Pharmacare Reforms In Canada

Pharmacare Reforms In Canada
The current system is inefficient, inequitable and unsustainable in the long run because: (1) it is unable to accommodate for the entire Canadian
population; (2) it requires Canadians to pay a disproportionate amount of their income to access medications; and (3) governments are unable to
contain the drug cost increases (5). Therefore two recommended reforms are described in order to achieve the goal of accessibility and equity.
Option One: Create an equitable pharmacare program that includes medically necessary prescription drugs covered by the public health care system to
improve access for patients
The Canadian government must implement an equitable national pharmacare program in which medically necessary prescription drugs are covered ...
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According to a study, researchers estimated that the total extra cost to government of providing universal pharmacare could range as high as $5.4
billion a year (11). However, through bulk purchases of medication and other measures, this could be reduced to $1 billion (11). In addition, it is
possible that people will misuse or overuse medication if it is easily accessible. However, it is suggested that healthy individuals have no intrinsic
value in consuming additional prescription drugs, and studies show little evidence to suggest that excess coverage of prescription drug costs is the root
cause of these problems (6).
Option Two: Control costs of drugs through bulk purchasing for patented and generic drugs
A strategy for accessing new treatments at an affordable price for all Canadians is through a bulk purchasing alliance (12). Bulk purchasing involves
provincial governments collectively purchasing medicines in larger volumes for the purpose of price reductions from manufacturers (11). Provincial
governments are collectively the largest purchasers of drugs in Canada, hence the concern for price increases of drugs (5). Federal leadership is
required to coordinate a national approach to bulk purchasing. The newly elected Government of Canada promised to work with provincial and
territorial governments to buy patent and generic drugs in bulk through the
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Tort Reform Essay
Tort Reform Tort reform is very controversial issue. From the plaintiff's perspective, tort reforms seems to take liability away from places such as
insurance companies and hospitals which could at times leave the plaintiff without defense. From the defendant's perspective, tort reform provides a
defense from extremely large punitive damage awards. There seems to be no median between the two. Neither side will be satisfied. With the help of
affiliations such as the American Tort Reform Association and Citizens Against Lawsuit Abuse, many businesses and corporations are working to
change the current tort system to stop these high cash awards. Various organizations working in favor of tort reform include the... Show more content on
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It consists of people living in communities joining together to try to stop the "high cost and injustice in our legal system" (American Tort Reform
Association). Located throughout the United States, the CALA is fighting to eliminate the high payouts for circumstantial cases (American Tort
Reform Association). The ATRA and CALA are trying to stop minor cases from receiving enormous sums of money which will dampen the economy.
The subject matter of these cases varies to some length including but not limited to medical and car insurance. In a case against Rich Mountain Nursing
and Rehabilitation Center of Mena, jurors found the defendant, Mena, guilty of malpractice in the death of Margaretha Sauer, a ninety–three year old
woman. The non–economic punitive damages cash award for the suffering and pain of the Sauer family to be paid by Mena was seventy–eight million
dollars. Punitive damages is one of the issues that the ATRA is trying to combat. If nursing homes continue to have pay large sums for punitive
damages, they will not be able to survive. The premium average liability offered by nursing homes has increased from $820,000 in 1999 to $11.6
million in 2001. With the liability premiums continuing to rise, the prospects of profits continue to dwindle. They will have no chance at retaining a
profit and thus will have to close. It will also mean that doctors will charge more for their services, which leads to fewer health insurances carrying

Health Care Reform : The Analysis Of Healthcare Reform
The Analysis of Healthcare Reform
The complexity of health care could take the rates on a massive trajectory that does not favor the people covered. Therefore, the financial protection
that the levels of health insurance covers, help to guard against the risks related to the unexpected costs of health care. The source of coverage could
still have an impact by the insurance coverage and financing alternatives that one has access to; Conversely, private insurance, social insurance, and the
national health services are the types of healthcare systems by funding and provision. As we look to health care coverage and the reform of
Obamacare, I'll analyze the impact of the uninsured in the industry and look for a resolution to improve the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are providers, of public hospitals community and rural health centers, and local health department considered to be safety net providers that
service the uninsured. But the result of increased demand has caused limited capacity and decreased treatment options due to eroding finances (KFF,
2013). In order to improve the well beings of Americans, it is imperative to establish a health care policy that will deliver comprehensive coverage for
all.
Therefore, a universal health care plan would be one recommendation, a course of action is to utilize the telemedicine doctors which is becoming more
prevalent; As the demand grows there would be more than enough tele–doctors available for care. Another recommendation is to also use the Urgent
Care centers as part of the universal healthcare system. The reason for these healthcare entities is because of the current structure; Provided, they are
in place to deliver care at a more economical rate, than if you went to a hospital's emergency room. Every American would be responsible for paying
a minuscule amount toward the universal health care plan. Granted not everyone gets sick enough to need care, so its services should not be
overworked; However, these entities should be used for preventive measures. Once tax deductions begin for the contributors, there needs to be a
database set up to monitor

Healthcare reform Essay
The United States should have Universal Health Care
Comp II
The United States should have Universal Health Care
Virtually 50 million Americans are presently without any health insurance, and a great number of them with health insurance are struggling to pay for
their medical bills. Everybody concurs that healthcare must be accessible to all citizens, but the debate on whether the United States should adopt a
universal health system still rages. According to the Institute of Medicine (2002), the U.S. is the only developed country that does not guarantee that its
citizens have health care coverage. President Obama pledged to reform the country's healthcare system by increasing health coverage and ... Show more
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Moreover, there are already existing laws in the country that demand emergency rooms for patients if they lack any insurance. This expenses the
hospital finance that they convey to clients and insurance firms. Under universal health care program, those people that usually go without insurance
cover would be demanded to pay for it through taxes. This concept of cost distribution would reduce the individual costs of people currently paying for
insurance. It is worth noting that this system of taxation resembles the shared costs of schooling, road construction, or even space exploration (Burke,
Diego & Semelka, 2012).
Opponents of universal healthcare system assert that the program would be damaging to the quality of health services, although researchers have
established that the country's healthcare structure is not superior to those of various developed countries that offer universal health care (Garber &
Skinner, J2008). In relation to the same research, the United States is ranked second last in terms of the number of practicing physicians. Moreover,
the country has less than the normal number of hospital beds and period of stay for severe care. The expense of the country's healthcare per individual
is $8,000 more than Netherlands, Norway,

ACA Reform Medicare
The ACA provides various benefits to Medicaid enrollees by expanding coverage to include mental health, prescription drugs, family planning
services, hospice care for children, tobacco cessation, preventive and obesity related services. The main provision of the act is to reduce cost while
improve the quality of care and the way it is delivered. The law prohibits insurance companies from dropping coverage for any reason, provide
insurance even if there is a pre–existing condition. Provide coverage for preventive services and immunizations. Dependant coverage is extended up to
age 26. The law established a cap on insurance company's spending on non–medical costs and administrative expenditures. Insurance companies cannot
charge more money based on an individual's health status, gender or salary. The ACA reforms Medicare by closing the coverage gap also known as
the "donut hole" by continuing coverage for prescription drugs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the fall of 2013, insurance companies cancelled health plans for millions of people. This created a political storm for the President as he had
promised insurance coverage for all. The President announced that health plans that would have cancelled under the ACA could be continued by
insurance companies. This announcement did not go down well with the insurance companies and refused to accept blame for cancellation of health
plans. Several states said that plans not compiling with the ACA are below standard and they will not accept late renewals. The federal government's
website Healthcare.gov to buy plans was supposed to be easy to navigate. But on the day of its launch the website users had to face delays and
malfunction codes. This huge and consistent problem with the website created negative news and prevented users from accessing the website to
purchase health insurance

Health Care Reform
Health Care Reform A newest way to finance health care now days is the health care reform which it is also called Obama Care. The Affordable Care
Act was signed into law in 2010. The main objective behind the Affordable Care Act was to ensure that affordable health care insurance was available
to every U.S citizen. This law is an extensive document that contains many regulations and laws that relate not only to health care but also to the
regulation of insurance companies. One of the best known regulations is that group health plans can no longer put limitations or deny benefits to
individuals under the age of 19 due to pre–existing conditions and individuals under the age of 26, are now eligible to be covered under their parents' ...
Medicare beneficiaries will experience lower costs on prescription drugs, primary, and preventive services. The new law expanded Medicare by
fighting fraud, adding new benefits, and improving care for patients. Medicare will see lower cost on prescription drugs and free preventive services.
There are positives and negatives when it comes to the affordable care act. According to Blumberg (2012) some of the positive aspects of the health
care reform are:
–Increased access to health care services
–Increased affordability of health care services.
–Decreasing of overall costs in health care.
–Employers are able to get a tax break for offering health coverage to their employees
–Lower rate for employers offering health coverage to their employees.
–Individuals are able to purchase health insurance even if they have pre–existing conditions.
–Individuals under the age of 26 are able to stay under their parents insurances.
–Better quality of care for elderly patients.
–New health prevention and wellness programs. Some of the negative sides to the health care reform includes:
–Individuals are required to purchase their own insurance if their income is above the guidelines.
–They could face penalties that will increase gradually if they choose not to purchase an insurance policy.
–Premiums may be too high for some individuals even with the tax breaks and discounts.

The On Health Care Reform
The idea of passing the health care reform was to expand health care coverage, however, in order to do so, many changes must be implemented in
order to fulfill the ACA 's promises. The first of which is allowing all individuals to acquire health insurance no matter the age, pre–existing conditions,
or other unfair practices. Statistics show that "half of Americas" have a preexisting medical condition in which with the passage of the ACA, it allows
individuals to acquire health insurance without the worry of having to pay high insurance bills (Moisse, 2011). The reason why having preexisting
health conditions is no longer a factor in acquiring health insurance is because with the passage of the ACA (as discussed earlier, it was made a
mandate to acquire health insurance) it is expected that it will balance out economically with the people who require more medical help to their
healthier counterparts that do not require as much medical attention (Goodnough, 2016).
The ACA has Americans searching for a health insurance company, however, not everyone can afford one. This makes it an issue on whether it is
possible to enforce such statute if insurance is not accessible for all. The solution brought about with Obamacare was the creation of subsidies. The
first form of cost assistance is the use of premium tax credits which lowers premiums. Just as Medicaid, tax credits depend upon income in which the
lower your income the lower the percentage you will have to pay towards health

Stakeholders in Health Reform
When talking about healthcare reform, one must always think about the stakeholders. Stakeholders are "people and organizations that have a stake
(interest) in what a healthcare organization does and that could affect the healthcare organization" (Olden, 2011). There are many different stakeholders
in our case study but we will focus on the main ones.
In Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Act had a considerable impact on hospitals and the health care system. Most community
health centers were benefiting from coverage expansions and safety net hospitals were struggling financially due to the fact that the state put more
funding towards insurance subsidies to expand coverage. Academic medical centers (AMC) were able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Massachutettes, health plans wanted to eliminate "continuous open enrollment, assess the full annual penalty for any significant period of
continuous un–insurance, impose waiting periods for certain services and bar consumers from buying in the merged market if they had access to
employer sponsored coverage" (case study). Doing these things, the insurance companies hoped to lower premiums. Bill 2585 did pass but the
law did not go as far as the insurance companies had hoped. It only "limited open enrollment in the merged market to twice a year in 2011 and
once a year after that" (case study), which didn't really help much. Due to loss in the small market group in 2009, health plans "planned double digit
premium increases in 2010" (case study), but the government stepped in and put a stop to it. Even though the big name hospitals were driving up
cost, the insurance companies were seen as the bad guys. This caused local plans to "record sizable operating losses for the first quarter of 2010 and
had to draw on reserves to cover expected losses resulting from the rate rollbacks" (case study). The insurance companies, especially the smaller ones,
suffered financially.
The most important stakeholder in the healthcare policymaking is probably the patient. In Massachusetts, the Act provided "nearly universal health
insurance coverage" (case study). In 2009 the

Examples Of Social Reform
Social Reform in the Eyes of social workers Change developments including religion, moderation, cancelation, and ladies' rights tried to grow vote
based beliefs during the era of 1825 to 1850. In any case, certain developments, for example, nativism and utopias, neglected to demonstrate the
American accentuation on a popularity based society. The change developments were prodded by time of the Great Awakening the second time around,
which started in England during the 1790's, and would in the end spread all through the nation. The Second Great Awakening contrasted that
individuals were currently accepted to have the capacity to pick if to have faith in God, rather than past beliefs considering Calvinism... Show more
The level of the mezzo level applied to the roles of social workers in the social reform who offered service to businesses and organizations who
engaged in the women movement of this era, and to compare the social worker of today who play a role in community outreach resources and
offering services to organization in a community and neighborhood. The last level is macro which, is the level of social work where social
workers became involved in the movement for women and polices of change to better the life of women. In today's world social workers offer the
same service and accomplish so much more because of better resources and tools available to provide amazing service for polices change. Social
change is what makes the world better when a social worker can provide the resource to the people of the world. Providing amazing service to better
the life of anyone is the main goal that a social focus on. The ethical standard 1.01 states a social worker number one goal is the commitment to the
client, standard 1.02 which is self–determination and 1.05 culture awareness and social diversity. All the ethical standards listed above are examples of
how social worker change the

Tort Reform
In the United States justice system, a tort is best defined as an injury or loss that was committed deliberately or negligently by a single person or an
entity (Crane). The history of tort law can be traced back to the initial trespass of property or person, but it was not until the 18th century that the
distinction between intentional and unintentional acts was made (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). In recent years, tort law has become the center of
scrutiny through the increase in tort costs, insurance liability costs, and the number of frivolous lawsuits made. This scrutiny has lead to the creation of
tort reform. Tort reform is a movement to reshape the way consumers can access the courts by restricting their right to sue and... Show more content on
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They also claim that tort reform bills are giving unprecedented immunity to certain industries and that this type of bill in unconstitutional. Another key
counter–argument made by the opposition is the denial of the existence of "litigation explosion" that the advocates have presented. They show that from
1993, instead of seeing the increase claimed by the advocates, there has actually been a decrease of tort filings by 5%. They also further there counter
argument by showing that the numbers of civil trials have dropped by 47% during the same time frame (ATLA). Though these arguments are mainly
presented to counter and invalidate the advocates of tort reformation, the opponents have also presented other unique arguments in opposition of tort
reform. One strong argument that the opponents have put forth to the public is the argument that corporations and insurance companies are the worst
abusers of the litigations system and setting forth new regulations that would protect them from "excessive litigation" would just be another benefit.
These corporations are using their vast resources to unfairly delay trials, pursue frivolous appeals, and contest claims in which liability is clear. This
reasoning supports the opposition as there have been suggestions of tort reform where the "loser pays" (Wikipedia). If a reformation such as this one
was passed into the system, then private citizens would be afraid to sue the

Health Reform Benefits
Health reform strives to provide health insurance to those who are uninsured, have a pre–existing condition and are denied by healthcare plans, and/or
people who cannot afford health care insurance due to the high premiums. Furthermore, health reform provides tax breaks to small businesses so that
they can afford insurance to their employees, free coverage for prevention services such as vaccines and screenings, assistance with drug coverage for
Medicare patients, and providing insurance options for individuals so that a healthcare plan will fit their needs. The major benefits for health reform is
closing the loop and providing coverage for the population without insurance and/or in the greatest need for care. By providing healthcare that sets

Health Care Reform
United States
Main article: Health care reform in the United States
Health care reform in the United States
Healthcare reform in the US
Debate over reform
History
Latest enacted legislation
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Senate bill– H.R. 3590)
Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (H.R. 4872)
preceding legislation
Social Security Amendments of 1965
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (1986)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996)
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (2003)
Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act (2005)
[show]
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The US pays twice as much yet lags other wealthy nations in such measures as infant mortality and life expectancy, which are among the most widely
collected, hence easily compared, international statistics. Many people are underinsured, for example, in Colorado "of those with insurance for a full
year, 36.3% were underinsured."[6][7] About 10.7 million insured Americans spend more than a quarter of their annual paychecks on health care
because of the high deductible polices.[8]

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law 111–148) was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Along with
the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (signed March 30), the Act is a product of the health care reform efforts of the Democratic
111th Congress and the Obama administration. The law includes health–related provisions to take effect over the next four years, including expanding
Medicaid eligibility for people

Health Care Reform Essay
U.S. health care reform is currently one of the most heavily discussed topics in health discourse and politics. After former President Clinton's failed
attempt at health care reform in the mid–1990s, the Bush administration showed no serious efforts at achieving universal health coverage for the
millions of uninsured Americans. WithBarack Obama as the current U.S. President, health care reform is once again a top priority. President Obama
has made a promise to "provide affordable, comprehensive, and portable health coverage for all Americans..." by the end of his first term
(Barackobama.com). The heated debate between the two major political parties over health care reform revolves around how to pay for it and more
importantly, whether it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The proposed health care reform bill attempts to change issues of public policy and health care management for the poor and uninsured. Many leaders
from the Democratic Party are actively engaging in policy–making to fix what Rep. Henry Waxman (D–California) calls a "'dysfunctional' health care
system" (2009). Currently, the U.S. health care system denies people with pre–existing conditions from receiving care. Another problem with the
system is that the health insurance that some employers offer may be so expensive that their employees cannot afford it. Any cuts in Medicaid may
mean that physicians have fewer incentives to provide adequate care for the poor. These are some of the many problems that the Affordable Health
Choices Act attempts to address. Fiscally conservative political and business groups oppose this measure because they believe that any changes in
public policy and health care management might affect them negatively.
As discussed in lecture (Paterniti, 2009) and in Oberlander's analysis of the U.S. health care system, "any reform that threatens to alter the medical
care arrangements of the insured is likely to provoke public opposition" (2003). Most likely, the insured are well off financially and/or politically
powerful. These people, who are for the most part content with their current health insurance, would oppose

Age Of Reform Essay
Anti–slavery, perfect societies, connections with nature, and less alcohol were just some of the issues discussed and acted upon during the Age of
Reform. The Age of Reform was a social reform, or an attempt to improve upon issues in society, occurred in America during the mid
–1800's. Reform
movements such as public education and women's rights both made essential impacts on American Society. One of the many changes in the Age of
Reform was the reform of public education. The first schools were built for religious purposes, but during this period, the reformers wanted better
schools to make sure that the future voters would be informed. Also, these schools would help immigrants become part of the culture of American
society. Massachusetts was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Originally, the rights of American women were minor. Women could not vote, serve on juries, or attend colleges among other restrictions. Women
like Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought long and hard for civil, religious, and social rights of American women. Stanton wrote the
Declaration of Sentiments which was modeled after the Declaration of Independence. This declaration demanded equality of men and women.
Women's suffrage, or the right to vote, was another struggle for the women to overcome. These women did win some small victories such as
convincing New York to pass a law protecting women's property rights, and some states even began to allow married women to keep their wages.
Education also improved for women. American schools were focused on educating boys, who would grow up to be voters, so Emma Willard started
The Troy Female Seminary. Eventually, Mary Lyon built Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which was the first college for women, although it was not
called a college at the time. Even though education improved for women, it would not be until 1920 that a constitutional amendment would be made to
allow women to vote. The Women's Rights Movement was a very major and important improvement for American

Medicare Reform Summary
Article Review #3: Geography and the Debate over Medicare Reform The Health Affairs published an article in about a proposed Medicare reform
regarding the high levels of use of Medicare although there was little impact on individuals. Though this article dates back to 2002, the issue still
remains true to this day. In this article, the authors explain that the high level of Medicare spending was mostly due to the increase number of
physician visits, specialist consultations, and hospital stays, especially among those that had chronic illnesses. Although the spending is higher among
such Medicare patients, this did not mean better effective care or health care outcomes. On the contrary, according to the article, more than 20% of the
total ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, there are still inequalities on the spending of the same condition between different regions. For example, mammograms, which were used to
measure effective care, were done by 21 to 77% of individuals. The authors suggested to improve the quality of care through a series of goals that the
Medicare program should complete. Through these guidelines and goals, the Medicare program would be restructured to make high quality health care
to all Medicare enrollees and to reduce the costs of Medicare.
As a whole, the authors of the articles shed light to the inequality of medical care among Medicare recipients depending on the region. Not only
inequality, but even with those individuals that received large care, there was no notable difference of their overall health with those that spent least. In
other words, the amount spent on Medicare patients has no correlation with better health or higher quality of life. On the contrary, Medicare patients
that received the most benefits were deemed to have life–threatening conditions. Although the uncovered such information, they suggested new
approaches to improve the Medicare program, focusing on a population–based approach and accountability for all hospitals and

The Issue Of Healthcare Reform
Healthcare reform continues to be a topic of discussion among politicians, medical professionals, and many Americans who are struggling to pay for
care in a system where costs are skyrocketing out of control. Consequently these costs are forcing many Americans to file bankruptcy due to the
massive amount of medical debt that they owe, slowing our economy and reducing reimbursements for medical facilities (Khazan) The debate on how
to fix health care continues, even after the Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010 to help begin our national journey to fix health care in America.
Currently there is a divide between the two Democratic presidential nominees in regards to how we should fix our current system. Bernie Sanders is...
Many believe that healthcare in Canada is free when in fact if you look at it from a policy framework view it is not. The healthcare system in
Canada is financed by government enforced tax rates that vary in costs depending on family size. income, and province location (Canadian Health
Care). While the federal government creates standards for health care, provincial governments make decisions in regards to where hospitals
should be located, how many physicians each location should have, and the services that they will provide (Canadian Health Care). Ultimately, if
the United States moves to a single payer system, taxes will increase to pay for the program. The question that often is asked when discussing a
single payer system is how much will my taxes increase and it this cost more than I am currently paying. This is most often where the debate
begins. In 2013 the average tax dedicated to the healthcare program for a family of 4 in Canada was $11,320 (Esmail). For a family of three with two
parents, the cost was approximately $10,989 (Esmail). This tax pays for all medical care and does not require additional payments for co–pays,
deductibles, or out of pocket expenses (Canadian Health Care). For a family of 4 in America the cost of health care averages $22,030 with an
employer paying $12,886 of that total cost and the remaining $9,144 being paid for by the employee (Esmail). This cost includes payroll

History of Educational Reform
History of Educational Reform
Today new school reforms have been formulated. These reforms are created to form individuals into becoming financially advanced and globally
competitive persons. The very means to gauge the progress of the new reform is through test scores. Standardized tests and the test scores are now
tantamount to accountability, transforming the educational system into a dehumanized market institution. The school is seen as a capital investment and
is now measured according to financial value. Today 's school reforms have seemed to do away with the notion of schools "helping to create people
who are fully developed as human beings and as democratic citizens." (Tyack D. 1997) However, amidst the prevailing regress in... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Dewey in spite of his secularism, had a conception of education which was almost purely religious. Education is not concerned with intellectual
values, its end is not to communicate knowledge or to train scholars in the liberal arts. It exists simply to serve democracy; and democracy is not a
form of government. Rather it is a spiritual community based on the participation of every human being in the formation of social values. Thus, every
child is a potential member of the democratic church and it is the function of education to actualize his membership and to widen his powers of
participation. Under the influence of John Dewey and other educational philosophers, William Heard Kilpatrick in the early 1900s emphasized
individualism, interest and rejected transfer of learning. Like John Dewey he proposed the progressive system in education. (Sherman, R. 1999)
Similarly, The Teachers College of Columbia University pioneered in espousing American democratic education in the same line of Dewey 's
philosophy. It seemed though that amidst criticism, the educational reform at that period manifested success. It was in the 1940s as remembered by
that generation as the good old days in education when the United States Educational system held the prestigious status of being better if not best. The
professional leaders in the 1940s centered their pursuit towards excellence through their programs for the public. As such the

Essay on Tort Reform
Tort Reform A tort is wrongful interference against a person or property, other than breaches of contract, for which the courts can rectify through legal
action. The reform effort is aimed at reducing the number of unnecessary lawsuits that burden the court system while still allowing injured parties
compensation when they've been wronged. This latest effort at tort reform has given rise to the same spirited rhetoric that might be found in a
courtroom. With the prominence of the tort reform debate on state legislative floors across the country, many states have introduced and even passed
bills that address reform issues within their respective states. Many reform proponents feel that changes in the civil justice system should... Show more
The Problem: Civil In–justice. Approximately every sector of New York's economy is affected by the threat of virtually open–ended liability created by
the state's current tort laws. Few issues have as great an impact on the bottom line of so many different companies and industries, as well as
municipalities, school districts and non–profit groups, throughout the state of New York. In the last four years New York City taxpayers have paid out
approximately $1 billion in awards for personal injury actions. Well over half of that amount was attributable to "pain and suffering," a highly
subjective and amorphous concept, as opposed to economic damages such as lost earnings or medical expenses. Of the total amount paid, 33 to
40 percent went to attorneys in the form of contingency fees or to experts or other in reimbursements for expenses. In FY 1977 the City's total
payout in tort actions was less than $25 million compared to $120 million in FY 1987 a mere ten year difference, and a staggering $282 million for FY
1996. Would you believe half of that money could have been used to hire 2,800 police officers or over 3,600 teachers? The time for corrective
legislative action for New York has come. New Yorkers for Civil Justice Reform, prompted by outrageous

Health Care Reform
Health Care Reform 2010
There is so little contradiction that government should be engaged in one way or another in creating a solution that gives Americans in need of medical
assistance the right to life, liberty and the continued pursuit of happiness. The disagreements come in recognizing the failure of government to properly
handle other socialized systems, the amount of government oversight that should be imposed, and the coverage that should be part of any
comprehensive national healthcare solution.
During his campaign, President Obama argued for health care ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Universal health care coverage represents a fundamental shift in health care policy in the United States and does not have widespread support among
Republican members of Congress. Moreover, unlike President Obama's health care reform element of reducing health care costs, universal health
care coverage will require large increases in spending from the federal government, likely necessitating higher taxes. President Obama's proposal to
provide coverage for the 47 million Americans who were uninsured as of January 2008 is estimated to cost $102 billion per year. Gruber, J. (2008).
Covering the Uninsured in the U.S. Retrieved June, 2010 from http://econ–www.mit.edu/files/2517. As the number of uninsured Americans continues
to increase, so does the cost of providing universal coverage.
Some cost savings initiatives in President Obama's health care reform framework will also be challenging to implement, since they will be strongly
opposed by the health care industry and some members of Congress. President Obama's framework for reforming health care contains many initiatives
aimed at lowering health care costs, including regulating health plan loss ratios and increasing the use of generic drugs. Barack Obama and Joe
Biden's plan to lower health care costs and ensure affordable, accessible health coverage for all. Retrieved June, 2010 from http:/
/www.barackobama.com/pdf/issues/ HealthCareFullPlan.pdf. The insurance industry will oppose President Obama's proposal to

The Reform Of The Health Care Reform Essay
The latest health care reform has done what few policies manage to do – sicken both republicans and progressive democrats. While we can all agree
that a reform of the health care system is sorely needed, we must also acknowledge that "Obamacare" is not the cure–all we so desperately require.
Rather, President Obama, like a medieval barber, prescribed a health care reform that treated the symptoms of our flawed system rather than the actual
disease. The subsidization of health insurance providers has proven ineffective at providing affordable coverage for all. Certainly one is likely to hear
the various incendiary talking points of both the proponents and opponents. Whether it's the republican candidates blaspheming Obamacare as
socialism, or the administration praising the success of health care for all, it is difficult to actually find constructive dialogue. We are purview to many
sound bites, but few actual solutions. We have witnessed heated debates, but rarely do we witness intelligent discourse. If beneficial reform is to be
crafted and implemented, we must first acknowledge the issues and inconsistencies of the current system and begin to explore alternate methods of
providing health care to the American people. This diagnoses of the flaws in our health care system must start with identifying and redefining the social
constructs of America. In most other civilized nations, it is generally accepted that it is in the best interest of the public that every individual be

Healthcare Reform Essay
LEADER'S EFFECTIVENESS USING UTILITARIANISM AS THE ETHICAL DECISION
–MAKING APPROACH IN REGARD TO THE
HEALTHCARE CHALLENGES SET FORTH BY THE PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT OF 2010 CECILIA AVEROS MBA IN
HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT ,ABSTRACT Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act( PPACA) also known as Obama care is a healthcare
reform signed in March 23, 2010 whose main goal is to conceptualizes the " Universal affordable Healthcare Coverage "making significant impacts in
the healthcare system. The purpose of this board is to discuss the challenges that effective leaders at different levels in the society should face on
regards to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the office visit length will be shortened due to the high demand of customers making it harder to provide good quality of care to
patients as well . On the other hand, from the physician point of view it is predictable that doctors will change practice patterns from private
offices to hospital services because the facilities pay salaries with less expectations in the number of patients seen per day. Furthermore, due to the
elevated number of patients, time left for clinical documentation and record keeping will be nulle. Expansion of the Medicaid coverage to all new
eligible adults and increase fee for service and managed care by primary care physicians will be financed by federal funding. This will cause an
outreageous increase in the Federal deficit from the historical 2.9% Gross Domestic Product to more than 20% by 2050. Employers should offer
affordable( employee premium less than 9.5% of employee's wages) and of minimum value( employers must pay at least 60% of insurance cost)
healthcare benefits to their employees depending on factors like number of FTE, number of employees receiving premium tax credits and other
complex measurements to calculate the amounts. Employers should also notify employees by written about State exchanges, and advise them that if
an employee decides to purchase a health Plan through an exchange, they may lose the employers'

China 's Reform Plan For Implementing Healthcare System...
China's reform plan in 2009 Almost at the time, China released two important healthcare reform documents in 2009. The first, the State Council's
Opinions on Furthering Healthcare System Reform is a broad document that sets the reform framework through 2020. The second, the Ministry of
Health's Implementation Plan for Immediate Priorities in Healthcare System Reform, provides a more detailed map for the next three years. According
to the China Business Review, the Implementation Plan is comprised of five major programs. The first is the universal coverage of basic medical
insurance, which is similar with Obama's healthcare plan. The government aims to extend each of the three main medical... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The government also aims to step up supervision and sampling to ensure a safe supply of drugs. The government will require all healthcare
providers and retail pharmacies to stock and retail drugs on the NEDL, and grassroots healthcare providers may stock and retail only drugs on the
NEDL. All other healthcare providers will be encouraged to use drugs on the NEDL as their "primary choice remedy." Thus, the NEDL is expected to
largely define the drug market in all but the urban hospitals. This measurer is very different the status in America. Guiding prices won't happen in
market–oriental economy. The third is improving primary care infrastructure. China will construct and renovate county hospitals and health centers, as
well as training and rotating healthcare professionals to staff them. This activity will focus on grassroots healthcare providers. To strengthen the
primary care system, patients will be encouraged to visit health centers as a first point of consultation, or receive visits from mobile medical teams,
and be referred to hospitals only if they have secondary or tertiary care needs. In addition to improving accessibility, the health centers will ensure the
affordability of their primary care services by using "appropriate" techniques, equipment, and essential medicines. The fourth is Pilot reform of public
hospitals. The government will attempt to improve the governance of public hospitals and

Health Care Reform: The Roles Of Healthcare Reform
The healthcare reform had implemented many changes that affected the way hospitals provide care (Sharamitaro, 2011). One of the changes was to
increase the clarity concerning the special benefits and incentives that tax–exempt hospitals receive. This was done by imposing additional
requirements that is need to qualifying for exemption status (Sharamitaro, 2011). In order for a hospital to qualify for this status, the hospital would
have to show that it is organized and operates with a charitable purpose; that no part of its net earnings is used to benefit of any private shareholder or
individual, and that it does not participate in any political campaigns on behalf of any candidate or conduct any lobbying activities (Marietta, 2010). In

Inside Teaching : How Classroom Life Undermines Reform
Inside Teaching: How Classroom Life Undermines ReformInside Teaching provides an up close and personal look into the realities of classroom life
revealing the challenges teachers face daily in the pursuit of educating the nation's children. It examines the efforts, expectations and failures of
education reform. The book begins from the premise that while we seem to know (or think we know) what teaching looks like, we do not know why
it looks this way. "Reforms typically fail, forcing us to acknowledge that although we know a lot about what teaching looks like, we know almost
nothing about why it looks like this" (Kennedy, 2005 p. 1) In an effort to explore the why Kennedy hypothesizes that the failures are a result of a gap in
understanding between reformers and teachers. She further asserts that this gap in understanding is predominately on the reformers side, although
highly educated and committed teachers are held responsible for the failures. The inequality in assigning the responsibility or blame on teachers
inspired Kennedy to write the book asking two fundamental questions: "Why, when American teachers are well educated, motivated, and provided with
numerous resources professional development opportunities, are both they and reformers so often dissatisfied with their teaching practices? And why,
when reformers have been laboring for decades to improve practice, have they been largely unsuccessful"? (p. 225) To lay the groundwork for the
conceptual framework

Essay on Reform Between 1825 And 1850
While some citizens of the United States, between 1825 and 1850, believed that reform was foolish and that the nation should stick to its old conduct,
reformists in this time period still sought to make the United States a more ideally democratic nation. This was an age of nationalism and pride, and
where there was pride in one's country, there was the aspiration to improve one's country even further. Many new reformist and abolitionist groups
began to form, all attempting to change aspects of the United States that the respective groups thought to be unfair or unjust. Some groups, such as
lower and middle class women and immigrants, sought to improve rights within the county, while other reformers aspired to change the American
education ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She also brings to attention how they are fighting for the right to vote, when their own form of government, being the democracy that it is, should
permit women the right to vote initially. (Doc F) However, these women battled on and on to gain their rights, and make this country a truly democratic
nation. Others, such as immigrants, fought to make it possible for success in America. Due to the naturalization act, an immigrant must remain in the
United States for at least 14 years before becoming a United States citizen and being able to really have any impact on the country at all. Samuel F.B.
Morse, in his Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States brings the subject of the Naturalization Act to the country's attention and
attempts to change this act, in fear of a conspiracy against immigration. (Doc D) No matter what obstacles were thrown into the path of these groups
battling on for reform, they didn't concede. The reformist groups persevered and fought to expand America's democratic ideals.
While attempting to change certain groups' rights was crucial, an almost equally pressing issue of reform at the time was society. Across the country,
increasing the morality and appearance of United States citizens had suddenly become a much more pressing issue, and various reform assemblies, and
especially the church, struggled to improve society in ways they thought helpful. Due to the mass urbanization occurring so rapidly,

Reform Malpractice Laws to Create True Healthcare Reform...
"Mr. X, you've been diagnosed with..." These words are spoken in hospitals around the country every day and each time they are spoken, a line is
drawn between doctor and patient. On one side is the doctor wondering if enough has been done to defend against being sued for malpractice. On the
other side is the patient with a need for someone to blame for his or her condition and seeing the doctor as the sole reason for any injured state. This
division between doctor and patient has led to a practice called defensive medicine and it has also created a healthcare system riddled with inefficiency
and in need of an overhaul. There is talk of healthcare reform and how it is important to control costs to the patient through lower health ... Show more
The United States legal system exists with many favorable conditions for filing malpractice lawsuits, including low burden of proof requirements, lax
limits on damage awards, and the lack of a cost–sharing provision on filing a legal action.
Impact of Defensive Medicine
The same World Health Organization presentation details the cost of medical litigation rising from $3 billion per year to $24 billion per year
between 1975 and 2002 (Dietrich, 2005, pg. 27). The amounts awarded in medical lawsuits have an impact on healthcare delivery in the form of
increased insurance costs to the consumer and doctor, or a reduction in services to help cover the cost of litigation. A survey conducted by the
Massachusetts Medical Society (MMS) asked 900 physicians if they had practiced defensive medicine procedures. Eighty–three percent of the doctors
reported that they had ordered defensive procedures an average of 18 to 28 percent of the time. They also indicated they had ordered hospitalizations
about 13 percent of the time to avoid potential lawsuits. The MMS estimates that the excess procedures cost the state at least $1.4 billion a year, and
the group believes that amount is an underestimate due to only 46 percent of doctors in the state participating in the survey (Gulla, 2008).
Using the results from

The Massachusetts Model Of Healthcare Reform
THE MASSACHUSETTS MODEL OF HEALTHCARE REFORM
The Massachusetts model is considered by many to be the blueprint for the national health care reform. It was introduced in the year 2006 and was
fully implemented by 2010. The state previously had a "free care" pool through which it funded the health care given to people who were uninsured
and ineligible for Medicare, Medicaid and private health insurance. The then federal government insisted that either the state reduced this funding or it
lost $385 million in Medicare funds (Lizza, 2011, June 6). The uninsured population in the state at that time was 10.9%, which was much less than the
national average of 15.8% (Day & Nardin, 2011) making the state relatively more suitable for any health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those with incomes between 150% and 300% paid a sliding scale premium and co–payments. The state also created a Commonwealth Care program
providing subsidized private health insurance to individuals with incomes less than 300% of poverty level and not eligible for Medicaid. This
program excluded illegal immigrants, immigrants in U.S. for less than 5 years and employees who declined employer sponsored coverage.
EMPLOYER SPONSORED INSURANCE: Any employer with more than 10 employees was required to provide them with health insurance and also
to contribute a reasonable sum towards their costs or he had to pay a penalty of up to $295 per employee annually. The revenue generated through this
would be used to cover costs of reform
INSURANCE EXCHANGE: They created an independent, easy to understand health insurance exchange, called the Commonwealth Health Insurance
Connector Authority. It provided citizens with different insurance options and helped them make the appropriate choices. This agency also managed
the Commonwealth Care and the Commonwealth Choice programs. The Commonwealth Care offered subsidized insurance to people earning less than
300% of poverty level while the Commonwealth Choice offered unsubsidized insurance to people earning more than 300% of the FPL. This made
purchasing insurance plans simple and accessible.

Health Care Reform
Healthcare Reform 1 Healthcare Reform: Moving Closer to a Solution English 102–940 Professor Marilyn December 1, 2007 December 1, 2007
Professor Marilyn Sahiba Department of English and Critical Studies Parkland College Champaign, IL 61821 Dear Professor Sahiba, I am pleased
to present to you my final research paper on Health Care Reform: Moving Closer To A Solution, the topic for which was approved by you on
November 8, 2007. I acquired most of my research material from the Parkland College Library, and internet sources found through the search engine,
Google. There was a wealth of information available to use in order for me to write a convincing paper on... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Martinez, 2, p.9). Healthcare Reform 4 The World Health Organization ranks the United States as #37 out of 190 for performance. It is evident
that even though we are spending more money, we are not able to achieve the desired outcome. The argument has always been that the free market
of health care and insurance in this country has created a health care system that is second to none in the world. The statistics do not support this
assertion. Total health care spending in 1975 consumed about 8 percent of the U.S economy in 1975. Today it accounts for nearly 16 percent of the
gross domestic product and is projected to reach nearly 20 percent by 2016 (Orszag, 2007). One of the reasons for rising health care costs is due to
costly new medical technologies. Some of these new medical advancements allow for physicians to treat previously untreatable conditions. It is unclear
as to whether these new options are cost effective. Most people believe that more expensive care equates to better health care. There is significant
evidence to support that more expensive care does not necessarily mean higher–quality care. This suggests that there may be an opportunity to reduce
health care spending without impairing outcomes The most compelling evidence of that opportunity comes from the substantial geographic differences
in spending on health care within the United States–and the fact that they do not translate into higher life expectancy or measured

The Benefits of Healthcare Reform
THE BENEFITS OF HEALTH CARE REFORM
The Benefits Of Health Care Reform
Kingsley A. Valentine
Composition II – 50 Everest University
The mounting cost of healthcare makes it one of the foremost social and economic issues facing Americans today. Working families are confronting
double digit increases in the costs of health care insurance. Higher premiums, deductibles, co–payments and high unemployment are taking their toll on
U.S. workers. Consequently, 47 million Americans are currently un–insured– 8.7 million of whom are children. The high cost of doctor's visits and
prescription are forcing many to delay needed medical care, as health care cost balloons five times the rate of inflation. Will health care reform solve the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The economic climate with high unemployment is, also, a contributing factor to the lack of adequate medical care. The Census Bureau states that
Hispanics are the most affected by being uninsured; almost a third of Hispanics have no health insurance. Another statistic reveals that in 2004, about
33% of Latinos were uninsured as opposed to 10% of white, non–Latinos.
The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies reports that: "Lack of health insurance causes roughly 18,000 unnecessary deaths every year in the
United States." The American Journal of Public Health published a study by Harvard in 2009, revealed more than 44,800 excess deaths annually in the
United States associated with un–insurance. Vicente Navarro, a Johns Hopkins University professor, stated in 2003, "the problem does not end here,
with the uninsured. An even larger problem is the underinsured" and "The most credible estimate of the number of people in the United States who
have died because of lack of medical care was provided by a study carried out by Harvard Medical School Professors David Himmelstein and Steffie
Woolhandler (New England Journal of Medicine 336, no. 11 [1997]). They concluded that almost 100,000 people died in the United States each year
because of lack of needed care–three times the number of people who died of AIDS."
Many uninsured or under insured patients never enter the health care

Reform Movements In America
Reform Movements Paper
Throughout history, political, social, and economical issues have erupted and caused society to reform. These reform movements are created in order
for the people of America to have the ability to resolve the issues they see in their communities. Some of the movements that have been most prominent
in the united States during the early 19th century are the Women'sReform Movement, the Prison Reform and the Education reform. All of these
developments allowed awareness to be created about the problems that everyday citizens were experiencing and how they were going those change
problems into resolutions.
The first type of reform that is most important during this time period was the Women's Reform Movement. Ever since

The Australian Healthcare Reform : The Canadian Health Reform
Resourcing & Budgeting Assignment Introduction Healthcare funding approaches differ from country to country with regular debate over health
reform and healthcare for the future. As additional funding is not always a feasible option, health resource allocation and health finance need to be well
managed to achieve efficient outputs. Health resource allocation is the allocation and management of healthcare resources or healthcare rationing
(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). Health finance refers to 'function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and allocation of
money to cover the health needs of people in the health system' (Health Systems Financing, 2008). This essay will discuss the Australian healthcare
reform... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Agreements were established to be the framework for public funding, which includes investments, public hospitals, hospital services, aged care,
reduced waiting times for elective surgery admissions and emergency departments (Webarchive.nla.gov.au, 2012). The reform saw three key groups
established the National Health and Hospital Reform Commission (NHHRC), External Reference Group (ERG) of primary care experts to inform the
National Primary Healthcare Strategy (NPHCS) and Preventative Health Taskforce (PHT) as well as twelve new documents being publically produced
across eight divisions of health reform. These include: primary care, aged care, mental health, hospitals, workforce, standards and performance,
prevention and ehealth (Phcris.org.au, 2015). Efficiency: Australia has one of the most efficient health systems, regarded as world–class that delivers
strong health outcomes (Aihw.gov.au). Efficiency refers 'to the allocation of available resource inputs in a way that provides the best outcomes for the
community' (Efficiency in Health – Productivity Commission Research Paper, 2015). The Commission analysed the Australian healthcare system and
released a report indicating that by improving the quality of care and reducing costs, this could improve the

Social Reforms, India
The reform activities united people and the attack on institutions like caste which hampered social unity created a sense of oneness in the people. But
most of these reform movements had certain limitations. The questions to which they gave primacy concerned only small sections of Indian society.
Some of them failed to emphasize or even recognize that colonial rule was inimical to the interests of the Indian people. Most of them worked within
the framework of their respective communities in a way tended to promote identities based on religion or caste. Many of these limitations were sought
to be overcome during the course of the national movement with which many social and religious reformers were closely associated. Indian nationalism
Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of the 'Arya Samaj' was one of the maker of Modern India. His Arya Samaj gave emphasis on the liberation
of the Hindu Society. He called people 'Go back to the Veda' created consciousness among the people.
He strongly opposed Idol worship, ritualism, practice of animal sacrifice, the idea of Heaven etc. This movement also challenged the Christian
Missionaries who tried to convert the uneducated, poor and depressed classes of the Hindus.
6. Annie Besant
Annie Besant was of Irish origin and made India her second home. She fought for the rights of Indian and was the first woman president of Indian
National Congress. In 1893, she left for India having been influenced by the Indian culture and civilization. She was famous as a social worker,
educationalist, journalist, prominent Theosophist, social reformer, political leader, women's rights activist, writer and orator. She fought for the Human
Rights of Indian women.
7. Dr.Bhimrao Ambedkar
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891 in Mhow (presently in Madhya Pradesh). Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is viewed as messiah of dalits and
downtrodden in India. He was the chairman of the drafting committee in 1947. Bhimrao Ambedkar experienced caste discrimination right from the
childhood.he was the first who reduce the bridge between tribal & non–tribal.
8. Medha Patkar
Medha Patkar was born in Mumbai. On 28 March 2006,

Temperance Reform In The 19th Century
In the 19th century people did not like what the American society was turning into, so to control behaviors, and shape cultures the way they wanted.
They created reforms to create a better environment. Reforms were made for temperance, abolitionist, antiprostitution, and other things that people
thought they needed to change in the United States. They would do this by using popular things like songs, plays, novels, and narratives. Reformers
wanted their information to develop to a large audience, so they could participate in their reforms. Although, not all the reforms were effective one that
was very successful was the temperance reform. The 19th century was when people would drink large amounts of alcohol, especially men, which is
why the temperance reform was put in place. On average, Americans drank about seven gallons of hard alcohol, including whiskey and other distilled
spirits. These people did not think that drinking was harmful, and they said that alcohol was cleaner than water. Drinking was becoming out of control.
For example, Ten Nights in a Bar–Room is about how Mary's father that goes to the bar way too often, and Mary goes to the bar to tell her father to
come home almost every night because she wants him to come home. One of the times she shows up, and one the men throws a bottle at her father,
but it hits her, and she dies. This shows how out of control drinking was, and men had no self–control. "There was so much of biting contempt in the
tones, as

The Issue Of Tort Reform
Tort reform is a term propagated by companies in the tobacco and asbestos industries vulnerable to legal actions seeking damages for the impacts to
their products. Advocates use the terminology to limit the ability and potential damages available to individuals who take legal actions against
companies. In 2002, the consumer advocacy organization Center for Justice and Democracy investigated the U.S. "tort reform" and saw that the "rally"
was actually a massive national PR effort initiated by the tobacco industry to reduce or eliminate exposure to liability law suits. Concerned by the
increasing regularity in which some state attorneys general are hiring personal injury lawyers to pursue lawsuits on behalf of their practicing states, the
Perhaps one way to analyze the situation is through concepts of loss–shifting and loss–spreading. I would anticipate such insurers directly or directly
support tort reform aimed at limiting the quantum of damages. On the other hand, I would be surprised if they supported substantial removal of the
right to sue in tort, because that is part of their business. (Journal of Patient Safety) Anyone with a valid claim stands to receive compensation, but only
up to a specified amount, which often leads to dissatisfaction and complaint There are qualitative factors, of course, that add to the complexity of these
scenarios. I believe there are some interesting studies around no–fault apology that might contribute to a reduction in claims, for example. It would also
be interesting to see what improvements collaborative law processes might bring.
Both the loss–shifting and the loss–spreading scenarios are vulnerable to exploitation by players motivated by greed or factors of self–advancement. In
an ideal world, a civil society could rationally and effectively operate either or both loss shifting or loss spreading models in a sustainable way. This
seems unlikely to eventuate in current circumstances, unless there was a momentous shift in consciousness. What seems more likely is that interested
parties will struggle to improve their position in the field through statutory

Us Healthcare Reform
US Healthcare Reform and the Impact on Primary Care Physicians
Laura Garcia
ENG 122 English Composition II
Dr. Paula Porter
June 28, 2010
The new healthcare reform act recently passed will be fully implemented by 2014. Every person living legally in the United States will be guaranteed,
under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, (PPACA), healthcare insurance. Across the United States, primary care doctors are already
preparing for the full impact this will have on their practices. In keeping with the promise made by President Obama, physicians are already planning to
increase their hours while trying to maintain patient care.
With this new legislation, there will inevitably be growing pains, for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is any hope of this happening the number of (PCP) 's has to increase before 2014, otherwise the patients that cannot get into see their (PCP)
will resort to the ER for their non–urgent health issues, just to receive treatment.
A cost analysis study was performed by the RAND Corporation and the results published on June 27, 2010. What they found was "Of all the proposals
on the table that would expand health insurance to more Americans, the final health reform law included those that covered the largest number of
people at the lowest cost to the federal government," said Elizabeth A. McGlynn. Medicare and Medicaid (2010, June).
The RAND corporation was also charged with analyzing the inner workings of the reform act, they where asked to evaluate the feasibility of the
PPACA to see if it was structured differently would the cost to the federal government would be any less. A couple of possible scenarios that they
reviewed and analyzed were; if employers with fewer employees were required to provide coverage or pay a penalty how would that influence the
cost to our government. Medicare and Medicaid (2010, June). In essence, the RAND Corporation found in their study that by increasing the fine to
$1,200 per person CMS (Center for Medicare and Medicaid) could realistically insure an additional 4 million people per

A Report on the Healthcare Reform
On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Health Care Reform, which
promises to accomplish three primary goals: provide health insurance coverage for all Americans; reduce the cost of insurance for individuals,
businesses and the government; and, increase the quality of care and the value we receive for every dollar we spend on health care in the United States
(Tanner, 2010). By analyzing the major provisions contained in the act, their potential impact on health care administrators and the many
organizations in which they serve and the proposed methods by which we will pay for each provision; it is clear that the act succeeds in some areas;
partially succeeds in others and fails completely in the rest. There is little doubt that the act will provide insurance for the uninsured and it may improve
overall quality and provide some increase in value for services delivered; but it will come at an enormous cost that will be unsustainable for future
generations. Health care expenditures in the United States are currently about 18 percent of GDP, and this share is expected to continue to rise with
the share of GDP devoted to health care in the United States projected to reach 34 percent by 2040 (CEA, 2009). U.S. spending on healthcare is
greater than any other developed country, yet unlike others which provide near universal coverage, the United States still has 46 million uninsured
(Godell, 2008). For

Healthcare Reform Implementation
Healthcare Reform Implementation
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the implications of healthcare reform in the United States and specifically, Ohio. The impact of healthcare
reform in Ohio will be discussed with distinct focus placed on positive and negative outcomes as well as the financial implications of the initiatives.
Healthcare Reform Overview According to the Garber & Skinner (2008), the United States spends more on health care than other nations but continues
to score below other nations in numerous areas of measurement. These scores in, consideration with amount spent, suggest that healthcare is the United
States is inefficient. Additionally, the United States has a significantly large portion of under... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Ohio, the financial aspects of ACA implementation are numerous. A large amount of Ohioans received an average tax credit of $244 per month
while about half that number, 41% of enrollees, were able to secure insurance for $100 or less (United States of America, 2015). One million
dollars was received in research grants for Marketplace innovation and improvement and funds that were originally spent on salaries and marketing
were diverted to care improvement through the 80/20 rule (United States of America, 2015). Large amounts of funds were made available to
combat premium increases which have saved approximately one billion dollars nationally (United States of America, 2015). Over $217 million has
been made available for primary care services in community health settings with an additional $33 million ear marked for prevention and public
health needs (United States of America, 2015). I believe this feature will have the greatest impact on health in Ohio. Increased funding for
community projects naturally leads to increased preventative measures and decreased health care costs overall. Close to $235 million was saved in
prescription costs by those enrolled in Ohio Medicare through the closure of the medication coverage gap (United States of America, 2015). This
results in an average saving of $980 per

Reform Movement Dbq
During the 1820s–1850s, lots of change and chaos was going on in the very young United States. Along with this chaos, many people wanted different
things to change in the country, which caused many reform movements to occur. From slavery to healthier prisons, these movements helped shape the
US before the Civil War. American reform movements sought for the expansion of democratic ideas, however, some reform movements were radical at
the time and did not do as successful as others. The most well known reform movement was the anti–slavery campaign. This movement occurred
mostly in North. The Northerners viewed the South's practice of slavery to be morally wrong and should be banned from the United States. In Document
C, the engraving says, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liquor became a very popular substance in this time period and people began to see that drunkenness from over drinking was tearing families
apart. According to Document H, there was 9 steps of drinking called, "The Drunkard's Progress". What the artist is trying to portray is that
drinking is bad if it gets out of hand. One or two drinks is good but once a person reaches 3 to 4 it is hard to stop continuing. Drinking in
moderation was not the problem, it was an overdose of alcohol and recklessness of the individual that caused the problem. People began to question
why drunkenness was becoming such a problem. In the opinion of Charles Finney, a well known 2nd Great Awakening Evangelical, he believed that
religion was not having a big enough influence in society. He believed that if church became a presence in society then, "Harlots, drunkards, and
infidels, and all sorts of abandoned characters, [would be] converted and awakened" (Document B). Others believed the stress of the times caused this
liquor outbreak or believed that the creation of more drinking holes caused more publicity for drinking. Either way, the United States went through a
period heavy drinking with little self

Argumentative Essay On Education Reform
Education reform is a topic that every student, parent and teacher should be interested in because it effects everyone in the community. Many different
approaches to education reform have been tried, and even though they seem to work for the time being, there are always more improvements that need
to be made. One of the best ideas that has been discussed in the most recent years is getting the parents and students more involved in the actual reform
process. Many school administrators see a problem with involving students, even though they are the ones most affected by the changes within schools.
Student's opinions should be taken into consideration because they are the ones who see what happens inside the school and within the classroom, and
are the most affected by it. Involving parents and students in the reform of their schools will improve the quality of education, improve parent and
teacher relationships and reduce parent and student complaints. Education reform is classified as any work doing to improve schools at any level.
"Education reform is any effort determined to engage what currently exists in schools" (Education Reform and Meaningful Student Involvement).
Education reform is also known as school transformation or change. Education reform should include everyone at the schools including parents and
students. "Research shows that for any school reform to be successful, students must be directly involved" (Weiss). This involvement of students can
include

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