This document provides a summary of the history and technology of piping. It discusses ancient uses of piping in Mesopotamia and Rome, as well as modern standards and codes governing piping systems in the United States, North America, and Europe. Key topics covered include pipe materials, fabrication, mechanical properties, stresses on pipes from internal and external pressures, corrosion protection, and repair techniques. The document traces the evolution of piping from its early uses to its widespread applications today.

1. Pipe, piping, an
d pipeline
Yudha satria
2011

2. History of piping technology..
• 3000 BC mesopotamia use baked clay to water
distribution
• 1000 BC blacksmith weld metal by heating and
hammering hot metals
• 400 BC rome use cylindrical and triangular
pipe
• Nowadays, pipe used everywhere..

3. International codes and standard guide..
• United States
ASME B 31.X for piping system
ASME B 16.X for for pipe flanges and fitting
• North america and europe
“NPS” Nominal Pipe Size used in north
america
“DN” Diametre Nominal used in europe

4. Detailed codes..
• For pipe sizes less than NPS 14 inch (DN 350), both
methods give a nominal value for the OD that is
rounded off and is not the same as the actual OD. For
example, NPS 2 inch and DN 50 are the same pipe, but
the actual OD is 2.375 inches or 60.33 millimetres. The
only way to obtain the actual OD is to look it up in a
reference table.
• For pipe sizes of NPS 14 inch (DN 350) and greater the
NPS size is the actual diameter in inches and the DN
size is equal to NPS times 25 (not 25.4) rounded to a
convenient multiple of 50. For example, NPS 14 has an
OD of 14 inches or 355.60 millimetres, and is
equivalent to DN 350.

5. IPS,sch number,
• Schedule number : an old agreement to
express pipe wall thickness. Till today,origin of
number 20,40,60 etc,remain unanswered..
1955 wall thickness Gathered from :

6. IPS The Iron pipe size
• Still used today
• The IPS number is the same as the NPS number
• but the schedules were limited to Standard Wall
(STD), Extra Strong (XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS)
• STD is identical to SCH 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS
10, inclusive, and indicates .375" wall thickness for NPS
12 and larger.
• XS is identical to SCH 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS
8, inclusive, and indicates .500" wall thickness for NPS
8 and larger
• XXS is in fact thicker than SCH 160 for NPS 1/8" to 6"
inclusive, whereas SCH 160 is thicker than XXS for NPS
8" and larger

7. Type of pipe..
• Seamless Pipe
• Seam Welded Pipe

8. Fabrication of steel pipe..

9. Fabrication of pipe fittings..

10. Mechanical properties..
• Yield stress, ultimate strength and elongation
at rupture are fundamental mechanical
properties of pipe and fitting materials.
• They reflect the ability of the material to be
fabricated and to resist applied loads in
service.
• All three properties are essential for piping
systems

11. Strength..

12. Hardness..
• Hardness is the resistance of a
material to indentation by a
hard object of standard shape
pushed with a predefined force
against the surface.
• Hardness is an interesting
property because it
is, indirectly, a reflection of
tensile strength and ductility

13. toughness..
• Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb
impact energy prior to rup- ture. It is also
defined as the material's ability to absorb
plastic energy, dynamic or static

14. Fatigue..
• Fatigue strength is the ability of a material to
sustain cyclic stresses without developing a
propagating crack. Fatigue strength of base
metals and the unique aspects of the fatigue
strength of pipefittings

15. Physical properties..
• Physical properties include density or specific
gravity, Young's modulus and coefficient of
thermal expansion.

16. Internal pressure..
• Consider a straight section of pipe filled with a
pressurized liquid or gas. The internal pressure
generates three principal stresses in the pipe
wall,
• a hoop stress (also referred to as
circumferential or tangen- tial
stress), longitudinal stress (also referred to as
axial stress), and a radial stress.

17. External pressure..
• If the external pressure is steadily
increased, there will come a point where the
cylinder will suddenly buckle.
• If the cylinder is long and thin, this buckling
will occur while the cylinder wall is still elastic.
• The external pressure at which elastic buckling
occurs is called the critical elastic pressure

18. Explosion..
• Deflagration and detonation are the propagation of a
combustion zone at subsonic and supersonic
velocity, respectively.
• Explosion is generally defined as the resulting burst of the
containing tank, vessel or pipe.
• The pressure wave that accompanies a deflagration
progresses relatively slowly, for example at about 3 ft/sec
(for hydrocarbon-air mixtures) and lasts from milliseconds
to seconds.
• The pressure wave that accompanies detonation travels at
supersonic velocities, near Mach 5, in the order of 5000 to
9,000 ft/sec [Lees] and even 2700 ft/sec for high explosives

19. Defining allowable op pressure..
• Pressure limits

20. Subsea pipelines..
• Pipelines assembly
– S-curve: The pipeline is
assembled horizontally on
the lay vessel and lowered
with a smooth S shape.
– Tow: The pipeline is
assembled on shore then
towed on buoys to its final
location and sunk in place
– J-curve: The pipeline is
assembled vertically on the
lay vessel and lowered with
a smooth J shape.

21. Burried pipe..
• Soil loads
• Thermal expansion and contraction
• Ground movement
• Seismic
• corrosion

22. Corrosion..
• Sacrificing anodic
• coating

23. Welding..
• Arc welding..
• Seamless welding..

24. Repair technique..
• Bolted Pipe Clamps
• Flange Insert Clamps (Insert Ring or Tongue Clamps)
• Simple Pipe Clamps with Single Plane Lug Plates
• Clamp Bolts
• Elbow Clamps
• Sealants
• Lap Patches
• Welding Caps
• Welded-on Nozzle
• Full Encirclement Welded Sleeve Without End Plates

25. Piping world
today..

26. Quotes for
today..