SlideShare a Scribd company logo
van Der Mars, H. (2006). Time and 
learning in physical education. In D. Kirk, 
D. MacDonald, & M. O’Sullivan (Eds.), 
The Handbook of Physical Education (pp. 
191-213). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE 
Publications Ltd. 
Dr. Stephen Harvey
Purpose of review 
• Review the main findings from research into 
time in physical education 
• Main construct for this has been ALT-PE and / 
or Opportunities to Respond (OTR) 
• Directions for future research based on the 
importance of time variables studies so far
Background and significance of 
study…what did it report to add?
Theoretical Frameworks
Theoretical Frameworks
Theoretical Frameworks 
INSTRUCTIONAL MANAGEMENT 
SOCIAL 
DOYLE, 1984
Observation Tactics / Instruments 
• Recording methods 
– Duration 
– Interval 
– Event 
• Systems 
– a lot to keep you going 
– e.g. System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time
Observation Tactics / Instruments
Data generation sheet 
• Motor appropriate (MA). The pupil is engaged in a 
motor activity related to the subject matter in such a 
way as to produce a high degree of success. 
• Motor inappropriate (MI). The pupil is engaged in a 
motor activity related to the subject matter, but the 
task or activity is either too difficult for the pupil's 
capabilities or so easy that practising it could not 
contribute to the achievement of lesson objectives. 
• A: activity – motor engagement in assigned task 
(jumping rope, participating in 3 on 3) 
• O: off task – not doing assigned task, teacher 
addressing misbehavior
Data generation sheet for Mylan
Data generation definitions
Data generation sheet
Findings/Main arguments 
a) Teaching and student behaviors are highly 
related, and some teaching and student 
behaviors in a lesson impact student learning 
and some do not; 
b) In-class learning in turn effects student 
achievement; 
c) Teachers vary in their use of effective 
managerial and instructional behaviors and thus 
in their effectiveness as teachers 
Ward (2014)
Conclusions/implications for practice 
and/or future research 
• Games-based instruction 
• Authentic Assessment instruments 
• Observation tactics 
– Analysis of gender and skill level 
– Length of units
What did this paper mean to me? 
• It told me there was a legitimate research 
program in games-based instruction and this 
is grounded in the historical developments of 
physical education and sport pedagogy 
research
Questions?

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Pet 735 harvey presentation week 3

  • 1. van Der Mars, H. (2006). Time and learning in physical education. In D. Kirk, D. MacDonald, & M. O’Sullivan (Eds.), The Handbook of Physical Education (pp. 191-213). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. Dr. Stephen Harvey
  • 2. Purpose of review • Review the main findings from research into time in physical education • Main construct for this has been ALT-PE and / or Opportunities to Respond (OTR) • Directions for future research based on the importance of time variables studies so far
  • 3. Background and significance of study…what did it report to add?
  • 6. Theoretical Frameworks INSTRUCTIONAL MANAGEMENT SOCIAL DOYLE, 1984
  • 7. Observation Tactics / Instruments • Recording methods – Duration – Interval – Event • Systems – a lot to keep you going – e.g. System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time
  • 8. Observation Tactics / Instruments
  • 9.
  • 10. Data generation sheet • Motor appropriate (MA). The pupil is engaged in a motor activity related to the subject matter in such a way as to produce a high degree of success. • Motor inappropriate (MI). The pupil is engaged in a motor activity related to the subject matter, but the task or activity is either too difficult for the pupil's capabilities or so easy that practising it could not contribute to the achievement of lesson objectives. • A: activity – motor engagement in assigned task (jumping rope, participating in 3 on 3) • O: off task – not doing assigned task, teacher addressing misbehavior
  • 11.
  • 15. Findings/Main arguments a) Teaching and student behaviors are highly related, and some teaching and student behaviors in a lesson impact student learning and some do not; b) In-class learning in turn effects student achievement; c) Teachers vary in their use of effective managerial and instructional behaviors and thus in their effectiveness as teachers Ward (2014)
  • 16. Conclusions/implications for practice and/or future research • Games-based instruction • Authentic Assessment instruments • Observation tactics – Analysis of gender and skill level – Length of units
  • 17. What did this paper mean to me? • It told me there was a legitimate research program in games-based instruction and this is grounded in the historical developments of physical education and sport pedagogy research