This document discusses different methods of perpetuating life, including asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, and genetic engineering. It defines DNA as deoxyribonucleic acid, describing it as a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides that preserves and expresses hereditary information. The document also mentions recombinant DNA technology and provides an assignment asking the reader to interview family members about their views on the positive and negative effects of genetic engineering, then list the pros and cons.
5. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• A nucleic acid refers to any of
the group of complex
compounds made up of linear
chains of
monomeric nucleotides. Each
nucleotide component, in turn,
is made up of phosphate
group, sugar, and a nitrogenous
base. Nucleic acids are involved
in the preservation, replication,
and expression of hereditary
information. Two major types
of nucleic acids
are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
7. Assignment
A. Directions. Conduct a short interview with one or two of your
family members. Ask them about how they think of the positive
and negative effects of genetic engineering. List all their
responses. Below is the rubric that will guide you on what to do
in the activity. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Questions Answers
8. B. Make a list of pros and cons of genetic engineering by
summarizing the interview done. Below is the rubric that will
guide you on what to do in the activity. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
Pros Cons
9. Rubrics
0 The student has not reached a standard described by any
descriptors given below.
1 The student demonstrates minimal communication and
collaboration in providing information, literacy, thinking
and reflection.
2 The student demonstrates communication and collaboration
in providing information, literacy, thinking and
reflection.
3 The student demonstrates satisfactory communication and
collaboration in providing information, literacy, thinking
and reflection.
4 The student demonstrates well developed communication and
collaboration in providing information, literacy, thinking
and reflection.
Editor's Notes
There are varieties of organism in animal kingdom that means they possess different modes of reproduction depending on the complexity of their morphology (study of structure) and physiology (functions). Simple organisms reproduce through asexual reproduction – offspring come from a single parent and has the exact copy of the genes hence referred as “clone”. Sexual reproduction in animals is the production of new living organism by combining two gametes from different organism, one male producing motile gamete that must fused with the egg cell from female organism. Through this process similarity is preserve with respect to the transfer of genes from the parts to offspring and individuality that explains the individual characteristics possessed by an organism different from their parents nor siblings.
Asexual reproduction is defined as the formation of new individuals from the cells of a single parent. This is very common in plants and is less common in animals. Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of gametes (sperm cell and egg cell) and it does not change the number of chromosomes present. The resulting offspring is similar or identical to the parent and without the need for a mate, they are able to reproduce. There are different types of asexual reproduction in animals.
Sexual reproduction is the perpetuation of a new organism from two organisms with the use of gametes. In this process, male gametes which is the sperm cell fuses with a female gamete known as the egg cell to form a diploid cell called zygote containing two sets of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, the genetic material contained in their chromosomes combine to produce genetically diverse offspring that are different from both parents. Most mammals and amphibians reproduce through the method of sexual reproduction.
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology. It covers different kinds of technologies used to alter the genomes that includes the insertion of genes from other individual either the same or from different species that aims to produce or improve products.
Since ancient times the practice of genetic engineering had begun. Artificial selection is done to indirectly manipulate genes focusing on the physical traits among organisms. Breeders choose which organism to mate and produce offspring with desirable traits. They maintain this procedure without control of what genes can be passed. Selective breeding is a process when animals with desired characteristics are mated to produce offspring with those desired traits such as Angus cows are bred to increase more meat. Hybridizations are when two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms like the disease resistant potato called the Burbank potato. Inbreeding is a technique of breeding organisms that are genetically similar to maintain desired traits found in the pure dog breeds. As defined, genetic engineering is the process of changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new. It involves artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify an organism or population of organisms.
Recombinant DNA is made by mixing DNA from two different sources. Restriction enzymes were discovered in 1968 by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arbe. This was used to splice, connect (or ligate), and remove or add nucleotides to sequences of the DNA. This process is used in recombinant DNA technology to remove and insert genetic sequences from and into other sequences of other organisms. Inserting the desired gene into the genome of the host involves the selection of the desired gene for administration into the host followed by a selection of the perfect vector (either plasmid or bacteriophage) with which the gene has to be integrated and a recombinant DNA is formed. The recombinant DNA has to be introduced into the host, maintained and carried forward to the offspring. Biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies practice these techniques in working with medical and research purpose