The pharynx is about 12 cm long and extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. It is divided into 3 parts: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is behind the nasal cavity and opens into the oropharynx. The oropharynx extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis and opens into the oral cavity. The laryngopharynx extends from the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. Three pairs of constrictor muscles and other muscles like the stylopharyngeus allow the pharynx to
Pharynx is a conical fibromuscular tube forming upper part of the air and food passages. It is 12–14 cm long, extending from base of the skull to the lower border of cricoid.
Pharynx is a conical fibromuscular tube forming upper part of the air and food passages. It is 12–14 cm long, extending from base of the skull to the lower border of cricoid.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Pharynx
Is about 12 cm long
Extending from base of skull to the lower border of the
cricoid cartilage
Opposite the sixth cervical vertebra where it is
continuous with oesophagus
Divided in to 3 parts : nasopharynx,oropharynx and
laryngopharynx
3.
4. Nasopharynx
Behind the nasal cavity and above the soft palate.
Posterior nasal apertures open into it anterioly
Below it is continuous with oropharynx through
pharyngeal isthmus
The nasopharynx is part of the upper respiratory tract
and does not normally give passage to food or drink
5. Nasopharynx
Auditory tube opens on the lateral wall of nasopharynx
This opening is bounded above and behind by the tubal
elevation produced by underlying medial end of auditory
tube
A collection of lymphoid tissue,the pharyngeal tonsil or
adenoid is located beneath the mucous membrane
The tonsil may become enlarged in chronic infections of
upper respiratory system leading to mouth breathing
6. Nasopharynx
The mucous membrane lining the nasopharynx is of
the respiratory type,covered by ciliated cuboidal
epithilium
Receives its sensory and secretomotor nerve supply
through a branch of pterygopalatine gangilion
It resembles the mucous membrane lining the nose
7. Oropharynx
Extends from soft palate to epiglottis
Oral cavity opens into oropharynx anteriorly through
oropharngeal isthmus ,which is bounded on each side by a
fold of mucous membrane ,the palatoglossal arch
The arch is produced by the underlying palatoglossus
muscle
The lateral wall of oropharynx ,behind the palatoglossal arch
presents a vertical ridge of mucous membrane ,the
palatopharyngeal arch produced by palatopharyngeus
muscle
8. Oropharynx
Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches is a
depression ,the tonsillar sinus.
The palatine tonsil ,a mass of lymphoid tissue, is situated beneath
the mucous membrane lining the sinus
Laterally the tonsil is enclosed by a fibrous capsule
The tonsil is very variable in size and is frequently the site of
infection which causes it to become enlarged and painful
(tonsillitis)
The oropharynx is lined by stratified squamous epithilium, nerve
supply is from pharyngeal plexus
9. Laryngopharynx
Extends from epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid
cartilage
Laryngopharynx is lined by stratified squamous epithilium and
innervated by vagus through the internal and recurrent
laryngeal branches
On functional nasopharynx regarded as part of nasal cavity
Unlike oropharynx and laryngopharynx it is respiratory in
function ,lined by respiratory mucosa which receives its
sensory innervation from trigiminal nerve
10. Muscles of pharynx
Three paired of constrictor muscles , meet their
fellows of opposite side in the posterior pharyngeal
wall at the median pharyngeal ligament and raphe
Three other muscles,these are stylopharngeus
,salpinopharyngeus ,palatopharyngeus
11.
12. Superior constrictor
Arises from lower two thirds of posterior border of the medial
pterygoid plate (including hamulus) and from the posterior end of
mylohyoid line on the medial surface of the mandible
Between hamulus and the mandible the fibres arise from the
pterygomandibular raphe where they interdigitate with fibers of
buccinator
Between the upper border of the muscle and the base of the skull
is a gap through which the cartilaginous part of auditory tube and
levator veli palatini muscle pass
The remainder of the gap is closed by pharyngobasilar fascia
13. Middle constrictor
Attached anteriorly to stylohyoid ligament, the lesser
Cornu and upper border of greater Cornu of hyoid
bone
The upper fibers diverge upwards,passing superficial
to the lower part of superior constrictor
The lower fibers run horizontally passing deep to
upper part of inferior constrictor
14. Inferior constrictor
Consists of two parts (thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus)
Thyropharyngeus arises from oblique line on the lamina of the
thyroid cartilage and inserted in to pharyngeal raphe
Cricopharyngeus attached anteriorly to the side of the arch of
cricoid cartilage
It encircles the lower most part of pharynx
A weak area called killians dehiscence, is present between
thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus giving rise to pharyngeal
pouch
15.
16. Salpinopharyngeus
Arises from the cartilage of auditory tube
It passes downwards beneath the pharyngeal mucous
membrane and raised to form salpinopharyngeal fold
and blends with constrictor muscle
17.
18. Stylopharngeus muscle
Arises from medial surfaces of styloid process
It passes between the internal and external carotid
arteries
It crosses the lower border of superior constrictor
muscle and continues downwards inside the middle
constrictor , beneath the pharyngeal mucous
membrane to be inserted into posterior border of
thyroid cartilage and the side wall of the pharynx
19. Pharyngeal muscles , with exception of
stylopharngeus are innervated by accessory nerve
Stylopharngeus is the only muscle derived from third
pharyngeal arch and supplied by glossopharyngeal
nerve