The document provides information about plagiarism, including its definition as using another person's words or ideas without giving them proper credit. It lists examples of plagiarism such as quoting without citation or buying a paper online. The document recommends three steps to avoid plagiarism: taking notes in your own words without full sentences, paraphrasing the notes, and properly citing all sources. It also includes examples of note-taking and paraphrasing to demonstrate how to properly attribute information from other sources.

1. Plagiarism 101

2. Definition:
Plagiarism is using
someone else’s words or
ideas as your own without
giving credit to that
person.

3. Examples of plagiarism
 Quoting or paraphrasing material without
citing the source of that material.
 Quoting a source without using quotation
marks – even if you do cite it.
 Buying a paper online or downloading a
paper from a free site.
 Copying or using work done by another
student.

4. 2 more examples
 Citing sources you didn’t use
 Turningin the same paper for
more than one class without the
permission of both teachers

5. 3 steps to avoid plagiarism
 Step 1 – Take good bulleted notes in your
own words; no complete sentences
 Step 2 – Paraphrase your notes. Since
your notes are in your own words, you are
putting your notes back into complete
sentences. This step is easy once you
have notes in your own words.
 Step 3 – Citing your sources

6. Step 1 - Note-Taking
 Read all the way through the material you
are using for research.
 Write down the important pieces of
information in your own words.
 Use a “bullet” form – no complete
sentences. This eliminates the danger of
copying phrases from the original
document.

7. Note-Taking Practice
What is important in this passage?
The time between 1783 and 1789 is called the “Critical
Period.” The thirteen states were held together by the
Articles of Confederation, but there were some problems.
Each state, no matter the size of its population, had only
one vote. The approval of nine states was required to
pass legislation. So it was hard to get anything done. The
Articles had no provision for Congress to levy taxes or
borrow money to pay their debts. Congress could pass
laws but had no power to enforce them. It was up to the
states to enforce laws. There was also no plan for settling
disputes between states, and trade barriers between
states threatened the economic system of the new nation.
In addition, Congress was not effective in conducting
foreign affairs.
The original purpose of the Federal Convention was to

8. Creating Bullets
Original passage Bullets
The time between 1783 and
1789 is called the “Critical Period.”  Critical Period 1783-89
The thirteen states were held
together by the Articles of  Articles of Confederation ->
Confederation, but there were some problems
problems. Each state, no matter the
size of its population, had only one  Big and small states-only one
vote. The approval of nine states vote
was required to pass legislation, so it
was hard to get anything done. The  9 states to pass laws
Articles had no provision for
Congress to levy taxes or borrow  Congress – no taxes, no
money to pay their debts. Congress
could pass laws but had no power to borrowing, no enforcing laws
enforce them. It was up to the states or settling disputes
to enforce laws. There was also no
plan for settling disputes between  Ineffective foreign affairs
states, and trade barriers between
states threatened the economic  Federal Convention = revise
system of the new nation. In and improve
addition, Congress was not effective
in conducting foreign affairs.
The original purpose of the
Federal Convention was to revise
and improve the Articles of
Confederation.

9. Paraphrasing is writing in
your own words the essential
information and ideas
expressed by someone else.

10. Paraphrasing or Plagiarizing
Original Passage
At the start of the Philadelphia
Convention, many delegates wanted to
believe that the hot weather would be only
temporary.
Plagiarism or Not?
At the beginning of the Philadelphia
Convention, a lot of delegates wanted to
think that the hot weather would not last.

11. Practice selecting information
Even though the delegates to the Federal
Convention were due to arrive in Philadelphia on May
14, 1787, it was not until May 25 that the meeting could
begin with enough delegates present. On the first
day, George Washington was elected to serve as the
presiding officer, and, a short time later, rules of
procedure were adopted. These were formal and
borrowed from the traditions of the British Parliament.
“Every member rising to speak shall address the
president, and whilst he shall be speaking, none shall
pass between them, or hold discourse with another, or
read a book, pamphlet, or paper, printed or manuscript.
And of two members rising to speak at the same
time, the president shall name him who shall be first
heard.” The delegates also agreed that all proceedings
should be kept secret and that a simple majority (more
than half the votes cast) would be enough to pass the
laws.

12. Bulleted Notes
Original passage Bulleted notes
Even though the delegates to the  Federal Convention – May
Federal Convention were due to arrive 25, 1787
in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, it
was not until May 25 that the meeting
could begin with enough delegates  Geo. Washington –
present. On the first day, George presiding officer
Washington was elected to serve as
the presiding officer, and, a short time  Procedure rules = address
later, rules of procedure were
adopted. These were formal and president, no talking or
borrowed from the traditions of the reading
British Parliament. “Every member
rising to speak shall address the  Proceedings = secret
president, and whilst he shall be
speaking, none shall pass between  Majority to pass laws
them, or hold discourse with another,
or read a book, pamphlet, or paper,
printed or manuscript. And of two
members rising to speak at the same
time, the president shall name him
who shall be first heard.” The
delegates also agreed that all
proceedings should be kept secret
and that a simple majority (more than

13. Bulleted notes Paraphrase
 The Federal Convention
 Federal Convention – officially began on May
May 25, 1787 25, 1787. Delegates selected
 Geo. Washington – George Washington as
presiding officer and put in
presiding officer place rules of procedure to
 Procedure rules = follow. These rules stated that
address president, no each speaker had to address
the presiding
talking or reading
officer, and, while that was
 Proceedings = secret happening, other delegates
could not talk or read. The
 Majority to pass laws
delegates were in agreement
that a majority of votes could
pass laws and that the
proceedings of the convention
Paraphrasing must remain secret.

14. Homework
 Read the passage on the Constitution.
 Highlight what is important in the
article.
 Create bulleted notes in your own
words of the most important facts
from the article.
 Write a paraphrase of the article
from your bulleted notes.

15. Bullets for Homework Article

16. Step 3 – Citing
Sources

17. Bibliography format
 MLA(Modern Language
Association)-7th edition
 Title – Bibliography vs. Works Cited
4 essentials: alphabetize
citations, period at end of each
citation, indent 2nd (and 3rd)
lines, double space entire document

18. Citing Sources
There are two ways to cite your
sources:
 Bibliography or Works Cited at the
end of your project - This is always
required!
 Parenthetical citations within the
text of your paper – You would add
this feature when you write a paper.

19. Parenthetical Citations
 Using Parenthetical Citations means citing
sources within the body of your paper.
 The purpose of a Parenthetical Citation is to
indicate specifically which information came
from which source.
 Each parenthetical citation should refer
clearly to one of the items in the Works Cited
list at the end of your paper.
 You will call your list of sources “Works Cited”
instead of “Bibliography.”

20. What a parenthetical citation
looks like:
A total of 74 delegates answered the
call to the Constitutional Convention.
Over the 4 months that it took to
create a new
constitution, however, only 55
delegates would make an
appearance. On average, 30
delegates attended each day. They
came from different backgrounds, but
all were landowners and most were
educated. They ranged in age from
26 to 81 (Hubbard-Brown 9).

21. From Works Cited page
Hubbard-Brown, Janet. How The
Constitution Was Created. New
York: Chelsea House, 2007. Print.

22. Parenthetical citations
For four months, in closed sessions, the delegates at the
Philadelphia Convention debated and re-wrote the articles of
the new Constitution. Main issues to decide were how much
power to allow the central government, how many
representatives in Congress to allow each state, and how
these representatives should be elected--directly by the
people or by the state legislators. The end result was a model
of cooperative statesmanship and the art of compromise
(National n. pag.). Of the original fifty-five delegates who
attended some or part of the sessions at the Philadelphia
Convention, thirty-nine signed. Washington’s diary noted that
after the last session the delegates “adjourned to the City
tavern, dined together and took a cordial leave of each other”
(Morris 223). What followed the Philadelphia Convention was
the most exciting and most important political contest the
United States had ever known. It was not like an ordinary
election, for the goal of the Federalists (as the friends of the
Constitution began calling themselves) was not to get a set of
candidates elected to office but to get the Constitution
adopted. The goal of the anti-Federalists (as the opponents
began to be called) was to prevent its adoption (McDonald
93).

23. Works Cited
McDonald, Forrest. Enough Wise Men: The Story of
Our Constitution. New York: G. P.
Putnam’s
Sons, 1970. Print.
Morris, Richard B. Witnesses at the Creation. New
York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985. Print.
National Archives. “Constitution of the United
States.” Charters of Freedom. Web. 19 Oct.
2011.

24. Parenthetical Citations from a
non-print source
With most electronic or website
sources, you do not have page
numbers to use in your parenthetical
citations.
Here’s what you do:
(Franklin n.pag.)
(National n.pag.)

25. What does a complete and correct Works
Cited/Bibliography look like?
Works Cited (or Bibliography)
“Address Supporting the Constitution.” American History Online. Web.
19 Oct. 2011.
Hubbard-Brown, Janet. How The Constitution Was Created. New
York: Chelsea House, 2007. Print.
McDonald, Forrest. Enough Wise Men: The Story of Our Constitution.
New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1970. Print.
Morris, Richard B. Witnesses at the Creation. New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, 1985. Print.
National Archives. “Constitution of the United States.” Charters of
Freedom. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.

26. LibGuide
http://westminsterschools.libguides.com
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48&sid=2212170