This document summarizes a physics lecture on static equilibrium. It discusses the conditions required for an object to be in static equilibrium, including that the net external force and net external torque on the object must equal zero. It provides examples of objects in static and dynamic equilibrium. It also covers solving static equilibrium problems using free body diagrams and the equations for translational and rotational equilibrium.
This document provides an overview of friction and circular motion topics. It discusses frictional force, types of friction, angle of friction, minimum friction angle, and direction of friction. It also covers circular motion topics like centripetal acceleration, kinematics of circular motion including angular velocity and centripetal force, dynamics of circular motion. Non-uniform circular motion, banking of roads, vehicles taking turns, and vertical circular motion are also summarized. Sample problems related to these topics are included for practice. The document promotes Unacademy subscription plans for access to live classes, study material and tests for JEE preparation.
1. The document discusses static equilibrium of coplanar force systems. It covers drawing free-body diagrams, identifying reaction forces, and applying the three equations of equilibrium.
2. Key steps for solving problems include drawing the free-body diagram, identifying known and reaction forces, and setting the sum of forces and moments equal to zero.
3. Examples show calculating unknown forces and reactions for beams, rods, and pulley systems in static equilibrium. Forces and moments are analyzed to determine the magnitude and direction of reaction forces.
This document contains conceptual problems and questions about static equilibrium and elasticity. It includes the following:
1) True/false questions about the conditions for static equilibrium.
2) A question about the tension in different parts of a wire made of aluminum and steel.
3) Derivations of the expression for Young's modulus based on an atomic model and an estimate of the atomic force constant.
4) Questions involving calculating tensions, normal forces, and torque in situations involving objects in equilibrium, such as masts on sailboats and cylinders on steps.
5) Questions involving static equilibrium conditions to solve for quantities like the location of a person's center of gravity and the height a ladder can
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
* Identify the free body diagram of each cylinder
* Write the equations of static equilibrium for each cylinder
* The force F must be greater than or equal to the maximum static friction force between the cylinders, which is μNs = 0.2 * 50 * 9.8 = 98 N
* Therefore, the minimum value of F for which the cylinders will not slip is 98 N.
So in summary, the minimum force F required to hold the two cylinders without slipping is 98 N.
1. The general procedure for the finite element method involves discretizing the domain into elements, selecting displacement functions to approximate displacements within each element, and establishing relationships between displacements, strains, and stresses to set up the governing equations.
2. A displacement-based approach is used where shape functions are chosen to describe the displacement field within an element and ensure continuity of displacements between elements.
3. The strain-displacement and stress-strain relationships are developed using the shape functions and material properties to create the elemental stiffness matrix which are then assembled in the global finite element model.
1. The general procedure for the finite element method involves discretizing the domain into elements, selecting displacement functions to approximate displacements within each element, and establishing relationships between displacements, strains, and stresses to set up the governing equations.
2. A displacement function is assumed for each element to describe the displacement at any point within the element in terms of nodal displacements. Shape functions are developed from the displacement functions.
3. The strain-displacement relationship is developed by taking derivatives of the displacement functions. Stress is related to strain through constitutive equations for linear elastic behavior.
This document provides an overview of coplanar non-concurrent force systems and methods for analyzing them. It defines key terms like resultant, equilibrium, and equilibrant. Examples are provided to demonstrate determining resultants and support reactions for coplanar force systems, beams under different loading conditions, and plane trusses. Methods like Lami's theorem, free body diagrams, and the principles of equilibrium are used to solve for unknown forces. Truss analysis is also briefly discussed, noting trusses are articulated structures carrying loads at joints, with members in axial tension or compression.
This document discusses moment of inertia, which is a property of an object's shape that represents its resistance to changes in motion. It defines moment of inertia as the second moment of a force or area. The document explains how to calculate the moment of inertia of different beam sections using thin strips and the parallel axis theorem. It also discusses finding the neutral axis, which is the axis where compressive and tensile forces balance. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate calculating moment of inertia for different laminate shapes.
This document provides an overview of friction and circular motion topics. It discusses frictional force, types of friction, angle of friction, minimum friction angle, and direction of friction. It also covers circular motion topics like centripetal acceleration, kinematics of circular motion including angular velocity and centripetal force, dynamics of circular motion. Non-uniform circular motion, banking of roads, vehicles taking turns, and vertical circular motion are also summarized. Sample problems related to these topics are included for practice. The document promotes Unacademy subscription plans for access to live classes, study material and tests for JEE preparation.
1. The document discusses static equilibrium of coplanar force systems. It covers drawing free-body diagrams, identifying reaction forces, and applying the three equations of equilibrium.
2. Key steps for solving problems include drawing the free-body diagram, identifying known and reaction forces, and setting the sum of forces and moments equal to zero.
3. Examples show calculating unknown forces and reactions for beams, rods, and pulley systems in static equilibrium. Forces and moments are analyzed to determine the magnitude and direction of reaction forces.
This document contains conceptual problems and questions about static equilibrium and elasticity. It includes the following:
1) True/false questions about the conditions for static equilibrium.
2) A question about the tension in different parts of a wire made of aluminum and steel.
3) Derivations of the expression for Young's modulus based on an atomic model and an estimate of the atomic force constant.
4) Questions involving calculating tensions, normal forces, and torque in situations involving objects in equilibrium, such as masts on sailboats and cylinders on steps.
5) Questions involving static equilibrium conditions to solve for quantities like the location of a person's center of gravity and the height a ladder can
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
* Identify the free body diagram of each cylinder
* Write the equations of static equilibrium for each cylinder
* The force F must be greater than or equal to the maximum static friction force between the cylinders, which is μNs = 0.2 * 50 * 9.8 = 98 N
* Therefore, the minimum value of F for which the cylinders will not slip is 98 N.
So in summary, the minimum force F required to hold the two cylinders without slipping is 98 N.
1. The general procedure for the finite element method involves discretizing the domain into elements, selecting displacement functions to approximate displacements within each element, and establishing relationships between displacements, strains, and stresses to set up the governing equations.
2. A displacement-based approach is used where shape functions are chosen to describe the displacement field within an element and ensure continuity of displacements between elements.
3. The strain-displacement and stress-strain relationships are developed using the shape functions and material properties to create the elemental stiffness matrix which are then assembled in the global finite element model.
1. The general procedure for the finite element method involves discretizing the domain into elements, selecting displacement functions to approximate displacements within each element, and establishing relationships between displacements, strains, and stresses to set up the governing equations.
2. A displacement function is assumed for each element to describe the displacement at any point within the element in terms of nodal displacements. Shape functions are developed from the displacement functions.
3. The strain-displacement relationship is developed by taking derivatives of the displacement functions. Stress is related to strain through constitutive equations for linear elastic behavior.
This document provides an overview of coplanar non-concurrent force systems and methods for analyzing them. It defines key terms like resultant, equilibrium, and equilibrant. Examples are provided to demonstrate determining resultants and support reactions for coplanar force systems, beams under different loading conditions, and plane trusses. Methods like Lami's theorem, free body diagrams, and the principles of equilibrium are used to solve for unknown forces. Truss analysis is also briefly discussed, noting trusses are articulated structures carrying loads at joints, with members in axial tension or compression.
This document discusses moment of inertia, which is a property of an object's shape that represents its resistance to changes in motion. It defines moment of inertia as the second moment of a force or area. The document explains how to calculate the moment of inertia of different beam sections using thin strips and the parallel axis theorem. It also discusses finding the neutral axis, which is the axis where compressive and tensile forces balance. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate calculating moment of inertia for different laminate shapes.
The document discusses work, kinetic energy, and power as they relate to mechanical systems. It includes conceptual problems with explanations of the relevant physics concepts and mathematical solutions. Specifically:
- Problem 7 compares the work required to stretch a spring different distances based on the equation that work done on a spring is proportional to the square of its displacement.
- Problem 13 tests understanding of scalar products by asking whether several statements about scalar products and vectors are true or false.
- Problem 17 explains that the only external force doing work to accelerate a car from rest is friction between the tires and the road, using free body diagrams and the work-kinetic energy theorem.
The document discusses the derivation of the stiffness matrix for a bar element in finite element analysis. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which include deriving the stiffness matrix for a bar element and demonstrating how to solve truss problems using the direct stiffness method. It then describes the derivation process, which involves defining displacement functions, strain-displacement relationships, stress-strain relationships, and assembling the element equations and applying boundary conditions to solve for displacements and forces. An example problem is provided to demonstrate applying the method to a three-bar truss system. Guidelines for selecting appropriate displacement functions are also outlined.
The document discusses the double integration method for determining beam deflections. It defines beam deflection as the displacement of the beam's neutral surface from its original unloaded position. The differential equation relating the bending moment, flexural rigidity, and slope of the elastic curve is derived. This equation is integrated twice to obtain expressions for the slope and deflection of the beam in terms of the bending moment and constants of integration. Several examples are provided to demonstrate solving for the slope and maximum deflection of beams under different loading conditions using this method.
This book is intended to cover the basic Strength of Materials of the first
two years of an engineering degree or diploma course ; it does not attempt
to deal with the more specialized topics which usually comprise the final
year of such courses.
The work has been confined to the mathematical aspect of the subject
and no descriptive matter relating to design or materials testing has been
included.
The document discusses the basics of finite element analysis (FEA). It explains that FEA involves breaking a physical object down into small pieces or elements, then using a numerical technique to analyze them. Key steps in FEA include preprocessing like meshing the geometry, applying boundary conditions and material properties, solving the system of equations generated, and postprocessing to view results like displacements and stresses. An example problem of analyzing a plate under load is presented to illustrate the FEA formulation and solution process.
The document discusses bending and extension of beams. It defines stress resultants as the internal forces and moments acting on a beam cross section due to external loads. The stress resultants are defined as axial force P, shear forces Vy and Vz, and bending moments My and Mz. Linear differential equations are written relating the variation of stress resultants along the beam length to the applied loads. Stresses in the beam due to extension and bending are derived using Bernoulli-Euler beam theory assumptions. Methods to determine modulus weighted section properties of heterogeneous beams are also presented.
This document provides an overview of static equilibrium and elasticity. It discusses:
1) Static equilibrium, which occurs when an object is not moving or rotating. Two conditions must be satisfied - the net external force and net external torque must both be zero.
2) Elasticity and how objects deform under load. Elastic modulus values characterize different types of deformations like stretching, shearing, and changes in volume.
3) Problem-solving strategies for static equilibrium problems, which involve drawing free body diagrams, applying the two equilibrium conditions, and solving the resulting equations.
Two examples of static equilibrium problems are presented - a horizontal beam on pivots and a ladder leaning on a wall.
1. Angular momentum is a fundamental physical quantity that describes the rotational motion of objects. It is defined as the cross product of an object's position vector and its linear momentum.
2. For a system of particles, the total angular momentum is the vector sum of the individual angular momenta. The angular momentum of a system remains constant if the net external torque on the system is zero.
3. Conservation of angular momentum is a fundamental principle of physics that applies to both isolated microscopic and macroscopic systems. It is a manifestation of the symmetry of space.
The document discusses three methods for analyzing trusses: the method of joints, method of sections, and graphical (Maxwell's diagram) method. The method of joints involves isolating each joint as a free body diagram and using equilibrium equations to solve for unknown member forces. The method of sections uses equilibrium equations applied to portions of the truss cut off by an imaginary section through several members. Maxwell's diagram method constructs force polygons representing the forces at each joint to graphically determine member forces.
The document provides conceptual problems and their solutions related to Newton's Laws of motion.
1) A problem asks how to determine if a limousine is changing speed or direction using a small object on a string. The solution is that if the string remains vertical, the reference frame is inertial.
2) Another problem asks for two situations where apparent weight in an elevator is greater than true weight. The solution states this occurs when the elevator accelerates upward, either slowing down or speeding up.
3) A third problem involves forces between blocks and identifies which constitute Newton's third law pairs. The normal forces between blocks and between a block and table are identified as third law pairs.
My name is Paulin O. I am associated with solidworksassignmenthelp.com for the past 10 years and have been helping the engineering students with their assignments I have a Masters in mechanical Engineering from Cornell University, USA.
The document contains multiple conceptual physics problems involving conservation of energy.
1) A system of two cylinders connected by a cord over a frictionless peg is released from rest. The system's mechanical energy is conserved, so the potential energy decreases and kinetic energy increases.
2) Estimation problems calculate the minimum time to climb stairs or the Empire State Building using assumptions about maximum metabolic rate and efficiency.
3) Multiple other problems apply conservation of mechanical energy to calculate quantities like tension, equilibrium angles, or speeds in various physical systems like swings or circular motion.
This lecture covered angular momentum and torque using vectors. Key topics included:
- Defining angular momentum and torque using vectors and cross products
- Calculating the cross product of two vectors to find the perpendicular vector
- Applying the right-hand rule to determine the direction of a cross product
- Deriving relationships for torque as the cross product of a force vector and position vector
- Examples of calculating torque for single and multiple forces applied to an object
1. The document introduces the concepts of stress and strain in rheology, the science of deformation and flow of materials. It discusses how stress is quantified by factors like force and pressure.
2. The lecture defines stress as a dynamic quantity expressing force magnitude, and strain as a kinematic quantity expressing media deformation. It explains how to describe an object's complete stress state in 3D and determine if stress will cause failure.
3. Key concepts covered include surface forces vs. body forces, tractions as normalized forces, and using the Cauchy stress tensor to represent the full stress state at a point and find stress on any plane.
1. Newton's Laws of Motion describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it. The three laws are: Law 1 explains inertia, Law 2 states that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma), and Law 3 is the law of action-reaction.
2. There are four fundamental forces in nature: strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force.
3. Different types of forces include normal reaction forces, contact forces, tension forces, and pseudo forces which appear to act in accelerated frames of reference.
This document discusses equilibrium of particles and free body diagrams (FBD) in statics. It begins by defining equilibrium of a particle as having zero net external force. A particle is a model of a real body where all forces act at a single point. The document then discusses how to draw FBDs by showing all forces and moments acting on a body. It provides examples of drawing FBDs for various systems involving spheres, rings, and cables. It also discusses applying the equations of equilibrium to solve for unknown forces using the FBD approach.
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
Ekeeda Provides Online Civil Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. There are two types of friction: static friction and kinetic friction. Static friction has a greater maximum force than kinetic friction. The laws of friction state that frictional force is proportional to the normal force and depends on the coefficient of friction, which varies based on the materials in contact. Problems involving blocks on inclined planes can be solved using the static friction force and applying equations of equilibrium. Wedges can be used to move heavy objects by applying a smaller input force, with the mechanical advantage determined by the wedge angle.
This document provides details on the design of an open web girder bridge. It describes the components and configuration of a through-type bridge, including the floor system, primary and secondary members. It discusses the estimation of loads such as dead load, live load, dynamic effects, wind pressure, and seismic forces. It then outlines the analysis of forces in the members and design of the key components, including stringers, cross girders, bottom chords, top chords and their connections. The document serves as a guide for sizing and designing the members of an open web girder bridge to safely support anticipated loads.
SAFIR is a software that models the behavior of structures subjected to fire through a 3 step process: 1) defining the fire scenario, 2) performing a thermal analysis to calculate temperature distributions, and 3) performing a mechanical analysis considering the effects of temperature on material properties and thermal expansion. It uses various finite element types for the thermal and mechanical analyses including beams, shells, solids, and trusses. Key materials that can be modeled include steel, concrete, wood, and aluminum.
The document discusses work, kinetic energy, and power as they relate to mechanical systems. It includes conceptual problems with explanations of the relevant physics concepts and mathematical solutions. Specifically:
- Problem 7 compares the work required to stretch a spring different distances based on the equation that work done on a spring is proportional to the square of its displacement.
- Problem 13 tests understanding of scalar products by asking whether several statements about scalar products and vectors are true or false.
- Problem 17 explains that the only external force doing work to accelerate a car from rest is friction between the tires and the road, using free body diagrams and the work-kinetic energy theorem.
The document discusses the derivation of the stiffness matrix for a bar element in finite element analysis. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which include deriving the stiffness matrix for a bar element and demonstrating how to solve truss problems using the direct stiffness method. It then describes the derivation process, which involves defining displacement functions, strain-displacement relationships, stress-strain relationships, and assembling the element equations and applying boundary conditions to solve for displacements and forces. An example problem is provided to demonstrate applying the method to a three-bar truss system. Guidelines for selecting appropriate displacement functions are also outlined.
The document discusses the double integration method for determining beam deflections. It defines beam deflection as the displacement of the beam's neutral surface from its original unloaded position. The differential equation relating the bending moment, flexural rigidity, and slope of the elastic curve is derived. This equation is integrated twice to obtain expressions for the slope and deflection of the beam in terms of the bending moment and constants of integration. Several examples are provided to demonstrate solving for the slope and maximum deflection of beams under different loading conditions using this method.
This book is intended to cover the basic Strength of Materials of the first
two years of an engineering degree or diploma course ; it does not attempt
to deal with the more specialized topics which usually comprise the final
year of such courses.
The work has been confined to the mathematical aspect of the subject
and no descriptive matter relating to design or materials testing has been
included.
The document discusses the basics of finite element analysis (FEA). It explains that FEA involves breaking a physical object down into small pieces or elements, then using a numerical technique to analyze them. Key steps in FEA include preprocessing like meshing the geometry, applying boundary conditions and material properties, solving the system of equations generated, and postprocessing to view results like displacements and stresses. An example problem of analyzing a plate under load is presented to illustrate the FEA formulation and solution process.
The document discusses bending and extension of beams. It defines stress resultants as the internal forces and moments acting on a beam cross section due to external loads. The stress resultants are defined as axial force P, shear forces Vy and Vz, and bending moments My and Mz. Linear differential equations are written relating the variation of stress resultants along the beam length to the applied loads. Stresses in the beam due to extension and bending are derived using Bernoulli-Euler beam theory assumptions. Methods to determine modulus weighted section properties of heterogeneous beams are also presented.
This document provides an overview of static equilibrium and elasticity. It discusses:
1) Static equilibrium, which occurs when an object is not moving or rotating. Two conditions must be satisfied - the net external force and net external torque must both be zero.
2) Elasticity and how objects deform under load. Elastic modulus values characterize different types of deformations like stretching, shearing, and changes in volume.
3) Problem-solving strategies for static equilibrium problems, which involve drawing free body diagrams, applying the two equilibrium conditions, and solving the resulting equations.
Two examples of static equilibrium problems are presented - a horizontal beam on pivots and a ladder leaning on a wall.
1. Angular momentum is a fundamental physical quantity that describes the rotational motion of objects. It is defined as the cross product of an object's position vector and its linear momentum.
2. For a system of particles, the total angular momentum is the vector sum of the individual angular momenta. The angular momentum of a system remains constant if the net external torque on the system is zero.
3. Conservation of angular momentum is a fundamental principle of physics that applies to both isolated microscopic and macroscopic systems. It is a manifestation of the symmetry of space.
The document discusses three methods for analyzing trusses: the method of joints, method of sections, and graphical (Maxwell's diagram) method. The method of joints involves isolating each joint as a free body diagram and using equilibrium equations to solve for unknown member forces. The method of sections uses equilibrium equations applied to portions of the truss cut off by an imaginary section through several members. Maxwell's diagram method constructs force polygons representing the forces at each joint to graphically determine member forces.
The document provides conceptual problems and their solutions related to Newton's Laws of motion.
1) A problem asks how to determine if a limousine is changing speed or direction using a small object on a string. The solution is that if the string remains vertical, the reference frame is inertial.
2) Another problem asks for two situations where apparent weight in an elevator is greater than true weight. The solution states this occurs when the elevator accelerates upward, either slowing down or speeding up.
3) A third problem involves forces between blocks and identifies which constitute Newton's third law pairs. The normal forces between blocks and between a block and table are identified as third law pairs.
My name is Paulin O. I am associated with solidworksassignmenthelp.com for the past 10 years and have been helping the engineering students with their assignments I have a Masters in mechanical Engineering from Cornell University, USA.
The document contains multiple conceptual physics problems involving conservation of energy.
1) A system of two cylinders connected by a cord over a frictionless peg is released from rest. The system's mechanical energy is conserved, so the potential energy decreases and kinetic energy increases.
2) Estimation problems calculate the minimum time to climb stairs or the Empire State Building using assumptions about maximum metabolic rate and efficiency.
3) Multiple other problems apply conservation of mechanical energy to calculate quantities like tension, equilibrium angles, or speeds in various physical systems like swings or circular motion.
This lecture covered angular momentum and torque using vectors. Key topics included:
- Defining angular momentum and torque using vectors and cross products
- Calculating the cross product of two vectors to find the perpendicular vector
- Applying the right-hand rule to determine the direction of a cross product
- Deriving relationships for torque as the cross product of a force vector and position vector
- Examples of calculating torque for single and multiple forces applied to an object
1. The document introduces the concepts of stress and strain in rheology, the science of deformation and flow of materials. It discusses how stress is quantified by factors like force and pressure.
2. The lecture defines stress as a dynamic quantity expressing force magnitude, and strain as a kinematic quantity expressing media deformation. It explains how to describe an object's complete stress state in 3D and determine if stress will cause failure.
3. Key concepts covered include surface forces vs. body forces, tractions as normalized forces, and using the Cauchy stress tensor to represent the full stress state at a point and find stress on any plane.
1. Newton's Laws of Motion describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it. The three laws are: Law 1 explains inertia, Law 2 states that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma), and Law 3 is the law of action-reaction.
2. There are four fundamental forces in nature: strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force.
3. Different types of forces include normal reaction forces, contact forces, tension forces, and pseudo forces which appear to act in accelerated frames of reference.
This document discusses equilibrium of particles and free body diagrams (FBD) in statics. It begins by defining equilibrium of a particle as having zero net external force. A particle is a model of a real body where all forces act at a single point. The document then discusses how to draw FBDs by showing all forces and moments acting on a body. It provides examples of drawing FBDs for various systems involving spheres, rings, and cables. It also discusses applying the equations of equilibrium to solve for unknown forces using the FBD approach.
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
Ekeeda Provides Online Civil Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. There are two types of friction: static friction and kinetic friction. Static friction has a greater maximum force than kinetic friction. The laws of friction state that frictional force is proportional to the normal force and depends on the coefficient of friction, which varies based on the materials in contact. Problems involving blocks on inclined planes can be solved using the static friction force and applying equations of equilibrium. Wedges can be used to move heavy objects by applying a smaller input force, with the mechanical advantage determined by the wedge angle.
This document provides details on the design of an open web girder bridge. It describes the components and configuration of a through-type bridge, including the floor system, primary and secondary members. It discusses the estimation of loads such as dead load, live load, dynamic effects, wind pressure, and seismic forces. It then outlines the analysis of forces in the members and design of the key components, including stringers, cross girders, bottom chords, top chords and their connections. The document serves as a guide for sizing and designing the members of an open web girder bridge to safely support anticipated loads.
SAFIR is a software that models the behavior of structures subjected to fire through a 3 step process: 1) defining the fire scenario, 2) performing a thermal analysis to calculate temperature distributions, and 3) performing a mechanical analysis considering the effects of temperature on material properties and thermal expansion. It uses various finite element types for the thermal and mechanical analyses including beams, shells, solids, and trusses. Key materials that can be modeled include steel, concrete, wood, and aluminum.
This document discusses the equilibrium of rigid bodies. It provides an introduction to static equilibrium, defining it as when the external forces acting on a rigid body form a system equivalent to zero. It describes how to create a free-body diagram to identify all forces acting on a body. It also discusses resolving forces and moments into rectangular components to obtain scalar equations expressing the conditions for static equilibrium. Methods for analyzing reactions at supports and connections for two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures are presented.
This document provides design information for a one room shelter including 5 foundation types, 5 wall types, 3 roof types along with construction details to support quality work. Key considerations are given for geometry, materials, and construction details to ensure proper implementation of the designs on site.
This document outlines the course Reinforced Concrete Design-II. The course covers analysis and design of reinforced concrete beams and frames with continuity, flat slabs, waffle slabs, slender columns, foundations, and prestressed concrete members. It also discusses prestress losses and analysis/design of prestressed beams. The course aims to teach analysis and design of reinforced concrete structural elements, selection of foundations, and principles of prestressed concrete. Students will be assessed through tests, exams, assignments, and a final exam.
Continuity in RC beams and frames-AFM (Complete).pdfaslhal
Influence lines represent the variation of reactions, shear, or moments at specific points on a structure as a concentrated load moves along the member. They are important for designing structures that experience moving live loads. To construct an influence line, a unit load is placed at different points along the member and the resulting reactions, shear, or moments are calculated. Once influence lines are drawn, maximum load effects can be identified. The Müller-Breslau principle allows for qualitative influence lines to be drawn by examining the deflected shape of the structure under the internal force of interest. This principle can be extended to indeterminate structures and frames to determine loading patterns that produce maximum effects like moment or shear. Simplified loading patterns and sub
The document provides course information for the Bachelor of Urban Engineering program at NED University of Engineering and Technology. It includes:
- A list of courses for each semester of study over four years, including course codes, titles, credit hours, and topics covered.
- Descriptions of the topics and contents covered in selected first year courses, including Engineering Drawing, Statics and Dynamics, Basic Electrical Engineering, Engineering Materials, Calculus, and Pakistan Studies.
- Information on engineering electives that can be taken in the final year and a list of potential elective courses.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of the curriculum and course requirements for the Urban Engineering program at a bachelor's level.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. 10/17/2023
Static Equilibrium
Equilibrium and static
equilibrium
Static equilibrium
conditions
Net external force must
equal zero
Net external torque must
equal zero
Center of gravity
Solving static equilibrium
problems
3. 10/17/2023
Static and Dynamic Equilibrium
Equilibrium implies the object is at rest (static)
or its center of mass moves with a constant
velocity (dynamic)
We will consider only with the case in which
linear and angular velocities are equal to zero,
called “static equilibrium” : vCM = 0 and w = 0
Examples
Book on table
Hanging sign
Ceiling fan – off
Ceiling fan – on
Ladder leaning against wall
4. 10/17/2023
Conditions for Equilibrium
The first condition of
equilibrium is a statement of
translational equilibrium
The net external force on the
object must equal zero
It states that the translational
acceleration of the object’s
center of mass must be zero
0
a
m
F
F ext
net
5. 10/17/2023
Conditions for Equilibrium
If the object is modeled as a
particle, then this is the only
condition that must be
satisfied
For an extended object to be
in equilibrium, a second
condition must be satisfied
This second condition
involves the rotational motion
of the extended object
0
ext
net F
F
6. 10/17/2023
Conditions for Equilibrium
The second condition of
equilibrium is a statement of
rotational equilibrium
The net external torque on
the object must equal zero
It states the angular
acceleration of the object to
be zero
This must be true for any axis
of rotation
0
I
ext
net
7. 10/17/2023
Conditions for Equilibrium
The net force equals zero
If the object is modeled as a particle, then
this is the only condition that must be
satisfied
The net torque equals zero
This is needed if the object cannot be
modeled as a particle
These conditions describe the rigid objects
in the equilibrium analysis model
0
F
0
8. 10/17/2023
Static Equilibrium
Consider a light rod subject to the two
forces of equal magnitude as shown in
figure. Choose the correct statement
with regard to this situation:
(A) The object is in force equilibrium but
not torque equilibrium.
(B) The object is in torque equilibrium but
not force equilibrium
(C) The object is in both force equilibrium
and torque equilibrium
(D) The object is in neither force
equilibrium nor torque equilibrium
9. 10/17/2023
Equilibrium Equations
For simplicity, We will restrict the applications
to situations in which all the forces lie in the
xy plane.
Equation 1:
Equation 2:
There are three resulting equations
0
0
0
:
0 ,
,
,
z
net
y
net
x
net
ext
net F
F
F
F
F
0
0
0
:
0 ,
,
,
z
net
y
net
x
net
ext
net
0
0
0
,
,
,
,
,
,
z
ext
z
net
y
ext
y
net
x
ext
x
net
F
F
F
F
10. 10/17/2023
A seesaw consisting of a uniform board of mass mpl and
length L supports at rest a father and daughter with
masses M and m, respectively. The support is under the
center of gravity of the board, the father is a distance d
from the center, and the daughter is a distance 2.00 m
from the center.
A) Find the magnitude of the upward force n exerted by
the support on the board.
B) Find where the father should sit to balance the system
at rest.
12. 10/17/2023
Axis of Rotation
The net torque is about an axis through any
point in the xy plane
Does it matter which axis you choose for
calculating torques?
NO. The choice of an axis is arbitrary
If an object is in translational equilibrium and
the net torque is zero about one axis, then the
net torque must be zero about any other axis
We should be smart to choose a rotation axis to
simplify problems
14. 10/17/2023
Center of Gravity
The torque due to the gravitational force on an
object of mass M is the force Mg acting at the
center of gravity of the object
If g is uniform over the object, then the center
of gravity of the object coincides with its center
of mass
If the object is homogeneous and symmetrical,
the center of gravity coincides with its geometric
center
15. 10/17/2023
Where is the Center of Mass ?
Assume m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 3 kg, and x1 =
1 m, x2 = 5 m, where is the center of
mass of these two objects?
A) xCM = 1 m
B) xCM = 2 m
C) xCM = 3 m
D) xCM = 4 m
E) xCM = 5 m
2
1
2
2
1
1
m
m
x
m
x
m
xCM
16. 10/17/2023
Center of Mass (CM)
An object can be divided into
many small particles
Each particle will have a
specific mass and specific
coordinates
The x coordinate of the
center of mass will be
Similar expressions can be
found for the y coordinates
i i
i
CM
i
i
m x
x
m
17. 10/17/2023
Center of Gravity (CG)
All the various gravitational forces acting on all the
various mass elements are equivalent to a single
gravitational force acting through a single point called
the center of gravity (CG)
If
then
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
1 )
(
x
g
m
x
g
m
x
g
m
x
g
m
m
m
x
Mg CG
CG
CG
CG
3
2
1 g
g
g
i
i
i
CG
m
x
m
m
m
m
x
m
x
m
x
m
x
3
2
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
18. 10/17/2023
CG of a Ladder
A uniform ladder of
length l rests against a
smooth, vertical wall.
When you calculate the
torque due to the
gravitational force, you
have to find center of
gravity of the ladder.
The center of gravity
should be located at
C
A
B
D
E
19. 10/17/2023
Ladder Example
A uniform ladder of length
l rests against a smooth,
vertical wall. The mass of
the ladder is m, and the
coefficient of static friction
between the ladder and
the ground is s = 0.40.
Find the minimum angle
at which the ladder does
not slip.
20. 10/17/2023
Problem-Solving Strategy 1
Draw sketch, decide what is in or out the system
Draw a free body diagram (FBD)
Show and label all external forces acting on the object
Indicate the locations of all the forces
Establish a convenient coordinate system
Find the components of the forces along the two axes
Apply the first condition for equilibrium
Be careful of signs
0
0
,
,
,
,
y
ext
y
net
x
ext
x
net
F
F
F
F
21. 10/17/2023
Which free-body diagram is correct?
A uniform ladder of length l rests against a smooth,
vertical wall. The mass of the ladder is m, and the
coefficient of static friction between the ladder and
the ground is s = 0.40. gravity: blue, friction:
orange, normal: green
A B C D
22. 10/17/2023
A uniform ladder of length l rests against a smooth,
vertical wall. The mass of the ladder is m, and the
coefficient of static friction between the ladder and the
ground is s = 0.40. Find the minimum angle at which
the ladder does not slip.
mg
n
f
P
mg
n
f
P
mg
n
F
P
f
F
s
s
x
x
y
x
x
max
,
0
0
mg
23. 10/17/2023
Problem-Solving Strategy 2
Choose a convenient axis for calculating the net torque
on the object
Remember the choice of the axis is arbitrary
Choose an origin that simplifies the calculations as
much as possible
A force that acts along a line passing through the origin
produces a zero torque
Be careful of sign with respect to rotational axis
positive if force tends to rotate object in CCW
negative if force tends to rotate object in CW
zero if force is on the rotational axis
Apply the second condition for equilibrium 0
,
,
z
ext
z
net
24. 10/17/2023
Choose an origin O that simplifies the
calculations as much as possible ?
A uniform ladder of length l rests against a smooth, vertical
wall. The mass of the ladder is m, and the coefficient of
static friction between the ladder and the ground is s =
0.40. Find the minimum angle.
mg mg mg mg
O
O
O
O
A) B) C) D)
25. 10/17/2023
A uniform ladder of length l rests against a smooth,
vertical wall. The mass of the ladder is m, and the
coefficient of static friction between the ladder and the
ground is s = 0.40. Find the minimum angle at which
the ladder does not slip.
51
]
)
4
.
0
(
2
1
[
tan
)
2
1
(
tan
2
1
2
2
tan
cos
sin
0
cos
2
sin
0
0
1
1
min
min
min
min
min
min
s
s
s
P
g
f
n
O
mg
mg
P
mg
l
mg
Pl
mg
26. 10/17/2023
Problem-Solving Strategy 3
The two conditions of equilibrium will give a system of
equations
Solve the equations simultaneously
Make sure your results are consistent with your free
body diagram
If the solution gives a negative for a force, it is in the
opposite direction to what you drew in the free body
diagram
Check your results to confirm
0
0
0
,
,
,
,
,
,
z
ext
z
net
y
ext
y
net
x
ext
x
net
F
F
F
F
27. 10/17/2023
Horizontal Beam Example
A uniform horizontal beam with a
length of l = 8.00 m and a weight
of Wb = 200 N is attached to a wall
by a pin connection. Its far end is
supported by a cable that makes
an angle of = 53 with the beam.
A person of weight Wp = 600 N
stands a distance d = 2.00 m from
the wall. Find the tension in the
cable as well as the magnitude and
direction of the force exerted by
the wall on the beam.
28. 10/17/2023
Horizontal Beam Example
The beam is uniform
So the center of gravity
is at the geometric
center of the beam
The person is standing on
the beam
What are the tension in
the cable and the force
exerted by the wall on
the beam?
29. 10/17/2023
Horizontal Beam Example, 2
Analyze
Draw a free body
diagram
Use the pivot in the
problem (at the wall)
as the pivot
This will generally be
easiest
Note there are three
unknowns (T, R, )
30. 10/17/2023
The forces can be
resolved into
components in the
free body diagram
Apply the two
conditions of
equilibrium to obtain
three equations
Solve for the
unknowns
Horizontal Beam Example, 3
31. 10/17/2023
Horizontal Beam Example, 3
0
sin
sin
0
cos
cos
b
p
y
x
W
W
T
R
F
T
R
F
N
m
m
N
m
N
l
l
W
d
W
T
l
W
d
W
l
T
b
p
b
p
z
313
53
sin
)
8
(
)
4
)(
200
(
)
2
)(
600
(
sin
)
2
(
0
)
2
(
)
)(
sin
(
N
N
T
R
T
T
W
W
T
T
W
W
R
R
b
p
b
p
581
7
.
71
cos
53
cos
)
313
(
cos
cos
7
.
71
sin
sin
tan
sin
sin
tan
cos
sin
1