Pinker Chapter 3 Presentation
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The document discusses Steven Pinker's argument that thought is not dependent on or the same as language. It summarizes Pinker's view that people think in a "language of thought" called mentalese, not in any specific spoken language. Pinker cites examples showing how thoughts can occur without words, such as when people misspeak or babies think before speaking. The document also examines studies that questioned claims that aspects of language shape thought.
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O V E R V I E W
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1-256-37427-X
Understanding Psychology, Ninth Edition, by Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.
“At the Braefield School for the Deaf, I met Joseph, a boyof 11 who had just entered school for the first time—an11-year-old with no language whatever. He had been
born deaf, but this had not been realized until he was in his
fourth year. His failure to talk, or understand speech, at the
normal age was put down to ‘retardation,’ then to ‘autism,’ and
these diagnoses had clung to him. When his deafness finally
became apparent he was seen as ‘deaf and dumb,’ dumb not
only literally, but metaphorically, and there was never any
attempt to teach him language.
Joseph longed to communicate, but could not. Neither
speaking nor writing nor signing was available to him, only ges-
tures and pantomimes, and a marked ability to draw. What has
happened to him? I kept asking myself. What is going on inside,
how has he come to such a pass? He looked alive and ani-
mated, but profoundly baffled: His eyes were attracted to
speaking mouths and signing hands—they darted to our
mouths and hands, inquisitively, uncomprehendingly, and, it
seemed to me, yearningly. He perceived that something was
‘going on’ between us, but he could not comprehend what it
was—he had, as yet, almost no idea of symbolic communica-
tion, of what it was to have a symbolic currency, to exchange
meaning. . . .
Joseph was unable, for example, to communicate how he
had spent the weekend. . . . It was not only language that was
217
missing: there was not, it was evident, a clear sense of the past,
of ‘a day ago’ as distinct from ‘a year ago.’ There was a strange
lack of historical sense, the feeling of a life that lacked autobio-
graphical and historical dimension . . .a life that only existed in
the moment, in the present. . . .
Joseph saw, distinguished, categorized, used; he had no
problems with perceptual categorization or generaliz.
Week 3 LIN321
The document discusses how language may influence thought and behavior. It provides examples of how different languages categorize concepts like colors differently, using kinship terms to reflect cultural values, and acquiring communicative competence to understand social norms. While early studies by Whorf and Sapir supported the idea that language shapes thought, their work has also faced criticisms over questionable methodology. More recent experiments testing this Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have yielded mixed results.
Language
Language is the primary way humans gain information about the world. It has mutually agreed upon rules and grammar, and is intended to be creative and open-ended. There are debates around whether animals can truly communicate through language. There are also debates around the theories of how words gain meaning, including definition theory, denotation theory, and image theory. Language can be ambiguous, vague, use metaphor and irony, leading to potential misunderstandings. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language shapes thought, while critics argue thought can exist independently of language.
Philosophy of Language
One of the most fundamental questions asked in Philosophy of Language is "What is language (in general terms)?"
According to semiotics (the study of sign processes in communication, and of how meaning is constructed and understood), language is the mere manipulation and use of symbols in order to draw attention to signified content, in which case humans would not be the sole possessors of language skills.
'Language of Motivation,' for KidsTLC, Inc.; March, 2013
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Week 3 LIN321
The document discusses how language may influence thought and behavior. It provides examples of how the words used in different languages can shape perceptions of concepts like color. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language affects how its speakers think and experience the world. While early studies provided examples of this, their methods were questionable and criticisms have been made. More rigorous experiments on topics like color identification have found some support for the idea that language influences cognition, but the degree of this effect is still debated.
Language and Self A level Cambridge presentation
This document discusses theories of how language and personal identity interact and develop. It explores how a sense of self emerges from early childhood as physical, linguistic, social and cognitive skills develop. Language plays a vital role in shaping self-identity and how people interact. Theories discussed include behaviorism, which sees identity and language arising from observation and imitation, and innatism/nativism, which posit humans are born with abilities and ideas that enable language acquisition. The development of language and self is influenced by social and family relationships throughout life.
Giving able pupils a solid theoretical framework for analysing language
The transcript captures communications between US A-10 pilots and US Forward Air Controllers on the ground as the pilots engage what they believe to be enemy vehicles but turn out to be British armored vehicles, resulting in the killing of British soldiers. The pilots see vehicles with what they think are rocket launchers based on orange panels, but the Forward Air Controllers had not cleared the area of friendly forces. It becomes clear too late that the pilots had engaged British friendlies rather than enemy targets.
Language Is An Innate Function Of Human Nature
The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the language we speak shapes how we think. It outlines both the pros and cons of this hypothesis. On the one hand, some evidence from studies on color categorization and spatial frameworks seem to support the idea that language influences thought. However, critics argue that the hypothesis is too extreme since people can still understand concepts that their language may not directly translate. Overall, the document presents a balanced view of the ongoing debate around the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
9e ch 09
This document discusses thinking and language. It covers key topics like concepts, problem solving, decision making and judgment formation as they relate to thinking. It also discusses language structure, development and the relationship between the brain and language. The document examines thinking in animals and whether they exhibit language-like communication. While animals can think and communicate to some degree, they lack the full syntax and linguistic abilities of human language according to the conclusion.
ch 10 thinking & language
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 10 of Psychology (9th Edition) by David Myers on thinking and language. It discusses several topics:
1. Thinking processes like concepts, problem solving, decision making and judgments.
2. Language development in humans from babbling to multi-word speech.
3. The influence of language on thinking and theories on the relationship between the two.
4. Whether animals exhibit thinking and language, looking at studies of animal cognition and communication.
The Theory Of Language Development
Here are the key points about Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar according to the information provided:
- Chomsky argues that all human beings are born with an innate, biologically determined language acquisition device (LAD) in the brain.
- The LAD encodes the major principles of grammar that are common to all human languages, which Chomsky calls Universal Grammar.
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- According to Chomsky, children could not learn language through imitation alone from the speech they hear, as adult speech is often ungrammatical.
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Languages a question of brain
This document discusses the brain's role in acquiring multiple languages. It describes the main parts of the brain and how different regions are associated with various functions like vision, speech, and memory. The document then compares the brains of polyglots who speak many languages to monolinguals. While early studies found differences in brain structures, it remains unclear if these are innate or develop through language learning. Research shows multilingual brains have distinct neural activity patterns and are more efficient at focusing on relevant information. Bilinguals can switch between the typical thought patterns of each of their languages, demonstrating flexibility. The document debates the extent to which language shapes thought and discusses theories of language acquisition.
Essay On Language
Language plays a powerful role in transmitting knowledge from a very early age, but it does not completely control our other ways of knowing. While language can influence our perceptions and thoughts on subtle, unconscious levels, it is also influenced by perception, emotion, and reason. The relationship between language and our other ways of knowing is highly interconnected, with each having some impact on the others. The statement that language controls all other ways of knowing is an extreme view that does not fully consider the complex, two-way interactions between language and our senses, feelings, and logical reasoning.
Language - An Introduction
An introduction to Language for the SMMMASH of April 18, 2013, at Stanford University http://www.scaruffi.com/stanford/tour2012.html
Making the words roar, march 2004 (1)4
This document discusses strategies for teaching reading based on Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. It describes how reading instruction can incorporate spatial, kinesthetic, logical, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist intelligences. Specific strategies are provided like using gestures for phonemes, acting out stories, treating reading like hypothesis testing, incorporating music, connecting texts to students' emotions, considering social contexts, and using nature-themed materials. The goal is to engage more types of learners and help every student experience the power of reading.
Revision of Psycholinguistics
This document discusses psycholinguistics and the connection between language and thought. Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental aspects of language and speech. The relationship between language and thought is profound, as thinking often involves internal or external use of language. There are differing views on whether thought is possible without language, and if language determines thought or merely assists it. Most experts argue that language assists thought by providing new ideas, changing beliefs, and aiding memory, but thought is not entirely dependent on language and can exist independently.
Lec12
It is a nptel course pdf made available here from its official nptel website . Its full credit goes to nptel itself . I am just sharing it here as i thought it would help someone in need of it . It is a course of INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED COGNITIVE PROCESSES
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