed the Sun was the center in the 16th century. Kepler later suggested elliptical orbits and Newton developed the law of universal gravitation. In the 18th-19th centuries, Herschel discovered Uranus and Hubble showed the universe is expanding, leading to the Big Bang theory. Major advances were made through improved telescope technology by Galileo and others.
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Planets and the solarsystem
- 1. What are stars and planets?
- 2. The closest planet to the sun.
- 3. The beautiful planet.
- 4. The planet we live on.
- 6. The biggest planet.
- 7. The king of rings.
- 8. A planet made of gases.
- 9. The coldest planet.
- 10. Planet A large ball of rock or gas that moves around the sun.
- 12. Draw the path of the earth around the sun.
- 13. Orbit The planets move in a path around the sun.
- 14. Stars A huge ball of hot gases. (Sun is the nearest star to earth)
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