Beats occur due to the interference of two waves with slightly different frequencies, causing the combined amplitude to vary over time at the beat frequency. The beat frequency is calculated as the absolute value of the difference between the two original frequencies. An example calculates a beat frequency of 370Hz from waves of 750Hz and 380Hz. Another example determines a piano note frequency of 444Hz from a tuning fork at 440Hz producing 8 beats over 2 seconds.
Noise Error Calculation : Averaging and Industrial Standards (Formula)Gan Chun Chet
Averaging noise frequency is a quick way that requires to be "added-in" or "multiplied by a factor". As for Industrial Standards/Regulations, it is based on Sound Intensity Level IL. This .pdf provides the values (to be interpolated for in between figures) as well as the formula used in the industry.
Noise Error Calculation : Averaging and Industrial Standards (Formula)Gan Chun Chet
Averaging noise frequency is a quick way that requires to be "added-in" or "multiplied by a factor". As for Industrial Standards/Regulations, it is based on Sound Intensity Level IL. This .pdf provides the values (to be interpolated for in between figures) as well as the formula used in the industry.
A learning object that explains the concept of how constructive and destructive interference between two sound waves with varying frequncies produces beats. Practice problems with answers are included to improve understanding.
Using multiple choice, my LO will help one how to calculate mean and beat frequency. A concert master determines how off the initial note was by counting how many beats is in a second.
This is a Learning object for physics 101 at UBC.This powerpoint presentation explains the concept of beats and beat frequency and includes word problems to further solidify one's understanding.
A PowerPoint presentation which explores the interference of waves when they do not have the same frequency. This includes a summary of important concepts and a two part question at the end of the presentation.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A learning object that explains the concept of how constructive and destructive interference between two sound waves with varying frequncies produces beats. Practice problems with answers are included to improve understanding.
Using multiple choice, my LO will help one how to calculate mean and beat frequency. A concert master determines how off the initial note was by counting how many beats is in a second.
This is a Learning object for physics 101 at UBC.This powerpoint presentation explains the concept of beats and beat frequency and includes word problems to further solidify one's understanding.
A PowerPoint presentation which explores the interference of waves when they do not have the same frequency. This includes a summary of important concepts and a two part question at the end of the presentation.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. What is a beat?
• The result of constructive and destructive interference that
causes 2 waves to have difference frequencies, causing
the amplitude to increase and decrease over a function of
time.
• Beat frequency = the absolute value of the difference in
frequency of 2 waves.
3. Beat envelope
• Let sine wave represents a single frequency with
constant amplitude
• Beat envelope: 2 waves of slightly different frequencies
are added, the resulting amplitude will vary or oscillate
at a rate that is the difference between the frequencies.
Created around original sine wave.
5. Examples
Question: Calculate the beat frequency if the two frequencies of
waves are 750Hz and 380Hz respectively?
Answer:
f1 = 750Hz and f2 = 380Hz
The beat frequency is given by,
fb = |f1−f2|
fb = |750−380| = 370Hz
6. Examples
Question: A tuning fork with a frequency of 440 Hz is sounded
together with a note played on a piano. Eight beats are heard in 2
seconds. What is the frequency or pitch of the piano note?
Answer: Beat frequency = 8 beats = 4 Hz
2 secs
fb = |f2−f1|
4Hz = |440−f1| = 444Hz or 436 Hz
7. References
• Hawks, R.,Iqbal, J. Mansour, F, Milner-Bolotin, M. & Williams P.
2014. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: An Interactive
Approach (1st ed.) Nelson Education Ltd.