Pests Of Crops And Stored Grain And Their Management-I

1. B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture
Semester : VIII
Course No. : ENTO-354
Course Title :Pests Of Crops And Stored Grain And Their
Management-I
Credit : 2(1+1)
Q.1 Give the scientific name, typical damage symptoms and describe the management practices
for brown plant hopper and yellow stem borer of rice.
ANSWER :
Brown plant hopper:
Scientific name : Nilaparvata lugens
Typical damage symptom:
● The affected plant dries up and gives a scorched appearance called "hopper burn". Circular
patches of drying and lodging of matured plants.
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2. Management practices:
● Use resistant varieties like Aruna, Abhay, Asha, Divya, Neela..
● Avoid close planting and use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers.
● Intermittent draining. Use light traps. Avoid use of synthetic pyrethroids.
● Spray neem seed kernel extract 5% (25 kg/ha) (or) neem oil 2% (10 L/ha).
● Spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL 125 ml or acephate 75 SP 625 g or Dichlorvos 76 WSC 350 ml or
Chlorpyriphos 25 EC 1250 ml or Benfuracarb 3 GR 3.3 kg or Clothianidin 50 WDG 20-24 g or
Imidacloprid 70 WG 30-35 g or Fipronil 5 SC 1.0-1,5 L/ha.
Yellow stem borer of rice:
Scientific name: Scirpophaga incertulas
Typical damage symptom:
Stem drying of the central shoot "dead heart" in the young seedlings, and drying of the panicle in
grown up plant called "white car".
Management practices:
● Resistant varieties viz., Ratna, Jaya, IR 20, Saket, Clip the seedling tips before transplanting.
Collect & destroy the egg masses.
● Avoid close planting and continuous water stagnation at early stages.
● Collect and destroy the dead hearts and white ears. Light traps to attract and kill the moths.
● Pheromone traps.
● Release Trichogramma juponicum twice on 30 and 37 DAT @ 5 ce/ha.
● Apply carbofuran 3 G @ 25 kg or chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G 10 kg or fipronil 0.3 G 17-25 kg or
cartap hydrochloride 4 G 18.75 kg or spray acephate 75 SP 666-1000g or cartap hydrochloride 50
SP 1 kg or chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150 ml or flubendiamide 20 WG 125 g or
lambda-cyhalothrin S EC 250 ml or thiacloprid 21,7 SC 500 ml using water @ 500 L/ha.
Q.2 Enlist the major pests of pigeon pea pod borer complex with scientific names. Mention the
nature of damage and management practices for pod fly.
ANSWER :
Scientific names of pigeonpea pod borer complex :
● Pigeonpea pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera
● Pod fly: Melanagromyza obtuse
● Plume moth: Exelastis atomosa
● Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis
Pod fly: Nature of damage
● Maggots bore into the soft seeds and feed on grains.
● Damaged seeds are shriveled, discolored and are unfit for consumption and germination is
affected on account of fungal growth.
Pod fly: Management practices
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3. ● Early sowing in endemic areas.
● Grow resistant varieties like PPE 45-2.
● Spray lambda eyhalothrin 5 EC 400-500 ml or Lufenuron 5.4 EC 2.5 L with 700 L water/ha.
Q.3 Mention the major pests associated with bollworm complex of cotton. Describe the nature of
damage and management practices for cotton pink bollworm.
ANSWER :
Major pests associated with bollworm complex :
● American bollworm : Helicoverpa armigera
● Spotted bollworms : Earias vitella & E. insulana
● Cotton pink bollworm : Pectinophora gospiella
Nature of damage of cotton pink bollworm:
● The caterpillars feed on buds and flowers.
● When they bore into flower buds, the flowers do not open and give rosette appearance.
● The young bolls, when attacked, are shed after a few days, but the larger bolls remain on the
plant. Locules are damaged and interlocular burrowing is noticed.
● Seeds are destroyed and lint gets stained.
Management practices for cotton pink bollworm:
● Use pheromone trap @ 12/ha.
● Collect and destroy the shed fruiting parts.
● Crush the pink bollworm larvae in the rosette flowers.
● Dispose off the crop residues, Avoid staking of stalks in the field.
● Avoid ratooning.
● Adopt proper crop rotation.
● Intercropping with pulses viz.. cowpea.
● greengram, blackgram and soybean reduce the bollworm incidence.
● Grow resistant cultivars like Lohit, Abadhita, Sujata, Digvijay.
● During boll and maturation stage, spray fenpropathrin 30 EC 250-340 ml or triazophos 40 EC
1.5-2.0 L or cypermethrin 10 EC 500-700 ml or quinalphos 20 AF 1.75-2.5 L in 1000 L of water/ha.
Q.4 Give the scientific name, host, typical damage symptoms and management practices for
sugarcane top shoot borer.
ANSWER :
Scientific name: Scirpophaga excerptalis
Host: Millets and other grasses
Typical damage symptoms:
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4. ● Dead heart in grown up canes; parallel row of shot holes in the emerging leaves and red tunnels
in the midribs; bunchy top appearance due to side shoots.
Management practices:
● Grow resistant varieties: Co 724, Co 1111.
● Collect and destroy the egg masses.
● Release Isotima javensis @ 100 pairs ha (prepupal parasitoid); egg parasitoids: Telenomus
beneficiens, Trichogramma chilonis, larval parasitoids: Goniozus indicus, Spray Chlorantraniprole
18.5 SC 375 ml in 1000 L water per ha.
Q.5 Write short note on (Any two):
A) Sorghum shoot fly
B) Maize stem borer
C) Bajra blister beetle
ANSWER :
A) Sorghum shoot fly:
Scientific name: Atherigona soccata
Damaging stage: Maggot
Nature of damage:
● The maggot cuts the growing point resulting in "dead heart".
● Side tillering is initiated.
Management practices:
● Resistant varieties IS 18551, Maldandi and Phule Yashoda, Early Sowing.
● Higher seed rate, Fishmeal trap, Seed treatment with imidacloprid, Granular application of
phorate 10 G 25kg/ha.
● Spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 500 ml/ha.
B) Maize stem borer
Scientific name: Chilo partellus
Damaging stage: Caterpillar
Nature of damage:
● The newly hatched larvae crawl over the leaf feed on the leaves and then enter the central whorl
(Numerous small pin holes are seen in the leaf lamina).
● Thereafter, the larvae bore into the stem thereby causing the death of central shoot, commonly
known as 'deadheart'.
● The midrib of leaves is often noticed mined by newly hatched larvae.
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5. ● In the later stage of crop stem tunneling is observed.
● If the attack is continued during ear head stage the larvae bore into peduncles which may break
by wind and affect grain filling.
Management practices:
● Release egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis@ 2,50,000/ha, (Three releases at weekly interval),
Mix granular insecticides (Phorate 10% CG10 kg/ha or Carbaryl 4% G 20 kg/ha) with sand to
make up total quantity of 50 kg and apply in the leaf whorls.
● Spray Carbaryl 50 WP 1 kg/ha on the 20th day of sowing (500L of spray fluid/ha) or Dimethoate
30% EC 660 ml/ha.
C) Bajra blister beetle
Scientific name: Mylabris phalerata
Damaging stage: Adults
Nature of damage:
● Adult beetles attacks the flowers and devour them completely.
Management practices:
● Collect and Destroy, Spray contact insecticides like cypermethrin 10 EC 10 ml/10 L water or
Chlorpyriphos 20 ml/10 L water.
Q.6 Enlist the management practices for rodents and Describe any two measures.
ANSWER :
Enlist Management practices:
Describe Management practices:
Deep ploughing: Ploughing upto 45 cms will unearth rat burrows and the pest will be exposed to
enemies, like dogs, cats, kites etc.
Flooding the fields: Burrows in the fields can be flooded with water, which kill therats.
Smoking the live burrows: With the help of smoke generator
Formation of narrow bunds: Rodents prefers broader bunds for making burrows.
Hunting: It consists of engaging parties of persons who dig out rat burrows and kill the rats with the
help of trained cats and dogs.
Trapping: Rats can be caught by the traps consisting attractive food laid near their burrows
Poisoning: Zinc phosphide is generally used for the preparation of poison baits for controlling the
field rats in the following proportion:
a) Zinc phosphide 80% : 1 part
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6. b) Wheat flour or broken grains: 49 parts
c) Vegetable oil : Little quantity
Fumigation: One tablet of Aluminum Phosphide (3 g) is sufficient for fumigation of one live burrow of
rat.
Q.7 Write in brief about the scientific name, host and nature of damage of :
A) Pulse beetle
B) Rice moth
C) Khapara beetle.
ANSWER :
A) Pulse beetle
Scientific name: Callosobruchus sp
Host: Gram, mung, moth, peas, cow peas, lentil and pigeonpea, cotton seed, sorghum and maize.
Nature of damage:
● The adult and grub feed on the grain by making a small hole. Infested seed have white eggs on
the seed and the round exit holes with the 'flap' of seed coat.
B) Rice moth
Scientific name: Corcyra cephalonica
Host: rice, sorghum, maize, gram, groundnut, cotton-seed, milled products, cocoa beans and raisins .
Nature of damage:
● The larvae damage the grains by feeding under silken webs, Under higher infestation, stock of
grains is converted into a webbed mass. Foul odour, grains unfit for human consumption.
C) Khapara beetle
Scientific name: Trogoderma granarium
Host: Dried plant matter. grain and cereal products, wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize, rice, flour, malt.
Nature of damage:
● The grubs feed on grain near embryo or other weak point and proceed inwards. Reduce the grain
to a mere frass.
Q.8 Enlist the preventive and curative measures for management of stored grain pests. Describe
any one preventive and curative measure.
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7. ANSWER :
Preventive measures (1 mark-at least 3 points)
● Remove all debris in the godown.
● Clean and maintain the threshing floor/yard free from insect infection.
● Clean the machines like harvester and thresher before their use.
● Make the trucks, trolleys or bullock carts free from infestation.
● Clean the godowns/ storage structures before storing the newly harvested crop.
● Plaster the cracks, crevices, holes found on walls, and floors with mud or cement and
white wash the stores before storing of grains.
● Disinfest the storage structures receptacles by spraying malathion 50 EC @ 3 lit 100
m before their use.
● Spraying of botanicals or contact insecticides during crop maturity stage prevents the
ovipositon in field.
Curative measures (1 mark - at least 3 points)
● Dry the produce to have moisture content below 10% to prevent the buildup of pests. Sun dry
storage bags, bins etc.
● Seed purpose: Mix kg of activated kaolin (or) malathion 5 D for every 100 kg of seed and
store/pack in gunny or polythene lined bags.
● Grain purpose: Mix kg activated kaolin for every 100 kg of grain and store.
● Split and store pulses to escape from the attack by pulse beetle.
● Store the food grains in air tight sealed structures to prevent the infestation.
● Sieve and remove all broken grains.
● Stitch all torn out bags before filling the grains.
● Treat the walls, dunnage materials and ceilings of empty godown with malathion 50 EC 10 mU/L
(or) DDVP 76 WSC 7 ml/L at 3 Ll spray solution/10 sq.m. Treat the alleyways and gangways with
malathion 50 EC 10 ml/L or DDVP 76 WSC 7 ml/L (IL of spray fluid/270 m3).
● Spray malathion 50 EC 10 ml/L with @3 L of spray fluid/ 100 m2 over the bags.
Q.9 Give a brief account about site of oviposition, nature of damage and management practices for
groundnut white grub and Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar.
ANSWER :
Groundnut White grub:
Scientific name: Holotrichia sp
Site of oviposition: Soil
Damaging stage: Grubs
Nature of damage:
● Yellowing and wilting of crop/leaves.
● Affected plants come off easily when pulled.
● Grubs cause extensive damage to roots.
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8. ● Yield is severely reduced.
Management Practices:
● Set up light trap to attract and destroy the adults, adequate irrigation, Crop rotation, Collect and
destroy the adult beetles from Neem. Ber. Ailanthus and Acacia. Spray Imidacloprid on neem or
ber trees when defoliation is noticed .
Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar:
Scientific name: Spodoptera litura
Site of oviposition: On leaves
Damaging stage: Caterpillar
Nature of damage:
● Neonate, caterpillars feed on the leaves voraciously by scraping the under surface and Later
instars feed voraciously on leaves giving an appearance to the field as if grazed by cattle.
● Faecal pellets are seen on the leaves and on the ground which is the indicator of the pest
incidence.
Management Practices:
● Grow castor as a border (or) intercrop in groundnut fields.
● Grow resistant cultivars like ICGV 86031, FDRS 10.
● Set up of light traps, pheromone trap Collect egg masses, gregarious larvae and destroy them.
● Avoid migration of larvae by digging a trench 30 cm deep and 25 cm wide.
● Apply SINPV @ 250 LE/ha with crude sugar 2.5 kg/ha. Apply Carbaryl 10 D 25 kg or carbaryl 50
WP 2 kg or quinalphos 25 EC 750 ml or phenthoate 50 EC 1250 ml or dichlorvos 76 SC 750 ml.
● For 4th to 6th instar larvae use Chlorpyriphos 2 L or dichlorovos I L or phenthoate 2 L or
Diflubenzuron 25 WP 400 g or Methomyl 40 SP 750-850 g in 375-500 L of water/ha.
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9. Q.10 Write in brief about (Any two):
A) Safflower aphid
B) Linseed gall fly
C) Soybean girdle beetle.
ANSWER :
A) Safflower aphid:
Scientific name: Uroleucon compositae
Typical damage symptoms:
● The nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves and tender shoots, plants become weak,
stunted dry up.
● Seed yield is affected. The aphids secrete honeydew which attracts a black sooty mould.
Photosynthesis is adversely affected.
● The height, number of leaves and shoots are reduced significantly.
Management practices:
● Early sowing of the crop.
● Rational use of nitrogenous fertilizers, Grow coriander with safflower, Use of biorational
approach, Spray 250 ml of dimethoate 30 EC or monocrotophos 36 SL or 625 ml of chlorpyriphos
20 EC in 750 litres of water/ha and repeat the spray after 15 days.
● Conserve parasitoid Aphidencyrtus sp. and predator Brumoides suturalis.
B) Linseed gall fly:
Scientific name: Dusineura lini
Typical damage symptoms:
● Damage is the result of feeding by maggots on buds and flowers.
● No pod-formation takes place.
Management practices:
● The adult flies can be killed by using light traps.
● The flies are also attracted in day-time to molasses or gur added to water.
● As the incidence of this pest is more on the late-sown crop normal-sown crops should be
adopted if
● possible.
● Dust 5 per cent carbary! 15-20 kg/ha or spray carbaryl 50 WP 1.125 kg/ha in 600-750 L of
water/ha.
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10. C) Soybean girdle beetle:
Scientific name: Oberea (Obereopsis) brevis
Typical damage symptoms:
● Girdling of stems and petioles is done by females.
● The inside of the stem is eaten by the larvae and a tunnel is formed inside the stem.
● The leaves of plant of infected portion are unable to get the nutrient and are dried up.
● Pod and grain formation is severely affected.
Management practices:
● Deep summer ploughing. Planting time on the onset of monsoon, Optimum seed rate (70-100
kg/ha) should be used, Intercropping with maize or sorghum should be avoided’
● Crop rotation should be followed, Avoid excess nitrogenous fertilizers.
● Collect and destroy infested plant parts.
● Apply phorate 10 G@ 10 kg/ha or carbofuran 3 G @ 30 kg/ha at the time of sowing.
● One or two sprays of 0.03% dimethoate 30 EC or 0.05% quinalphos 25 EC or 0.05% methyl
demeton 25 EC or 0.04%.
Q.11 Do as directed: Give the damaging stage/stages of the following pests.
1. Chickpea cutworm: Caterpillar
2. Wheat termites: Workers
3. Groundnut leaf miner: Maggot
4. Sugarcane pyrilla: Nymphs and Adults.
Q.12 Answer the following in one sentence:
1. Name the vector of soybean mosaic disease: White fly
2. The silver shoots in paddy is caused by: Gall midge
3. Name the vector of pigeonpea sterility mosaic: Eriophyid mite
4. Mention the commercially available broad spectrum molluscicide : Metaldehyde
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