The document summarizes information about several pests that damage fruit crops, including their life cycles and means of control. It describes the mango fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis), its eggs, larvae, pupa stages, and damage caused by feeding larvae. It also outlines the bark eating caterpillar (Inderbela quadrinotata), its eggs, larvae, pupa and damage done by larvae feeding on tree bark. The fruit piercing moth (Othreis fullonia) is also summarized, detailing its eggs, larvae, pupa, and damage from adult moths piercing and sucking fruit juices. Control methods for each pest include removing infected plant material, injecting pesticide into bore holes, and spraying
This document summarizes information on four primary pests of stored grain: Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), and Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois grain moth). It describes the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and control methods for each pest. Control involves sanitation of storage areas, monitoring, fumigation with phosphine or heat treatment, and application of insecticides like malathion and deltamethrin.
The document discusses several pests that affect tea plants. It describes 5 major pests in detail: 1) Helopeltis atonii (Tea mosquito bug), 2) Andraca bipunctata (Bunch caterpillar), 3) Eterusia magnifica, 4) Empoasca flavescens (Tea green fly), and 5) Shot-hole borer (Xyleborus fornicates). For each pest, it provides information on appearance, lifecycle, damage caused, and potential control methods. The lifecycles typically include eggs, nymph/larval, and adult stages, with time periods varying by season. Control is achieved through hand picking,
The document summarizes several insect pests that affect oilseed and groundnut crops. It describes the life cycle, nature of damage, and management strategies for each pest. Key pests discussed include mustard sawfly, mustard aphid, painted bug, white grub, groundnut leaf miner, groundnut aphid, and groundnut hairy caterpillar. For each, it provides details on the insect's appearance, egg-laying behavior, larval and pupal stages, and how it damages crops by feeding on leaves, shoots, or roots. Management involves cultural, biological and chemical controls.
This document discusses several major pests that affect cotton crops in India, including the leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), thrips (Thrips tabaci), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), and mealy bug (Phenacoccus solani). For each pest, it describes key details like appearance, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management using cultural, biological, and chemical controls to minimize pest impacts on cotton crops.
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their managementAaliya Afroz
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
This document summarizes information on four primary pests of stored grain: Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), and Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois grain moth). It describes the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and control methods for each pest. Control involves sanitation of storage areas, monitoring, fumigation with phosphine or heat treatment, and application of insecticides like malathion and deltamethrin.
The document discusses several pests that affect tea plants. It describes 5 major pests in detail: 1) Helopeltis atonii (Tea mosquito bug), 2) Andraca bipunctata (Bunch caterpillar), 3) Eterusia magnifica, 4) Empoasca flavescens (Tea green fly), and 5) Shot-hole borer (Xyleborus fornicates). For each pest, it provides information on appearance, lifecycle, damage caused, and potential control methods. The lifecycles typically include eggs, nymph/larval, and adult stages, with time periods varying by season. Control is achieved through hand picking,
The document summarizes several insect pests that affect oilseed and groundnut crops. It describes the life cycle, nature of damage, and management strategies for each pest. Key pests discussed include mustard sawfly, mustard aphid, painted bug, white grub, groundnut leaf miner, groundnut aphid, and groundnut hairy caterpillar. For each, it provides details on the insect's appearance, egg-laying behavior, larval and pupal stages, and how it damages crops by feeding on leaves, shoots, or roots. Management involves cultural, biological and chemical controls.
This document discusses several major pests that affect cotton crops in India, including the leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), thrips (Thrips tabaci), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), and mealy bug (Phenacoccus solani). For each pest, it describes key details like appearance, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management using cultural, biological, and chemical controls to minimize pest impacts on cotton crops.
This document provides information on various insect pests that attack sugarcane crops. It describes the scientific names, symptoms of damage, life cycles and IPM strategies for borers like Chilo infuscatellus, Scirpophaga nivella, Holotrichia serrata, and Odontotermes obesus. It also discusses other pests like Melanapis glomerata, Ripersia sacchari, Pyrilla perpusilla, Ceratobvacuna lanigera, Aleurolobus barodensis and their management. The document lists cultural, biological and chemical control methods for effective management of sugarcane insect pests.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their managementAaliya Afroz
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
The document summarizes the order Hymenoptera. It belongs to the class Insecta and is characterized by membrane-winged insects including bees, ants, and wasps. Key characteristics include chewing mouthparts, modified thoraxes for flight, membranous and stiff wings coupled by hooklets, and an ovipositor modified for various functions. There are two suborders, Symphyta which includes sawflies and have caterpillar-like larvae, and Apocrita which are more behaviorally sophisticated and include parasitic wasps, bees, and ants. Many families are described including their distinguishing traits and examples of economic importance.
This document summarizes key insect pests that affect rice crops in India. It describes several major borer pests, sucking pests, and defoliator pests. For each pest, it provides details on identification, lifecycle, nature of damage, and symptoms caused. Management strategies are also outlined, such as removing crop residue, using biological or chemical controls, monitoring economic thresholds, and following integrated pest management practices. The document aims to educate readers on the major rice crop insects and their effective management.
The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including those caused by protozoans (Nosema disease), bacteria (American and European foul brood), fungi (chalk brood and stone brood), viruses (Thai sac brood and bee paralysis viruses), mites (tracheal and Varroa mites), and disorders like colony collapse disorder. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, stages of infection, and management strategies for each disease.
The rice weevil is a small beetle that infests grain products like rice and wheat. The adult is 1/8 inch long with reddish-brown or black coloring and four spots on its wings. It lays eggs in grains, and the legless white larvae feed within the grains. The full lifecycle from egg to adult can take as little as 26 days in warm conditions. Rice weevils damage grain by eating into it and reducing its quality. Control methods include inspecting for infestation, discarding heavily infected material, freezing food below 0°F for 3 days or heating to 140°F for 15 minutes to kill all life stages.
The document provides information on pests that affect pulses. It discusses various insect pests and other organisms that damage pulses as root feeders, stem feeders, foliage feeders, and pod feeders. Some major pests of red gram discussed in detail include the gram pod borer, blue butterfly, grass blue butterfly, plume moth, spotted pod borer, spiny pod borer, field bean pod borer, red gram pod fly, and stem fly. It describes the symptoms caused by each pest and identifies their life stages. The document aims to educate farmers about the different types of pests that impact pulses.
This document provides information on common insects that attack stored grains and how to manage them. It identifies key pest types like beetles, weevils and moths. It describes several major pest species in detail with pictures of each life stage. These include granary and rice weevils, grain beetles, flour beetles, and angoumois grain moths. The document outlines the feeding damage caused by each pest. It also discusses integrated pest management methods like sanitation, monitoring, fumigation and improved storage to help reduce post-harvest losses from stored product insects.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
Life cycles of insect pests of important forest.pptxbhargaviMadival5
The document summarizes the life cycles of various insect pests that affect important forest trees in India. It provides details on the egg-laying, hatching, larval, pupal, and adult stages of different insects that are pests of trees like teak, sal, chir pine, deodar cedar, sissoo, bamboo, silk cotton, and others. For each insect pest, it mentions the number of generations per year, duration of different stages, overwintering behavior, number of eggs laid, and other key life cycle details. The life cycles described range from 14-41 days for some insects to over 1 year for beetle grubs that feed on deodar cedar
Major pests that affect sugarcane crops include borers like the early shoot borer, white grubs, and termites. Sap feeders that damage sugarcane include whiteflies, leafhoppers, mealybugs, and scale insects. The early shoot borer causes dead hearts in young crops from boring into shoots. White grubs bore into roots, causing wilting. Termites feed on setts and leaves, leaving semi-circular marks. These pests can be managed through resistant varieties, removal of affected plant parts, application of pesticides, and conservation of natural enemies.
This document discusses several major insect pests that damage fruits in Pakistan. It begins by providing background on insects and then discusses six key pests in detail: 1) fruit flies, which lay eggs inside fruits and whose larvae feed on the flesh, causing economic losses; 2) the lemon butterfly, whose caterpillar larvae feed on citrus leaves; 3) aphids, which suck sap from plants and reduce yields; 4) red scales, an armored scale insect that sucks sap and can cause tree death; 5) mango hoppers, which feed on mango flowers, leaves, and fruits, stunting growth; and 6) the banana weevil, whose grub larvae bore into banana plants and rhizomes,
This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes examples. It also discusses the three types of pupae: obtect, exarate, and coarctate. The pupal stage is usually inactive and enclosed in a protective cocoon.
The document discusses the structure and functions of insect antennae. It notes that antennae are borne on the second head segment and function primarily for sensory perception. The main parts of antennae are the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Antennae allow insects to detect smells, sounds, humidity, mates, food, and danger. Their shape varies between insect orders and can be filiform, setaceous, moniliform, capitate, clavate, lamellate, serrate, pectinate, geniculate, bipectinate, aristate, or stylate depending on the insect. Antennae play important sensory roles in insect behavior and communication.
The document summarizes the process of moulting, or ecdysis, in insects. It discusses how moulting is triggered by hormones when an insect outgrows its exoskeleton. The old exoskeleton is then digested and a new larger one is constructed underneath, in a process that involves secretion of proteins, formation of new cuticle layers, and eventual splitting of the old exoskeleton. Moulting allows the insect to grow and develop through different life stages until reaching maturity.
This document discusses different types of silks and species of silkworms. It begins by classifying silkworms taxonomically. The main types of silks discussed are Mulberry silk, Tasar silk, Muga silk, and Eri silk. For each type, it provides the scientific name of the silkworm species, its main host plants, and brief descriptions. It also discusses the life cycle of silkworms from eggs to cocoons. The document serves as an overview of major silkworm species and silk types found in India.
This document summarizes information about two types of pulse beetles: the gram dhora (Callosobruchus chinenesis) and the mung dhora (Callosobruchus analis). It describes their distribution, host range, biology, life cycle, damage caused, and recommendations for management. The gram dhora feeds on grains like gram, mung, peas, and lentils, while the mung dhora prefers mung, moth, peas and cowpeas. Both beetles pass through egg, larva and pupa stages inside the grains, with the larvae feeding and developing within the seeds. Multiple generations are completed per year, causing significant damage to stored pulses.
The document discusses various ways that parasitoids can be classified, including by the stage of the host they attack (egg, larva, pupa), whether they are solitary or gregarious, and whether they are ecto-parasitoids that feed externally or endo-parasitoids that feed internally. Parasitoids can also be classified based on their host range (monophagous, polyphagous, oligophagous). The relationship between parasitoids and their hosts is a form of symbiosis in which the parasitoid lives at the expense of the host, often killing it during its own development.
This document summarizes the key pests that affect mulberry plants and their management. It describes 7 major pests in detail: 1) Bihar hairy caterpillar, 2) Tobacco caterpillar, 3) Leaf roller, 4) Grasshopper, 5) Ash weevils, 6) Termites, and 7) Jassids. For each pest, it provides information on their life cycle, symptoms and nature of damage caused, and recommended management practices which include both chemical and non-chemical control methods. The goal of the summary is to help farmers identify and manage the major insects and other pests that threaten their mulberry crops.
This document provides information on several pests that affect Moringa oleifera plants. It describes the botanical classification of Moringa and then outlines 5 major insect pests: the bud worm Noorda moringae, the leaf caterpillar Noorda blitealis, the pod fly Gitona distigma, and two hairy caterpillars - Eupterote mollifera and Metanastria hyrtaca. For each pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management approaches. It also briefly mentions 4 other pests that can occasionally affect Moringa: aphids, scale insects, bud midge, and leaf eating weevils.
The document summarizes the order Hymenoptera. It belongs to the class Insecta and is characterized by membrane-winged insects including bees, ants, and wasps. Key characteristics include chewing mouthparts, modified thoraxes for flight, membranous and stiff wings coupled by hooklets, and an ovipositor modified for various functions. There are two suborders, Symphyta which includes sawflies and have caterpillar-like larvae, and Apocrita which are more behaviorally sophisticated and include parasitic wasps, bees, and ants. Many families are described including their distinguishing traits and examples of economic importance.
This document summarizes key insect pests that affect rice crops in India. It describes several major borer pests, sucking pests, and defoliator pests. For each pest, it provides details on identification, lifecycle, nature of damage, and symptoms caused. Management strategies are also outlined, such as removing crop residue, using biological or chemical controls, monitoring economic thresholds, and following integrated pest management practices. The document aims to educate readers on the major rice crop insects and their effective management.
The document summarizes various diseases that affect honey bees, including those caused by protozoans (Nosema disease), bacteria (American and European foul brood), fungi (chalk brood and stone brood), viruses (Thai sac brood and bee paralysis viruses), mites (tracheal and Varroa mites), and disorders like colony collapse disorder. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, stages of infection, and management strategies for each disease.
The rice weevil is a small beetle that infests grain products like rice and wheat. The adult is 1/8 inch long with reddish-brown or black coloring and four spots on its wings. It lays eggs in grains, and the legless white larvae feed within the grains. The full lifecycle from egg to adult can take as little as 26 days in warm conditions. Rice weevils damage grain by eating into it and reducing its quality. Control methods include inspecting for infestation, discarding heavily infected material, freezing food below 0°F for 3 days or heating to 140°F for 15 minutes to kill all life stages.
The document provides information on pests that affect pulses. It discusses various insect pests and other organisms that damage pulses as root feeders, stem feeders, foliage feeders, and pod feeders. Some major pests of red gram discussed in detail include the gram pod borer, blue butterfly, grass blue butterfly, plume moth, spotted pod borer, spiny pod borer, field bean pod borer, red gram pod fly, and stem fly. It describes the symptoms caused by each pest and identifies their life stages. The document aims to educate farmers about the different types of pests that impact pulses.
This document provides information on common insects that attack stored grains and how to manage them. It identifies key pest types like beetles, weevils and moths. It describes several major pest species in detail with pictures of each life stage. These include granary and rice weevils, grain beetles, flour beetles, and angoumois grain moths. The document outlines the feeding damage caused by each pest. It also discusses integrated pest management methods like sanitation, monitoring, fumigation and improved storage to help reduce post-harvest losses from stored product insects.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
Life cycles of insect pests of important forest.pptxbhargaviMadival5
The document summarizes the life cycles of various insect pests that affect important forest trees in India. It provides details on the egg-laying, hatching, larval, pupal, and adult stages of different insects that are pests of trees like teak, sal, chir pine, deodar cedar, sissoo, bamboo, silk cotton, and others. For each insect pest, it mentions the number of generations per year, duration of different stages, overwintering behavior, number of eggs laid, and other key life cycle details. The life cycles described range from 14-41 days for some insects to over 1 year for beetle grubs that feed on deodar cedar
Major pests that affect sugarcane crops include borers like the early shoot borer, white grubs, and termites. Sap feeders that damage sugarcane include whiteflies, leafhoppers, mealybugs, and scale insects. The early shoot borer causes dead hearts in young crops from boring into shoots. White grubs bore into roots, causing wilting. Termites feed on setts and leaves, leaving semi-circular marks. These pests can be managed through resistant varieties, removal of affected plant parts, application of pesticides, and conservation of natural enemies.
This document discusses several major insect pests that damage fruits in Pakistan. It begins by providing background on insects and then discusses six key pests in detail: 1) fruit flies, which lay eggs inside fruits and whose larvae feed on the flesh, causing economic losses; 2) the lemon butterfly, whose caterpillar larvae feed on citrus leaves; 3) aphids, which suck sap from plants and reduce yields; 4) red scales, an armored scale insect that sucks sap and can cause tree death; 5) mango hoppers, which feed on mango flowers, leaves, and fruits, stunting growth; and 6) the banana weevil, whose grub larvae bore into banana plants and rhizomes,
This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes examples. It also discusses the three types of pupae: obtect, exarate, and coarctate. The pupal stage is usually inactive and enclosed in a protective cocoon.
The document discusses the structure and functions of insect antennae. It notes that antennae are borne on the second head segment and function primarily for sensory perception. The main parts of antennae are the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Antennae allow insects to detect smells, sounds, humidity, mates, food, and danger. Their shape varies between insect orders and can be filiform, setaceous, moniliform, capitate, clavate, lamellate, serrate, pectinate, geniculate, bipectinate, aristate, or stylate depending on the insect. Antennae play important sensory roles in insect behavior and communication.
The document summarizes the process of moulting, or ecdysis, in insects. It discusses how moulting is triggered by hormones when an insect outgrows its exoskeleton. The old exoskeleton is then digested and a new larger one is constructed underneath, in a process that involves secretion of proteins, formation of new cuticle layers, and eventual splitting of the old exoskeleton. Moulting allows the insect to grow and develop through different life stages until reaching maturity.
This document discusses different types of silks and species of silkworms. It begins by classifying silkworms taxonomically. The main types of silks discussed are Mulberry silk, Tasar silk, Muga silk, and Eri silk. For each type, it provides the scientific name of the silkworm species, its main host plants, and brief descriptions. It also discusses the life cycle of silkworms from eggs to cocoons. The document serves as an overview of major silkworm species and silk types found in India.
This document summarizes information about two types of pulse beetles: the gram dhora (Callosobruchus chinenesis) and the mung dhora (Callosobruchus analis). It describes their distribution, host range, biology, life cycle, damage caused, and recommendations for management. The gram dhora feeds on grains like gram, mung, peas, and lentils, while the mung dhora prefers mung, moth, peas and cowpeas. Both beetles pass through egg, larva and pupa stages inside the grains, with the larvae feeding and developing within the seeds. Multiple generations are completed per year, causing significant damage to stored pulses.
The document discusses various ways that parasitoids can be classified, including by the stage of the host they attack (egg, larva, pupa), whether they are solitary or gregarious, and whether they are ecto-parasitoids that feed externally or endo-parasitoids that feed internally. Parasitoids can also be classified based on their host range (monophagous, polyphagous, oligophagous). The relationship between parasitoids and their hosts is a form of symbiosis in which the parasitoid lives at the expense of the host, often killing it during its own development.
This document summarizes the key pests that affect mulberry plants and their management. It describes 7 major pests in detail: 1) Bihar hairy caterpillar, 2) Tobacco caterpillar, 3) Leaf roller, 4) Grasshopper, 5) Ash weevils, 6) Termites, and 7) Jassids. For each pest, it provides information on their life cycle, symptoms and nature of damage caused, and recommended management practices which include both chemical and non-chemical control methods. The goal of the summary is to help farmers identify and manage the major insects and other pests that threaten their mulberry crops.
This document provides information on several pests that affect Moringa oleifera plants. It describes the botanical classification of Moringa and then outlines 5 major insect pests: the bud worm Noorda moringae, the leaf caterpillar Noorda blitealis, the pod fly Gitona distigma, and two hairy caterpillars - Eupterote mollifera and Metanastria hyrtaca. For each pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management approaches. It also briefly mentions 4 other pests that can occasionally affect Moringa: aphids, scale insects, bud midge, and leaf eating weevils.
This document summarizes several major insect pests that affect safflower, sesame, and mustard crops in India. For safflower, the key pests discussed are the safflower caterpillar, safflower aphid, and safflower bud fly. For sesame, the major pests covered are the leaf webber, gingelly gall fly, and sesamum leaf eating caterpillar. Finally, for mustard, the document focuses on the mustard sawfly, mustard aphid, painted bug, cabbage butterfly, and Bihar hairy caterpillar as important insect pests. Control methods are provided for each pest.
This document provides information on several pests that affect legume crops. It describes the gram pod borer moth, its markings, size, and that the larvae feed inside pods. It also discusses the bean aphid, its small size, rapid reproduction, and that it sucks plant sap weakening crops. The legume flower thrips is introduced, with details on its damage causing flower and pod shedding. Management options are also briefly mentioned.
This document summarizes information on 5 different pests that affect apple orchards:
1) Codling moth - larvae bore into and develop inside apples, causing damage. Adults are moths that do not fly far within orchards.
2) San Jose scale - the armored female scale insect feeds on bark, leaves, and fruit, causing red discoloration and potential tree death with severe infestations.
3) Lightbrown apple moth - the larvae of this moth tunnels inside leaf folds and between fruit and leaves, causing surface blemishes to apples.
4) Wooly apple aphid - this introduced aphid feeds on bark and can fall onto fruit, leading to sooty mold
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that damage cotton and sunnhemp crops. It provides details on the life cycles, damage symptoms, and control measures for defoliating pests like the cotton leaf roller and cotton semilooper.
2. It also discusses stem-boring and root-feeding pests such as the stem weevil, cotton shoot weevil, and cotton stem borer. Their damage causes swelling of stems and wilting/death of plants.
3. For sunnhemp, the major pests highlighted are the hairy caterpillar and capsids bug. The caterpillars cause defoliation while the bugs suck plant sap and damage leaves.
Insect pests of soyabean and their managementNavneet Mahant
This document provides information about the pest Oberea brevis that infests soybean crops. It describes the lifecycle and appearance of the larva and adult forms of O. brevis. The pest causes damage by boring into soybean stems as larvae and forming tunnels, which can sever the stems and dry out plant portions. Management strategies include deep plowing, removing infested plant parts, and applying appropriate pesticides when economic thresholds are reached.
1. Shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis) is a major pest of turmeric and ginger. Its larvae bore into stems and feed internally, killing the central shoot and resulting in 'dead hearts'. It has 3 generations per year.
2. Rhizome scale (Aspidiotus hartii) infests and feeds on rhizomes, weakening plants. It reproduces ovovivparously or parthenogenetically.
3. Management of pests includes destroying infested shoots, using light and pheromone traps, mulching, conserving natural enemies, and applying recommended insecticides.
This document provides information on several major insect pests that affect safflower, sesame, and mustard crops in India. For safflower, it describes the safflower caterpillar, safflower aphid, safflower bud fly, Helicoverpa armigera, and Spodoptera litura pests. For sesame, it covers the leaf webber, sesame leaf eating caterpillar, gingelly gall fly, and other minor pests. For mustard, it discusses the mustard sawfly, mustard aphid, painted bug, and cabbage butterfly. It provides details on the life cycles and descriptions of each pest, as well as their damage symptoms and management practices.
This document discusses several major lepidopteran pests of stored foods, including the Angoumois grain moth, Indian meal moth, Rice moth, Potato tuber moth, and Mediterranean flour moth. It provides details on the distribution, host range, biology, life cycle, nature of damage, and identification of each pest. The key information it conveys is that moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) represent a major group of economically important post-harvest insect pests that can infest grains, meals, nuts, dried fruits and other stored foods.
This document summarizes several insect pests that affect amaranthus and moringa plants, including the amaranthus stem weevil, amaranthus caterpillar, pod fly of moringa, bud worm of moringa, and leaf caterpillar of moringa. For each pest, it provides details on distribution, host plants, nature of damage caused, life cycle stages from egg to adult, and recommended management practices such as collecting and destroying infected plant parts, using light traps, and applying specified insecticides.
1. The document discusses several major pests that affect tomatoes, including the tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), thrips, hadda beteles beetles, spider mites (Tetranychus urticae), and leaf eating caterpillars like Spodoptera litura.
2. It describes the identification, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies for each pest. Key management approaches include use of resistant varieties, removal of weeds and alternate hosts, application of recommended insecticides or miticides, and conservation of
This document provides information on the painted bug (Bagrada hilaris). It belongs to the family Pentatomidae and order Hemiptera. Both the adult and nymphs feed on mustard plants by sucking plant juices. This causes seedlings to wilt and can ultimately kill the plant. The adult is 5-7mm long with a black shield shaped body and white/orange markings. Females lay eggs underneath host plants. There are five nymphal stages. Multiple generations occur depending on climate, with eggs hatching in 4 days. All life stages can be found on plant parts, with the nymphal stage lasting 2-3 weeks. Control involves monitoring plant damage and removing weeds near crops.
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
This document summarizes several insect pests that affect tomatoes: tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza brassicae), tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), and aphids. For each pest, it provides information on scientific classification, description of life stages and damage, and both non-chemical and chemical control methods. The pests can reduce tomato yields through feeding and damage to leaves, stems, and fruits. Integrated pest management approaches include biological and cultural controls as well as targeted application of insecticides.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
There are so many jute and ornametal pests present in Our country.Here i just elavorate some serious pests including some serious pest name,their scientific name with figure.
Pear is the temperate fruit grown mainly in temperate regions or in regions of higher altitudes.
Here, Pest infesting pear fruits and its management stratergies are dealt here
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
3. Pests :
A pest is an animal or plant detrimental to human or human concerns including
crops , livestock and forestry.
There are several hundred species of fruit trees ,some are as follow…
Pests Of Fruits :
1. Dacus dorsalis (oriental/mango fruit fly)
2. Inderbela quadrinotata ( bark eating caterpillar)
3. Othreis fullonia (fruit piercing moth )
4. Virachola Isocrates (common guava blue )
5. Cosmopolites sordidus (banana weevil)
4. 1.Dacus dorsalis:
(Mango Fruit Fly)
Class: Insecta
Order : Diptera
Family : Trypetidae
Genus : Dacus
Species : dorsalis
It is the most serious of all fruit flies and is widely distributed in South-east Asia
,India, Australia and Other countries of oriental region.
It not only attacks mango fruit but also Guava , Apricot, Plum, Peach ,Fig, Apple
etc.
5. General Appearance:
The adult live for 3-4 months and feed upon the fruit juice , honey due and other
such juices available in the area .
These are slightly bigger than houseflies and reddish in color with yellow markings
.
These are active in summer months and hibernate in winter.
They mate in evening and lay 150-200 eggs.
6. Life History :
The fruit fly is active throughout the year on one or other crops during several cold
month.
The pest has several overlapping generation in a year.
Life cycle :
Eggs :
The shiny white, elongate and elliptical eggs are laid down by female fly in clusters
of 2-11, below the skin of ripening fruits.
A single fly lays about 50-200 eggs.
The incubation period is 2-3 days in Summer and 15 days in winter.
7.
8. Larvae:
The maggots feed inside
on pulp of the fruit for about
7-28 days.
The full maggot is 8-9 mm
in long and whitish in color.
By the time maggots
mature ,attacked fruits, in
which rotting has already
started, fall down and
maggots enter into the soil
for population.
9. Pupa:
The pupa are light brown in
color ,4-5 mm long and are
generally found at the depth
of 75-175mm below the
surface.
The pupa stage may last
about 7 days in summer to
over 42 days in winter
10. Damage And Control:
Damage:
The damage is caused by maggots which feed on the pulp of fruits resulting there
with rotting of fruits.
The fruit falls off prematurely in most cases and on their skin show dark circular
puncture from which a kind of juice oozes out.
The guava fruits especially are rendered spongy.
Control:
The soil below the plant should be deep and mixed with 10% DDT and BHC dust.
The adult can be checked by spraying the plant with 1% Malathion or Dimethoate
0.03 %.
12. 2.Inderbela quadrinotata:
(Bark eating Caterpillar)
Classification:
Class :Insecta
Order : Lepidoptera
Family : Metarbelidae
Genus : Inderbela
Specie :quadrinotata
It is a parasite of mango,Guava, Citrus, Pomegranate ,Lychee etc.
13. General Appearance:
The moth is stout , hairy, shiny , light brown in color with forewings marked with
thick brown vertical markings while its hind wings are smoky colored .
The moth emerges from second week of May to first week of June.
Life Cycle :
Eggs:
The female moth lay eggs in clusters of 16-25 eggs on the bark of branches
specially near forks or crevices from about the end of April to the June end.
A single female may lay about 350-600 eggs.
The incubation period is 8-11 days.
14.
15. Larva:
The newly hatched caterpillar feed on
the bark for some distance which they
cover up with the dark ribbon –like mass
of wood chips and excreta pellets.
The full grown caterpillar is dark brown
in color and measures 37.5-50mm in
length.
The caterpillar at a later and advance
stage bore into the wood and make a
short zigzag tunnel in it generally
downwards in which the caterpillar take
shelter during day and come out at night
to feed on the bark.
18. Damage :
The damage is caused by the caterpillar which on the bark and destroy the tissues
(vascular) which carry sap effecting thereby the growth and fruiting capacity of the
tree.
It also forms a tunnel by feeding the tissues deeper and effects the branch .
When infestation is severe the trees become very weak and sickly and may even
die .
Old trees are more heavily attacked than young ones.
20. Control :
Remove and burn all ribbon like_ mass of frass etc from trees to kill caterpillars
inside them.
Inject the borer holes with carbon disulphide or kerosene oil or a mixture of equal
parts of creosote and chloroform or petrol by syringe .
The cotton wool soaked in carbon disulphide may be pushed into holes as deep as
possible to kill the caterpillar inside and close the opening of the hole with clay
after treatment.
In case of severe infestation the trees should also be sprayed with 0.25% DDT EC
or 0.07% endosulfan 35 EC @ 15-25 litre water per tree after carrying.
21. 3.Othreis fullonia :
(fruit sucking moth)
Classification:
Class : Insecta
Order : Lepidoptera
Family : Noctuidae
Genus : Othreis
Specie :fullonia
It is a pest of citrus , grapefruit , orange , pomegranate , mango etc .
The adult stage is destructive.
22. General appearance:
The moth of othreis sp. are
nocturnal in habit and remain
active during rainy season ( July-
Sep ).
They are large with a wing
expanse of 60-90 mm with
abdomen and hind wings of an
orange-yellow color marked with
black.
Fore wings are lighter and less
bright.
The moths are attracted to odor
coming from ripe or rotten fruits.
23. Life cycle :
Entire life cycle is completed in 35-49 days .
There are two generations of the pest in a year .
Eggs :
The oval and shining pale-green colored eggs are laid by the female singly on the
lower surface of the leaves of wild creepers.
A single female moth can lay as many as 250 eggs in its life time.
The incubation period is 5-9 days.
24.
25. Larva :
The caterpillar undergoes
moults four times is about 21-
28 Days before it is fully
grown.
The fully grown velvety blue
caterpillar is stout humpbacked
and measures about 50-60
mm on length.
The dorsal and lateral sides
are covered with bright red and
yellow spots.
26. Pupa :
The pupa is stout and
reddish-brown in color.
Pupation takes place
in leaf fold under a very
thin whitish-pale
parchment made up of
silken threads .
Pupal period is of 7-
14 days.
27. Damage :
The damage is caused by the moth themselves by piercing the fruits with their
long proboscis which suck the juice.
As a result of puncturing at the site of injury ,rotting takes place in due coarse and
the fruits drop to the ground prematurely .
Generally ripening fruits are attacked but unripe fruits are not always immune from
such attacks.
28. Control :
Wild host plants in the vicinity of the orchards should be destroyed to keep the
pests population in check.
Hand net collection of moths in the initial stage of pest attack and bagging the
fruits with polythene or cloth or paper bags may also help in reducing pest
population.
Poison baiting of moths with lead arsenate+gur (jaggery) solution (1:160) by
putting in small pots hung on branches of host plants.
A few of vinegar may also be added to attract the moth.
29.
30. 4.Virachola Isocrates :
(Common guava blue )
Classification :
Class :Insecta
Order :Lepidoptera
Family :Lycaenidae
Genus :Virachola
Specie :isocrates
It is a pest of pomegranate , also found on guava , loquat , wood apple ,tamarind
etc.
31. General appearance :
The butterfly is bluish- brown in color with orange spot on each of the fore wings
and black spots on hind wings.
It measure about 2.5cm across the wings.
32. Life history :
The entire life cycle is completed in 30-60 days and there may b four overlapping
generations in a year.
Eggs :
The white shiny eggs are laid singly by the female on flowers and tender fruits.
The incubation period is 7-10 days.
33. Stages :
Larva :
The caterpillar is 16-20 mm long and dirty brown in color with short hairs on its
body.
Larval period varies from 18-47 days.
Pupa :
Pupation takes place either inside the damaged fruits or on fruit stalk.
Pupal period lasts from 7-34 days.
34. Damage And Control :
Damage :
The damage is caused by the caterpillar which bores into the fruit and feed on the
internal contents.
The anal segment of the caterpillar can be seen plugging the bore hole.
Control :
Where the pest is of regular occurrence ,the fruits should be screened with
polythene or cloth or paper bags to escape infestation.
In case of severe infestation, the plants should be sprayed with 0.1 % DDT EC or
0.03 % phosphamidon.
36. 5.Cosmopolites sordidus :
(Banana weevil)
Classification :
Class : Insecta
Order : Coleoptera
Family :curculionidae
Genus :Cosmopolites
Specie : sordidus
It is a native South East Asia and presently distributed throughout the banana growing
countries viz Australia , Hawaii islands ,India , South Africa and Tropical America.
It is monogamous so insects so feeds on banana plant only.
37. General Appearance :
The weevil is black or dark brown with club shaped antenna , with a long and
curved snout and well developed elytra (modified , hardened forewing ,protect
membranous hind wings ).
38. Life History :
The female weevil makes hole inside the bore and lays only one egg in each.
Eggs :
The process of egg laying is continued for few months and 10-50 eggs are laid by
single female.
Larva :
After about seven days of incubation period egg is hatched into a larva which
bores inside the corm and makes a tunnel after few days of hatching.
39.
40. Pupa :
The larva attains full grown stage in 14-42 days and pupates inside the tunnel
formed during larval stage.
After 7 days ,adult weevil emerges from the pupa and remain in the soil for some
time.
The weevil feeds on the underground part of the banana plant.
In later stage, they migrate towards the growing point for oviposition.
41.
42. Damage And Control :
Damage :
Only one genus of banana i.e. Musa is attacked by this pest.
The weevil destroys the corm tissue and attack the seedling which are killed or
destroyed , the corms , tunneled by the weevil , sometimes break , but since the
weevils do not attack the roots they (corm) do not topple over.
Control :
The infestation can be checked only by manual operation , by removing the
infested corm and destroying the damaged portion.
Full precaution should be taken during sowing new crop.
44. Idiocerus atkinsoni Lethierry :
(Mango Leaf-hopper)
Classification :
Class : Insecta
Order : Hemiptera
Family : Jassidae
Genus : Idiocerus
Species : Atkinsoni
Mango leaf hoppers are widely distributed in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Formosa.
It is very much destructive in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and
possibly other states.
They are monophaguos, so feed only on mango.
45. General Appearance :
They are small insects of greyish brown color measuring 5.1mm in length.
Dark grey wings are held roof like over the body.
The head is broad and prominent and the hind legs are thickly covered with bristles.
Two other species destroying the mango crop are Idiocerus clypealis.
Lethierry and Idiocerus in February from underneath the bark of trees.
Now they start sucking the cell-sap.
Further, they lay dull-white round egg singly in the tissues of mango leaves, buds and
flowers in the second week of February.
The eggs laying continues for few weeks.
Single female can deposit an average of 200 eggs.
46.
47. Life History :
Eggs :
The eggs are small, white and oval in shape.
Nymph :
After 4-6 days of incubation, eggs hatches into tiny yellowish green colored nymph
which sucks the cell-sap of tender shoots, flowers and buds and excretes honey dew
exposing the affected regions to fungal attack giving a dull blackish look to the mango
tree.
The nymph resemble the adult but are wingless and legs are comparatively longer so
they can jump from one place to other.
The mature nymph migrates to the stem and young leaves.
Now, by passing through three stages in 8-13 days, nymph attains full grown nymph
then moults, giving rise to winged adult hoppers.
48.
49. Cont…
The whole life cycle completed within 15-19 days.
There is no feeding and egg laying in May-June.
But they are crowded on the mango stem and lower surface of the leaves.
On a slight disturbance they fly in all the directions.
50. Damage :
The nymph and adults both are destructive stages which suck the cell-sap of
young shoots, flowers and buds or entire inflorescence which dry and fall off.
They secrete honey dew which cover the branches of the tree giving good surface
for fungal growth.
Thus, the growth of younger mango tree is hampered and older trees are unable to
have much fruits.
About 60% damage to mango crop is caused by mango crop is caused by mango
hoppers.
52. Prevention :
Over-crowding of trees should be avoided as far as possible because it helps in
spreading the pests.
The pest population can be reduced by spraying the trees with phosphomidon
0.02%, carbaryl 0.01% or endosulfan/dimethoate 0.03%.
The trees should be sprayed with fish oil, resin wash or resin soap, kerosene or
crude oil emulsion during winters before blossoms open.
Biological Control :
Natural enemies like Pipunculus sp. And caterpillars of Epipyrops sp. Which feed
on adult and Dryinus sp. Parasites of the nymph should be encouraged.
54. Papilio demoleus Linnaeus :
(Lemon butterfly or Citrus carrying)
Classification :
Class: Insecta
Order : Lepidoptera
Family : Papilionidae
Genus : Papilio
Species : Demoleus
The genus Papilio is distributed throughout the world.
The lemon butterfly causes damage to citrus plants in Africa, Taiwan, India and
Japan. citrus is the only host plant of this pest.
55. General Appearance :
It is beautiful butterfly of large size measuring about 2.8cm in length and 9.4cm on
wing expanse.
It has black colored head and thorax regions, whereas, creamy yellow colored
abdomen.
The wings are dull colored with yellow markings on them.
Black colored antenna are clubbed.
56.
57. Life History :
This pest is active throughout the year in plains but it hibernates in the pupal stage
during severe winter on the hills.
The female butterfly, after mating with male lays 75-200 eggs.
Eggs :
Smooth and round eggs are laid singly by the female butterfly on the under surface
of tender citrus leaves.
The incubation period is 4-6 days.
58. Larva :
The young caterpillar is brown with white markings.
The color changes to green with brown bands across the back when full grown.
The young caterpillar initially feeds on small leaves attacking larger ones as it
grows older.
It feeds for about 14 days in summer and 28 days in winter.
59. Pupa :
Pupation takes place on leaves or stem.
It hangs on the stem with a silken thread secreted by it.
Pupal period is about 7-12 days.
The life span of the male is shorter (4days) than the female (7days).
Four overlapping generations have been recorded in one year.
60.
61. Damage :
The caterpillar cause destruction of the citrus plants.
They feed on the fresh leaves and terminal shoots.
It has been observed that they start feeding from margin and reach the midrib.
The severe attack by full grown caterpillars cause complete defoliation of citrus
plants thus rendering them unfit for fruit bearing.
Control :
Hand picking and destruction of the caterpillars and pupae proves effective in
reducing pest infestation in small orchards.
In case of severe infestation plants, should be sprayed with 0.05% phosphamidon
100EC 10-15 litre water/plant.