A supernova is an explosion of a massive supergiant star that may shine with the brightness of 10 billion suns. Supernovae are classified as Type I or Type II depending on their light curves and spectra. Type I supernovae exhibit sharp maxima that decay gradually and lack hydrogen, while Type II have less sharp peaks, decay more sharply, and contain hydrogen. Type Ia supernovae, specifically, have become important for measuring cosmological distances due to their reliable peak brightness.
Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...Lewis Larsen
HESS Collaboration has published important paper in Nature: detected gamma rays coming from Milky Way’s black hole indicating that PeV cosmic rays come from same source. Widom-Larsen-Srivastava theory provides many-body collective mechanism that can accelerate protons to PeV and higher energies in the immediate vicinity of such black holes. Cosmic ray particle energies depend upon field strength in magnetic structures, size of structure, and duration of charged particle accleration.
This is my first English project to complete my English Presentation. So, I think I’m not too good at English, I made it really simple because I was confuse what will I do.
Here, I try to learn about English. I apologize if I make any mistake. I’m really bad at English okay. But I will learn.
So this is tell us about supernova, and how supernova can be formed, type of supernova, and siclus of star. Thank you very much if you want to read this ^^
Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...Lewis Larsen
HESS Collaboration has published important paper in Nature: detected gamma rays coming from Milky Way’s black hole indicating that PeV cosmic rays come from same source. Widom-Larsen-Srivastava theory provides many-body collective mechanism that can accelerate protons to PeV and higher energies in the immediate vicinity of such black holes. Cosmic ray particle energies depend upon field strength in magnetic structures, size of structure, and duration of charged particle accleration.
This is my first English project to complete my English Presentation. So, I think I’m not too good at English, I made it really simple because I was confuse what will I do.
Here, I try to learn about English. I apologize if I make any mistake. I’m really bad at English okay. But I will learn.
So this is tell us about supernova, and how supernova can be formed, type of supernova, and siclus of star. Thank you very much if you want to read this ^^
Exploding stars 2011 Nobel Prize in PhysicsThomas Madigan
views
In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. Ever since, we have been striving to fully comprehend the implications of his discovery. Our understanding of the universe and our place in it has evolved from an anthropocentric, static, earth-centered model to a dynamic, evolving cosmos where galaxies are flung across time and space, where the cosmic horizon is quickly receding and the discoveries that await us are limited only by our imagination.
Based on Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding, a study was begun in 1998 to determine the expansion rate of the universe at great distances. Culminating with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to 2 Americans and an Australian, it was determined that the expansion rate of the universe is not decreasing but increasing at great distances, a finding that was quite unexpected and had far-reaching implications for our cosmological models and understanding of the expanding universe. In this presentation, I discuss this discovery in detail and how a specific type of exploding star (supernova) was used to make this discovery.
This public event was hosted at the Ross School (East Hampton, NY) by the Montauk Observatory on July 9th, 2014.
In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. Ever since, we have been striving to fully comprehend the implications of his discovery. Our understanding of the universe and our place in it has evolved from an anthropocentric, static, earth-centered model to a dynamic, evolving cosmos where galaxies are flung across time and space, where the cosmic horizon is quickly receding and the discoveries that await us are limited only by our imagination.
Based on Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding, a study was begun in 1998 to determine the expansion rate of the universe at great distances. Culminating with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to 2 Americans and an Australian, it was determined that the expansion rate of the universe is not decreasing but increasing at great distances, a finding that was quite unexpected and had far-reaching implications for our cosmological models and understanding of the expanding universe. In this presentation, I discuss this discovery in detail and how a specific type of exploding star (supernova) was used to make this discovery.
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
Exploding stars 2011 Nobel Prize in PhysicsThomas Madigan
views
In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. Ever since, we have been striving to fully comprehend the implications of his discovery. Our understanding of the universe and our place in it has evolved from an anthropocentric, static, earth-centered model to a dynamic, evolving cosmos where galaxies are flung across time and space, where the cosmic horizon is quickly receding and the discoveries that await us are limited only by our imagination.
Based on Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding, a study was begun in 1998 to determine the expansion rate of the universe at great distances. Culminating with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to 2 Americans and an Australian, it was determined that the expansion rate of the universe is not decreasing but increasing at great distances, a finding that was quite unexpected and had far-reaching implications for our cosmological models and understanding of the expanding universe. In this presentation, I discuss this discovery in detail and how a specific type of exploding star (supernova) was used to make this discovery.
This public event was hosted at the Ross School (East Hampton, NY) by the Montauk Observatory on July 9th, 2014.
In 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. Ever since, we have been striving to fully comprehend the implications of his discovery. Our understanding of the universe and our place in it has evolved from an anthropocentric, static, earth-centered model to a dynamic, evolving cosmos where galaxies are flung across time and space, where the cosmic horizon is quickly receding and the discoveries that await us are limited only by our imagination.
Based on Edwin Hubble’s discovery that the universe is expanding, a study was begun in 1998 to determine the expansion rate of the universe at great distances. Culminating with the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to 2 Americans and an Australian, it was determined that the expansion rate of the universe is not decreasing but increasing at great distances, a finding that was quite unexpected and had far-reaching implications for our cosmological models and understanding of the expanding universe. In this presentation, I discuss this discovery in detail and how a specific type of exploding star (supernova) was used to make this discovery.
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
Patrick Helmholz / Susanne Robra-Bissantz: Customer E-Services. Lecture at Summer School 2010, TU Braunschweig, on Corporate Communications 2.0. Braunschweig, 2010-07-22.
Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik, Abteilung Informationsmanagement (wi2).
This is a very broad overview of cosmology. It includes an introduction to galaxies, the large scale structure of the universe, black holes, and the fate of the universe. It is intended for teenagers and up.
Quasar and Microquasar Series - Microquasars in our GalaxySérgio Sacani
Microquasars are stellar-mass black holes in our Galaxy that mimic, on a smaller scale, many of the phenomena seen in
quasars. Their discovery opens the way for a new understanding of the connection between the accretion of matter
onto black holes and the origin of the relativistic jets observed in remote quasars.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Supernovae
A supernova is an explosion of a massive supergiant
star. It may shine with the brightness of 10 billion
suns! The total energy output may be 1044 joules, as
much as the total output of the sun during its 10
billion year lifetime. The likely scenario is that
fusion proceeds to build up a core of iron. The quot;iron
groupquot; of elements around mass number A=60 are
the most tightly bound nuclei, so no more energy
can be gotten from nuclear fusion.
Crab supernova remnant
In fact, either the fission or fusion of iron group elements
will absorb a dramatic amount of energy - like the film of a
nuclear explosion run in reverse. If the temperature increase
from gravitational collapse rises high enough to fuse iron,
the almost instantaneous absorption of energy will cause a
rapid collapse to reheat and restart the process. Out of
control, the process can apparently occur on the order of
seconds after a star lifetime of millions of years. Electrons
and protons fuse into neutrons, sending out huge numbers
of neutrinos. The outer layers will be opaque to neutrinos,
so the neutrino shock wave will carry matter with it in a
Cassiopeia A supernova
cataclysmic explosion.
remnant
Supernovae are classified as Type I or Type II depending upon the shape of their light
curves and the nature of their spectra
Type I and Type II Supernovae
Supernovae are classified as Type I if their light curves exhibit sharp maxima and then die
away gradually. The maxima may be about 10 billion solar luminosities. Type II
supernovae have less sharp peaks at maxima and peak at about 1 billion solar
luminosities. They die away more sharply than the Type I. Type II supernovae are not
observed to occur in elliptical galaxies, and are thought to occur in Population I type stars
in the spiral arms of galaxies. Type I supernovae occur typically in elliptical galaxies, so
they are probably Population II stars.
2. With the observation of a number of supernova in other galaxies, a more refined
classification of supernovae has been developed based on the observed spectra. They are
classified as Type I if they have no hydrogen lines in their spectra. The subclass type Ia
refers to those which have a strong silicon line at 615 nm. They are classified as Ib if they
have strong helium lines, and Ic if they do not. Type II supernovae have strong hydrogen
lines. These spectral features are illustrated below for specific supernovae.
3. Supernovae are classified as Type I if their light curves exhibit sharp maxima and then die
away smoothly and gradually. The model for the initiation of a Type I supernova is the
detonation of a carbon white dwarf when it collapses under the pressure of electron
degeneracy. It is assumed that the white dwarf accretes enough mass to exceed the
Chandrasekhar limit of 1.4 solar masses for a white dwarf. The fact that the spectra of
Type I supernovae are hydrogen poor is consistent with this model, since the white dwarf
has almost no hydrogen. The smooth decay of the light is also consistent with this model
since most of the energy output would be from the radioactive decay of the unstable
heavy elements produced in the explosion.
Type II supernovae are modeled as implosion-explosion events of a massive star. They
show a characteristic plateau in their light curves a few months after initiation. This
plateau is reproduced by computer models which assume that the energy comes from the
expansion and cooling of the star's outer envelope as it is blown away into space. This
model is corroborated by the observation of strong hydrogen and helium spectra for the
Type II supernovae, in contrast to the Type I. There should be a lot of these gases in the
extreme outer regions of the massive star involved.
Type II supernovae are not observed to occur in elliptical galaxies, and are thought to
occur in Population I type stars in the spiral arms of galaxies. Type Ia supernovae occur in
all kinds of galaxies, whereas Type Ib and Type Ic have been seen only in spiral galaxies
near sites of recent star formation (H II regions). This suggests that Types Ib and Ic are
associated with short-lived massive stars, but Type Ia is significantly different. .
.
The synthesis of the heavy elements is thought to occur in supernovae, that being the only
mechanism which presents itself to explain the observed abundances of heavy elements.
4. Type Ia Supernovae
Type Ia supernovae have become very important as the most reliable distance
measurement at cosmological distances, useful at distances in excess of 1000 Mpc.
One model for how a Type Ia supernova is produced involves the accretion of material to
a white dwarf from an evolving star as a binary partner. If the accreted mass causes the
white dwarf mass to exceed the Chandrasekhar limit of 1.44 solar masses, it will
catastrophically collapse to produce the supernova. Another model envisions a binary
system with a white dwarf and another white dwarf or a neutron star, a so-called quot;doubly
degeneratequot; model. As one of the partners accretes mass, it follows what Perlmutter calls
a quot;slow, relentless approach to a cataclysmic conclusionquot; at 1.44 solar masses. A white
dwarf involves electron degeneracy and a neutron star involves neutron degeneracy.
A critical aspect of these models is that they imply that a Type Ia supernova happens
when the mass passes the Chandrasekhar threshold of 1.44 solar masses, and therefore all
start at essentially the same mass. One would expect that the energy output of the
resulting detonation would always be the same. It is not quite that simple, but they seem
to have light curves that are closely related, and can be related to a common template.
Carroll and Ostlie summarize the character of a Type Ia supernova with the statement that
at maximum light they reach an average maximum magnitude in the blue and visible
wavelength bands of
with a typical spread of less than about 0.3 magnitudes. Their light curves vary in a
systematic way: the peak brightnesses and their subsequent rate of decay are inversely
proportional.
5. The above illustration is a qualitative sketch of the data reported by Perlmutter, Physics
Today 56, No.4, 53, 2003. It illustrates the results of careful study of supernova Type Ia
light curves which has led to two approaches for standardizing those curves. The above
curves illustrate the quot;stretch methodquot; in which the curves have been stretched or
compressed in time, and the standardized peak magnitude determined by the stretch
factor. With such a stretch, all the observed curves on the left converge to the template
curve on the right with very little scatter. Another method for standardizing the curves is
called the multicolor light curve shapes (MCLS) method. It compares the light curves to a
family of parameterized light curves to give the absolute magnitude of the supernova at
maximum brightness. The MCLS method allows the reddening and dimming effect of
interstellar dust to be detected and removed.
Carroll and Ostlie give as an example of distance determination the Type Ia supernova
SN 1963p in the galaxy NGC 1084 which had a measured apparent blue magnitude of B
= m = 14.0 at peak brilliance. There was a measured extinction of A = 0.49 magnitude.
Using the template maximum of M=19.6 gives a distance to the supernova
Distance uncertainties for Type Ia supernovae are thought to approach 5% or an
uncertainty of just 0.1 magnitude in the distance modulus, m-M.