Pierre's Story
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Pierre had been taking a brand name drug for years, even after a generic version became available, because the co-pay was the same. However, his employer implemented a generic substitution policy, and Quebec regulations meant he was only reimbursed 66% of the brand name drug's cost instead of his usual co-pay. Over the years, choosing the brand name drug cost Pierre and his plan hundreds of dollars more for the same medication. Now, members like Pierre face a choice as the 66% reimbursement rule is eliminated, and Pierre will only be reimbursed the generic drug's cost even if he takes the brand name. So the question of whether to choose brand or generic no longer arises for Pierre, as the
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Pierre had been taking a brand name drug for years, even after a generic version became available, because his co-pay was the same. However, his employer implemented generic substitution in 2013, and Quebec regulations meant Pierre was still reimbursed for most of the brand name drug's cost. Beginning in October 2015, Pierre now faces having to pay more out-of-pocket for the brand name versus the generic. The true costs are now apparent, so Pierre chose the cheaper generic option.
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Pierre had been taking a brand name drug for years, even after a generic version became available, because his co-pay was the same. However, his employer implemented generic substitution in 2013, and Quebec regulations meant Pierre was still reimbursed for most of the brand name drug's cost. Beginning in October 2015, Pierre now faces having to pay more out-of-pocket for the brand name versus the generic. The true costs are now apparent, so Pierre chose the cheaper generic option.
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THE SPECIAL SENCES- Unlocking the Wonders of the Special Senses: Sight, Sound...
Title: Unlocking the Wonders of the Special Senses: Sight, Sound, Smell, Taste, and Balance
Introduction:
Welcome to our captivating SlideShare presentation on the Special Senses, where we delve into the extraordinary capabilities that allow us to perceive and interact with the world around us. Join us on a sensory journey as we explore the intricate structures and functions of sight, sound, smell, taste, and balance.
The special senses are our primary means of experiencing and interpreting the environment, each sense providing unique and vital information that shapes our perceptions and responses. These senses are facilitated by highly specialized organs and complex neural pathways, enabling us to see a vibrant sunset, hear a symphony, savor a delicious meal, detect a fragrant flower, and maintain our equilibrium.
In this presentation, we will:
Visual System (Sight): Dive into the anatomy and physiology of the eye, exploring how light is converted into electrical signals and processed by the brain to create the images we see. Understand common vision disorders and the mechanisms behind corrective measures like glasses and contact lenses.
Auditory System (Hearing): Examine the structures of the ear and the process of sound wave transduction, from the outer ear to the cochlea and auditory nerve. Learn about hearing loss, auditory processing, and the advances in hearing aid technology.
Olfactory System (Smell): Discover the olfactory receptors and pathways that enable the detection of thousands of different odors. Explore the connection between smell and memory and the impact of olfactory disorders on quality of life.
Gustatory System (Taste): Uncover the taste buds and the five basic tastes – sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Delve into the interplay between taste and smell and the factors influencing our food preferences and eating habits.
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Through engaging visuals, interactive diagrams, and insightful explanations, we aim to illuminate the complexities of the special senses and their profound impact on our daily lives. Whether you're a student, educator, or simply curious about how we perceive the world, this presentation will provide valuable insights into the remarkable capabilities of the human sensory system.
Join us as we unlock the wonders of the special senses and gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate mechanisms that allow us to experience the richness of our environment.
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Fit to Fly PCR Covid Testing at our Clinic Near You
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPT
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
nursing management of patient with Empyema ppt
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
Empyema usually develops after pneumonia, which is an infection of the lung tissue. it is mainly caused due in infectious micro-organisms. It can be treated with medications and other measures.
Electrocardiogram_20240614_173859_0000.pdf
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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Pierre's Story
- 1. Pierre has been taking the same drug on a daily basis for a few years. Meet Pierre.
- 2. Although a generic version of the brand drug Pierre takes daily came out several years ago, Pierre said why not, and decided to continue with the brand, as it offered the same co-pay as the generic Why not?
- 3. In 2013, like other organisations, Pierre’s employer put in place Generic Substitution Generic Substitution
- 4. But Quebec regulations meant that he was still reimbursed for 66% of the drug’s cost, instead of his regular co-pay. Additional costs His employer had to pay the difference.
- 5. But Pierre figured why not, even though choosing the generic drug would provide his plan with substantial savings and he had heard that the generic was just as effective as the brand. Still… why not?
- 6. Lost savings Over the years, choosing the brand over the generic has cost Pierre and his plan hundreds of dollars for essentially the exact same medication.
- 7. A big change Now, members like Pierre face a choice
- 8. True costs are now apparent The elimination of the 66% rule means that Pierre will only be reimbursed for the cost of the generic, even if he sticks with the brand.
- 9. Pierre used to ask why not continue using the brand? But the generic option: • Will cost him less out-of-pocket • Offers the same health impacts
- 10. So the question does not arise anymore Pierre chose the generic!
Editor's Notes
- Voici Pierre. Pierre prend le même médicament sur une base quotidienne depuis quelques années. Meet Pierre. Pierre has been taking the same drug on a daily basis for a few years.
- « Pourquoi changer? » Même s’il existe une version générique du médicameent de Pierre depuis plusieurs années, Pierre s’est toujours dit « Pourquoi changer? » Il a choisi de continuer d’acheter le médicament de marque originale puisque son régime d’assurance le remboursait au même niveau que le générique.
- Substitution générique En 2013, l’employeur de Pierre a mis en place la clause du remboursement des médicaments basé sur le prix d’un générique de façon à ce que les employés aient à débourser la différence de coûts entre le médicament de marque et le générique. Generic Substitution
- Coûts supplémentaires Cependant, Pierre a toujours obtenu un remboursement de 66 % du coût de son médicament plutôt que ce qui était prévu à son contrat. En raison de certaines dispositions de la loi au Québec, son régime devait payer davantage pour combler la différence.
- Encore une fois… « Pourquoi changer? » Même si on lui a dit que le médicament générique était tout aussi efficace que le médicament de marque et que son régime pourrait économiser s’il choisissait le générique, Pierre s’est encore dit: « Pourquoi changer? »
- Économies perdues Au fil du temps, choisir le médicament de marque plutôt que le générique aura coûté à Pierre des centaines de dollars et à son régime des miliers de dollars pour, en bout de ligne, la même médication.
- Un vent de changement À compter du 1er octobre 2015, Pierre et de nombreux autres adhérents auront un nouveau choix à faire.
- Des coûts supplémentaires… maintenant apparents Avec l’élimination de la règle du 66 %, Pierre recevra maintenant le remboursement équivalent au générique, même s’il continue d’acheter le médicament de marque.
- Pierre s’est toujours dit : « Pourquoi changer? » Mais choisir le générique : Lui coûtera moins cher Lui offrira les mêmes résultats positifs sur sa santé
- Donc la vraie question pour Pierre maintenant est : « Pourquoi ne pas changer pour le générique? »