Emergency Management - Policy Perspectives
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The document discusses several policy issues in emergency management planning. It notes the debate around more collaborative vs centralized approaches. It also discusses challenges around the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), including its inability to timely update flood maps, provide accurate risk assessments, and set premiums at a level to cover costs and losses without government subsidies. Overall, the document examines tensions between promoting development and actually increasing hazards through policies like the NFIP that encourage building in at-risk areas.
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3. Alternatives to sprawl discussed include mixed-use, transit-oriented development, and the sustainable practices of Curitiba, Brazil and Freiburg, Germany in transportation, zoning, parks, and social services.
History & Theory of Planning: Neoliberalism and Growth Machine
The document discusses the shift from conventional planning to encourage growth and development. It led cities to partner with private developers to redevelop areas like Faneuil Hall Marketplace in Boston into festival marketplaces catering to tourists and suburbanites. Over time, these areas shifted from local shops to national chains and lost their local identity. While initially successful in revitalizing cities, every city tried to copy this model, making such areas no longer unique. The redevelopment of Faneuil Hall is now facing pushback for focusing more on aesthetics than local businesses and diversity.
History & Theory of Planning: Postmodern Critiques of Modernism
Urban renewal and freeway construction in the mid-20th century displaced many inner-city communities and concentrated poverty. Federal programs subsidized suburban development at the expense of cities. Pruitt-Igoe, a St. Louis public housing project, exemplified the failures of top-down modernist planning and strict cost-cutting that ignored community needs. Jane Jacobs criticized such programs' negative impacts and lack of understanding of urban economies and lived experiences. Later reforms decentralized control and funding to local governments.
History & Theory of Planning: Fordism, Suburbanization, and Urban Renewal
1. After WWII, there was a major expansion of suburban development driven by federal, state and local planning initiatives. This included new highways, zoning laws, government-backed mortgages, and large-scale planned communities like Levittown.
2. The GI Bill provided benefits to WWII veterans including low-cost mortgages, contributing to the housing shortage and demand for new suburban homes.
3. Developers like Levitt & Sons capitalized on this demand through mass-produced planned communities with standardized homes and community amenities. However, these suburbs were often rigidly segregated.
History & Theory of Planning: The Rise of State Power
The document discusses Le Corbusier's vision of the ideal city, known as the Radiant City. It included high-rise towers separated by open green space and connected by highways. People would live and work in separate zones. However, the design was criticized for being too abstract and top-down, not considering how people actually live and interact. It also gave no role to individual freedom and local context. Examples given of attempts to realize this vision include public housing projects in St. Louis that failed and the new capital city of Brasilia in Brazil.
History & Theory of Planning: Regional Planning
The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) was formed in 1923 as a loose network of New York intellectuals concerned with urban issues like housing reform. Key members included Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, and Benton MacKaye, who were influenced by Patrick Geddes and sought to replace mono-nucleated cities with poly-nucleated regional cities. The RPAA is known for early regional planning projects like Sunnyside and Radburn. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created in 1933 to develop the Tennessee Valley region through flood control, agriculture, education, and most notably power production using dams. While it brought industry and improved living standards, the TVA fell short of the RPAA's
History & Theory of Planning: Garden Cities
The document discusses the emergence of planning as a professional field through the ideas of early 20th century idealists like Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. It focuses on Howard's concept of the Garden City - self-sufficient satellite towns that combined the benefits of urban and rural life. The first attempts to realize Garden Cities were Letchworth Garden City in England and Radburn, New Jersey, which incorporated elements like zoning, greenbelts, and separating vehicles from pedestrians. However, full implementation of the plans was limited. The document examines the vision and legacy of the Garden City movement.
History & Theory of Planning: The City Beautiful
The document discusses the City Beautiful movement which emerged in the late 19th century. It aimed to beautify American cities through neoclassical civic design including grand boulevards, public buildings, and parks. Key examples discussed are the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago which popularized the City Beautiful ideal, and Kansas City's implementation of this approach through a comprehensive park and boulevard system designed by George Kessler. The 1909 Plan of Chicago by Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett also sought to beautify the city through similar civic improvements and create a more functional transportation network. However, critics argued that City Beautiful planning focused too much on aesthetics and wealthy areas, neglecting social and housing issues.
History & Theory of Planning: Origins of Modern City Planning
This document discusses the origins of modern city planning and 19th century reform movements. It describes the overcrowded and unsanitary conditions in cities due to industrialization and mass immigration. Housing, such as tenements in New York City, were extremely overcrowded and unsanitary. This led to public health crises and reform movements focused on sanitation, parks, and municipal governance. Figures like Frederick Law Olmsted designed new types of urban planning focused on parks and green spaces to address these issues.
History & Theory of Planning: Introduction to Planning
Planning involves shaping the future through processes like determining future actions, improving settlements, promoting equity and citizen participation. Planners come from various backgrounds and work in government, non-profits and private sectors. They represent the public, assist decision-makers and deal with complex problems. However, planners accomplish little alone and must work with various stakeholders. Planning is inherently political due to its impact and need for support. Key debates in planning theory include defining planning's history and roles, justifying intervention, determining appropriate approaches, and balancing expertise with public values.
Sustainable Cities: Urban Heat Island
1. Urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas, forming an "urban heat island" effect. This is caused by urban land use and surfaces like concrete and asphalt that absorb and retain heat.
2. The urban heat island effect can increase city temperatures by up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit and poses negative impacts like increased energy consumption and air pollution emissions. It also exacerbates heat-related health issues.
3. Mitigation strategies include increasing urban green spaces through parks, trees, and green roofs, which disrupt high temperatures. Reflective and cool roof surfaces also help reduce temperatures. However, financial costs and legal restrictions can pose challenges to widespread mitigation efforts.
Sustainable Cities: Urban Ecology
This document discusses urban ecology and the importance of integrating ecology into cities for sustainability. It describes how urbanization fragments and degrades natural habitats, disrupting ecological functions. Green networks of interconnected natural areas at multiple scales can help mitigate these impacts by enhancing ecosystem services, protecting biodiversity, and maintaining planet health. Examples of green network components discussed include river restoration, urban nature preserves, wildlife crossings over infrastructure, and converting vacant/brownfield lands into green spaces.
Sustainable Cities: Hazards and Disasters
The document discusses hazard mitigation planning challenges in coastal North Carolina. It notes that while the 20 coastal counties all have certified hazard mitigation plans, implementing the policy recommendations remains uneven. There are difficulties balancing safety with development pressures, as structural mitigation like levees can encourage risky development. The National Flood Insurance Program also has limitations, as it does not adequately reflect flood risks and subsidizes hazardous areas. Key issues impacting hazard mitigation in the counties include population pressures, vulnerability to hazards, public support, and limited funding and staff to support mitigation efforts. The document concludes that building resilience will require helping counties balance safety and costs, and improving coordination of mitigation activities across different agencies.
Sustainable Cities: Urban Impacts of Climate Change
The document discusses the causes and impacts of climate change, as well as strategies for adaptation and mitigation. It notes that increased greenhouse gas emissions since the industrial revolution are changing the composition of the atmosphere and global climate. The impacts of climate change include threats to water resources, energy, infrastructure, food supply, public health, and coastal areas from issues like rising seas and increased extreme weather events. Cities contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions but can also play a key role in addressing climate change through resilient planning approaches that incorporate both mitigation and adaptation measures.
Sustainable Cities: Urban Transportation
This document discusses sustainable urban transportation systems. It notes that urban transportation is a major source of emissions, congestion, and health issues. Currently, most urban travel in the US is by private automobile. The document advocates for more compact, multi-modal transportation systems that emphasize public transit, walking, and biking. This includes pedestrian-friendly street designs, transit-oriented development, and integrating different transportation modes. The goal is to create more sustainable, low-carbon and socially equitable mobility.
Sustainable Cities: Managing Urban Air Quality
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, and strategies for regulation. It notes that the main sources of air pollution are the burning of fossil fuels, which produces criteria pollutants like particulate matter and gases. While regulation has reduced pollution from stationary sources, increased vehicle use and fossil fuel consumption have offset these gains. The challenges of regulating mobile and non-point sources of pollution are also discussed.
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