Plagiarism and apa style

INTEGRATING SOURCES,
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
&
DOCUMENTING SOURCES
Submitted by: Dipak kushwaha

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Integrating Sources
2. HowTo Integrate Sources
3. Synthesizing Sources
4. Plagiarism
5. HowToAvoid Plagiarism
6. Apa Style (MeaningAndWhy Use It)
7. Types Of Apa Paper
8. Formatting Guidelines
9. General Format (Title Page,Abstract And Main Body)
10. Parenthetical References
11. Preparing Reference List
12. References

INTEGRATING SOURCES
Using information found from sources that you have
researched from in your work while still giving credit to
the original source.
Helps provide support to the idea or claim of your paper.
Helps show the readers what you have researched on
the topic and where additional and detailed information
relating to the topic can be found.

HOWTO INTEGRATE SOURCES?
Paraphrasing:
 Paraphrasing is presenting the idea or information of your
source in your own words.
 Generally shorter than the original passage but still contains
most of the detail of the original.
 The original passage must be cited as you are using its idea.

1.Guides for paraphrasing:
 Read the source and understand it.
 Write down the key points.
 Rewrite the information using your own words.
 Compare the paraphrase with original passage to see if it gives
the idea of the original passage.

 An example of paraphrasing:
Original: One reason for the crisis is that present mandatory-
attendance laws force many to attend school who have no
wish to be there. Such children have little desire to learn and
are so antagonistic to school that neither they nor more highly
motivated students receive the quality education that is the
birthright of every American.(Roger Sipher, 1977)
Paraphrase: According to Sipher, “Compulsory-attendance
laws in America are forcing children who have no interest in
pursuing education to go to school. This is rendering them and
other children who genuinely wish to learn being unable to get
proper education.”(1977)

Things to consider while paraphrasing:
 Use different wordings and sentence structure.
 Make the length of the paraphrase similar to that of the original
passage.
 Don’t include your own thoughts and opinions.
 Quote any key words or phrases that you have taken from the
original text.

Quoting:
 Quoting is presenting the information present in the source,
without altering it, in your work.
 The quotation must exactly match the original text.
 The text must be between quotation marks.
 The author of the original text must be cited.

Tips for when to quote:
 Quotations should be used when the original words of the
author is likely easier to be communicated to the audience.
 Quotations should be used if the main idea of the text can be
lost during paraphrasing or summarizing the text.
 Quotations should not be used frequently. A text should only be
quoted if it adds meaning and support to your work.

Example of quotation:
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it was their first time"
(p. 199).

Summarizing:
 Summarizing is presenting only the main idea of the source in
your own words. It gives the general overview of what the
original text is trying to say.
 Summaries are shorter than the original text they only contain
the main point of the original text.
 The source must be cited when summarizing.

Guides for summarizing:
 Read the entire text.
 Write down the main ideas and points of the text.
 Summarize all the main points into one main idea that the
original text is trying to tell in your own words.
 Compare with the original to see if the main idea is being
expressed.

Example of summary:
 Original: One reason for the crisis is that present mandatory-
attendance laws force many to attend school who have no wish to be
there. Such children have little desire to learn and are so antagonistic
to school that neither they nor more highly motivated students receive
the quality education that is the birthright of every American.(Roger
Sipher, 1977)
 Summary:According to Sipher, the education that American children
deserve is being compromised due to compulsory attendance laws.(1977)

Things to consider while summarizing:
Use your own wording.
Include only the main point of the text.
Don’t include unnecessary information.
Don’t give your own thoughts and opinions.

SYNTHESIZING SOURCES
Synthesizing sources means to take ideas from various
sources and use them together to support your own
idea or claim.
Synthesizing sources helps provide different
perspectives on the main idea of your work.
Synthesizing helps to reach a broader conclusion.

Types of syntheses:
 Explanatory Synthesis: Explanatory synthesis is the
combination of information from various sources in order to
elaborate on a certain topic.
 Argumentative synthesis: argumentative synthesis involves
bringing together information from different sources to prove
your claim or point.

Steps to synthesize sources:
 Write down the key points made in your sources.
 Organize the information taken from various sources.
 Show the relationship between the information taken from
different sources.
 Integrate the information taken from the various sources into
your work to support your claim.

PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism refers to use of other peoples ideas, thoughts
and expressions without addressing the original source.
According to Merriam-webster online dictionary, to
plagiarize means “to commit literary theft: present as new and
original an idea or product derived from an existing source.”
Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional.

PLAGIARISM
Consequences of Plagiarism:
Receiving a failing grade.
Expulsion from the academic institution.
Leaves a bad impression of the writer.
It can lead to legal actions being taken.

HOWTO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
 Paraphrasing and summarizing the information from the source.
 Quoting the original source if the exact words are taken from
the source.
 Citing the paraphrases, summaries and quotations.
 Adding references for the sources cited in the work.

What needs to be cited?
Cite direct quotes that you have used.
Paraphrases and summaries used in your work from
sources.
Graphs, statistics, tables ,charts, etc that you have
obtained from a source.

What does not need to be cited?
Information that is considered common knowledge.
Established and well known facts.
Your own ideas and expressions.

DIFFERENT CITATION STYLES
APA (American PsychologicalAssociation) Citation Style
MLA (Modern LanguageAssociation) Citation Style
Chicago Citation Style
AAA (American AnthropologicalAssociation) Citation
Style, etc.

APA STYLE
https://www.apa.org/

APA STYLE – WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
Described in the style guide of theAmerican
PsychologicalAssociation
Writing style for academic documents and
books
Commonly used in the disciplines of -
behavioural and social sciences, business, and
nursing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style

WHY USE APA?
 Easier for readers to understand a text by providing familiar
structure to follow.
 Simplifies the work of the editors as everyone uses the same
format for a specific purpose.
 Shows how other sources should be credited through in-text
citations and references
 Also determines –
o format of research paper
o Organisation of information
 Establish ethos by referring to standard or reliable source.

TYPES OF APA PAPER
1.The Literature Review:
 Summarizes scientific literature on a particular
research topic
 Includes:
Title page
Introduction
List of references

TYPES OF APA PAPER
2. The Experimental Report:
 Describes your experimental research
 Includes:
 Title page
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods, Results, and Discussion sections
 Additional experiments (if you did more than one)
 List of references
 Appendices
 Tables and Figures

TYPES OF APA PAPER
If your paper fits neither category:
Follow the general format

FORMATTING GUIDELINES OF
PAPER
• One inch margin(on all side)
• Use 12-14 pts standard format(times new roman)
• Double spacing
• Active voice and point of view
• Language
 Avoid poetic language
 Bias in language
 Clear, simple, descriptive adjective
• Order and pagination
 title>abstract>body>references>appendices>footnote>table>figure

FORMAT GUIDELINE OF PAPER
 Every page of your essay should include:
 A page header (Title, all caps) in the upper left-hand corner
 The page number in the upper right

GENERAL FORMAT
REFERENCE
MAINBODY
Abstract
Titlepage

ABSTRACT PAGE
Abstract : it is
the summary of
paper about
150-200 words

MAIN BODY
Main body:
It contain the main
topic with thesis
statement. And thesis
sentence supported by
other paragraph with
supportive evidence
like example, data
facts
This main body may contain other’s definition views, resources and many more.To avoid from
such plagiarism we use in text citation(parenthetical) reference.

PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES/IN-TEXT CITATION
Include the following information:
1.Name of the author
2.Publication date
3.the page, paragraph, chapter, section, or
time stamp (if quoted directly)
• Parenthetical references refer the sources in the reference list at the end of
the paper.

GUIDELINES FOR PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES
 Refer to the author in the text along with the year of
publication.
For e.g. "It appears, accordingly, from the experience of all ages
and nations, I believe, that the work done by freemen comes
cheaper in the end than that performed by slaves." (Adam
Smith, 1776)
After referring to the author the first time, you can refer to the
same author second time without date of publication as long as
it is clear that you are referring to the same source.

 If author’s name is not given, shortened version of the title
should be used. In the above example, “(Wealth of Nations
1776)” should have been added in the end, if the name of author
was not identified.
 If citing multiple works by same author(s) published in the same
year, add lowercase letters at the end of the year of publication.
For e.g. (Rand, 1950a), (Rand 1950b), (Rand 1950c) etc.

 For multiple authors:
2 authors: cite both names and year
 Example: (Drucker, Friedman, 1988)
3 to 5 authors: cite all authors at first and for subsequent
references name the first author followed by et al.
Example: (Smith, Hume, Solo, 1778)
For 6 or more authors: name the first author followed by et al.
 Example: (Musk et al., 2011)

 If the source is found on another source, indicate both.
For e.g. Ayn Rand asserted … (as cited in Free Market Revolution,2012, p. 334)
 In in-text references, personal communication and interviews should be provided
by including the person’s name, the phrase “personal communication” and the
date.
For instance, “(R. Epstein, personal communication, February 23, 2012)” should
be added if any statement made by Richard Epstein on 23rd Feb, 2012 after
writing his statement in the work.

 If you are citing an entire website, provide the address of the site
within the text of your paper.
For e.g. The APA Style website is a good source of information
on using APA style properly (http://www.apastyle.org).

PREPARING REFERENCE LIST
 Begin with the left margin, indenting subsequent line one-half inch.
 Authors’ surname should be at front followed by their first name – separated by
comma.
 References must be arranged alphabetically by authors’
last name.
 If the authors’ name is not given, then by the first major word
of the title.
 If the reference includes multiple sources by same person, it should be listed by the
year of publication – starting from the earliest.
 Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by journal in its title.
For e.g. if the title is “Research & Development” writing “Research and
Development” is not permitted.

• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
• When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, or webpages,
capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first
word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
Note:
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works
such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
Only first word
capitalized
Other
Sources
All major words
capitalized
Academic
Sources

libguides.cmich.edu

APA:DIFFERENT CITATION
Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year).Title of article. Title of Periodical,
volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
 Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).Title of article. Title ofJournal,
volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from
https://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal
of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from
https://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
 Article in Journal Paginated byVolume
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal
articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

 Article in Journal Paginated by Issue
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
 Article in a Magazine
Henry,W. A., III. (1990, April). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
 Article in a Newspaper
Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The
CountryToday, pp. 1A, 2A.

Basic Format for Books
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
 Books by one author
Harrari,Y. N. (2011). Sapiens: A brief History of humankind. Israel: Harper.
 Books by two to seven authors
Hill, C.W. L & McShane, S. L. (2006). Principles of management. New Delhi:Tata Mc-Graw-Hill.
 Books by eight or more authors
Mulvaney, S. A., Mudasiru, E., Schlundt, D. G., Baughma,C. L., Fleming, M.,VanderWoude, A., . . .
Rothman, R. (2008). Self-management inType 2 diabetes:The adolescent perspective.The
Diabetes Educator, 34, 118-127.

 Edited Book, No Author
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up
poor. NewYork, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
 Edited Book with an Author or two to seven Authors
Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals. K.V. Kukil (Ed.). NewYork, NY:
Anchor.
 ATranslation
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W.Truscott &
F. L. Emory,Trans.). NewYork, NY: Dover. (Original work published
1814)

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication).Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor &
B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: A
metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib
(Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). NewYork, NY:
Springer.

Web Page
Author, A. A. & Author B. B. (Date of publication).Title of page [Format description when
necessary]. Retrieved from https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Eco, U. (2015). How to write a thesis [PDF file]. (Farina C. M. & Farina F.,Trans.) Retrieved
from https://www.researchgate.net/...How_to_write_a_thesis/.../Umberto+Eco-
How+to+Write+... (Original work published 1977).
 If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. If the date of publication is
not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).
Spotlight Resources. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/about_the_owl/owl_information/spotlight_resources.ht
ml

Web Page
 You only need to include a date of access when the page's content is likely to
change over time.
Purdue University Writing Lab [Facebook page]. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22,
2019, from https://www.facebook.com/PurdueUniversityWritingLab/
National security archive. (2009). Retrieved from George Washington University
website: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/
Video Blog Post
Harari,Y. N. (2015, July 24).Why humans run the world [Video File]. Retrieved
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzj7Wg4DAbs
University Program Web Site

Presentation Slides
 Smith, C. (2017). AI and Machine Learning Demystified [Presentation slides]. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine- learning-demystified-by-carol-
smith-at-midwest-ux-2017
Article from a Database
 Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number (issue number if available), page range. Retrieved
from https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/.
 Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of
peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3), 120-125. Retrieved from
https://www.fakeexamplehomepage.com/full/url/

Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned
 Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).Title of article. Title ofJournal, volume
number(issue number if available), page range. doi:0000000/000000000000 or
https://doi.org/10.0000/0000
 Brownlie, D. (2007).Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated
bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283.
doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI
Assigned
 Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from
https://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/
 Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human
rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from
https://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

Newspaper Article
Note that the APA recommends using the homepage address for the online
newspaper, rather than the full URL for the article itself.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day).Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
https://www.homeaddress.com/
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The
NewYorkTimes. Retrieved from https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/
Electronic Books
Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Retrieved from
https://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio? inkey=1-9780931686108-0

REFERENCES:
 APA Style. (n.d.). Retrieved January 6, 2020, from
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation
 APA Style: Citing websites and web pages. (2010). Retrieved from
https://courses.semo.edu/library/infolit/apastyle_web.htm
 EdVidDZReginaSK. (Sep 22, 2014). What is APA Style? [Video File]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yg2cjUucleU
 Introduction to APA. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/introduction-apa.
 Kirszner , L. G. & Mandell, S. R. (2012). Patterns for CollegeWriting – A
Rhetorical Reader and Guide.(12th ed.). NewYork: St. Martin’s Press.
 References PageTemplate (APA). (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://writingcommons.org/article/references-page-template-
apa/.

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