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Phonology II
- 1. SPECIAL CASES SIMPLE PAST •With voiced consonants we pronounce the past tense in regular verbs (ed) with the sound /d/ • With the voiceless consonants the sound for the regular verbs (ed) is pronounced /t/ • Exceptions the verbs ended in /t/ and /d/ that are pronounced /ɪd/ PLURAL FORMS • Voiced consonants /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /ŋ/ and /ð/, vowels and diphthongs use the sound /z/. • Voiceless consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, and /θ/ use the soun /s/. • Word ending in /s/, /z/, /sh/, /ch/, and /j/ require another syllable /ɪz/ and /uz/.
- 2. SYLLABLES • SYLLABLE: aunit of pronunciation that has one vowel sound, and may or may not be surrounded by consonants. A syllable can form a whole word or part of a word. • Ex: wa – ter
- 3. RHYTHM AND STRESS •RHYTHM: The speaker alternates the stressed and unstressed syllables in regular intervals, the stress is in the content words. • STRESS: The speaker adds a different pitch to the important syllables or words of the sentence.
- 4. WORDS CARRYING STRESS •Content words: words that carry meaning. They help us make a picture in our head, to grasp the message. • Function words: words to make sentences grammatically correct. Pronouns, determiners and prepositions. They are not essential to convey the meaning but are important to give fluency to our speech.
- 5. WEAK FORMS • a/ə/ - I’ve got a new dress. • am /əm/ /m/ - I’m not going home, am I? • an /ən/ - That’s an apple • and /ənd/ /ən/ - We need some salt and pepper. • any /ənɪ/ - Do you have any money? • are /ə/ - They are at school just now. • as /əz/ - It was as big as an elephant. • at /ət/ - She works at night. • be /bɪ/ /bi/ - He’s going to be late. • been /bɪn/ - Have you been here long? • but /bət/ - The food is good but the service is terrible. • can /kən/ /kn/ - Can you come early? • could /kəd/ - I think he could pass the exam. • do /də/ - Do you need any help? • does /dəz/ - He doesn’t live in London, does he? • for /fə/ - It’s a present for my dad. • from /frəm/ - That book’s from Julia. • had /həd/ /əd/ /d/ - I had a car when I was at university. • has /həz/ /əz/ /z/ - He has been here for years. • have /həv/ /əv/ /v/ - I’ve had lunch already. • he /hɪ/ /ɪ/ - She thinks he’s handsome. • her /ə/ /hə/ - Tom told her that the meeting had been cancelled. • him /ɪm/ - I’ve bought him some chocolate. • his /ɪz/ - That’s his last chance. • I /ʌ/ - I wish I had gone to bed earlier. • me /mɪ/ - John called me last night. • must /məst/ /məs/ - You really must take your umbrella. • of /əv/ /v/ - That’s part of the problem.
- 6. WEAK FORMS • our/ɑː/ - She dropped her coffee on our rug. • shall /ʃəl/ - Shall we go out for dinner? • she /ʃɪ/ - I think she’s gone to the library. • should /ʃəd/ - You really should get a haircut. • some /səm/ /sm/ - They bought some bread this morning. • than /dən/ /dn/ - This part of London is much busier than where I live. • the /də/ - Have you seen the front door keys? • them /dəm/ - We dropped them off at the airport. • there /də/ /dər/ - The restaurant is over there. • to /tə/ - Are you going to the party tonight? • us /əs/ /s/ - Lucy gave us one of her kittens. • was /wəz/ - It was a beautiful day. • we /wɪ/ - I wonder when we should leave. • were /wə/ - They were late again! • who /hʊ/ - Do you know who that girl is? • will /wəl/ /əl/ /l/ - He’ll arrive later. • would /wəd/ /d/ - If I were you, I would study a bit more. • you /jə/ /ju/ - Do you like chocolate? • yours /jə/ /jər/ - Is that your coat?
- 7. INTONATION • Intonation servestwo basic types of functions in English. • To know if the sentence is finished • To know if it is a statement or a question, and if a question if your question is a yes or no question or and information question.