This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates control strategies for regulating partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. It presents models for the gas blender, oxygenator, and blood gas analyzer. It designs proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers for oxygen and carbon dioxide based on these models. Simulations show the controllers provide fast reference tracking and good disturbance rejection under varying conditions. The control strategy could help improve patient safety during ECMO by automatic rather than manual control of blood gas levels.
PERFUSION SYSTEM CONTROLLER STRATEGIES DURING AN ECMO SUPPORTijsc
In this work modelling and control of Perfusion system is presented. The Perfusion system simultaneously
controls the partial pressures during Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) support. The
main Problem in ECMO system is exchange of Blood Gases in the Artificial Lung (Oxygenator).It is a
highly Nonlinear Process comprising time-varying parameters, and varying time delays, it is currently
being controlled manually by trained Perfusionist. The new control strategy implemented here has a
feedback linearization routine with time-delay compensation for the Partial pressuresof Oxygen and
Carbon dioxide. The controllers were tuned robustly and tested in simulations with a detailed artificial
Lung (Oxygenator) model in Cardiopulmonary bypass conditions. This Automatic control strategy is
proposed to improve the patient’s safety by fast control reference tracking and good disturbance rejection
under varying conditions.
• Composed a memorandum on aeration and agitation rates on yeast cultures in a small scale bioreactor.
• Plotted graphs to see how oxygen concentration in system depleted in time with presence of the bacteria.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR NANOFLUID FLOW IN MICRO CHANNEL HEAT SINKS IAEME Publication
The effect of using nanofluids on heat transfer and aerodynamics characteristics in rectangular shaped micro channel heat sink (MCHS) is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of (100-400 ) and different value of heat flux (50 , 100, 150 ) / . In this study,the MCHS performance using tow type of nanofluid with volume
fraction 10% was used as a coolant is examined. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using The computational fluid dynamics code (FLUENT). The MCHS performance is evaluated in terms of temperature profile, heat transfer,velocity profile, pressure drop and friction factor.
PERFUSION SYSTEM CONTROLLER STRATEGIES DURING AN ECMO SUPPORTijsc
In this work modelling and control of Perfusion system is presented. The Perfusion system simultaneously
controls the partial pressures during Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) support. The
main Problem in ECMO system is exchange of Blood Gases in the Artificial Lung (Oxygenator).It is a
highly Nonlinear Process comprising time-varying parameters, and varying time delays, it is currently
being controlled manually by trained Perfusionist. The new control strategy implemented here has a
feedback linearization routine with time-delay compensation for the Partial pressuresof Oxygen and
Carbon dioxide. The controllers were tuned robustly and tested in simulations with a detailed artificial
Lung (Oxygenator) model in Cardiopulmonary bypass conditions. This Automatic control strategy is
proposed to improve the patient’s safety by fast control reference tracking and good disturbance rejection
under varying conditions.
• Composed a memorandum on aeration and agitation rates on yeast cultures in a small scale bioreactor.
• Plotted graphs to see how oxygen concentration in system depleted in time with presence of the bacteria.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR NANOFLUID FLOW IN MICRO CHANNEL HEAT SINKS IAEME Publication
The effect of using nanofluids on heat transfer and aerodynamics characteristics in rectangular shaped micro channel heat sink (MCHS) is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of (100-400 ) and different value of heat flux (50 , 100, 150 ) / . In this study,the MCHS performance using tow type of nanofluid with volume
fraction 10% was used as a coolant is examined. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using The computational fluid dynamics code (FLUENT). The MCHS performance is evaluated in terms of temperature profile, heat transfer,velocity profile, pressure drop and friction factor.
* Fluid resuscitation is mandatory in shock from traumatic haemorrhage * Massive use of resuscitative fluids following injury is now being disputed * Adequate resuscitation is no longer judged by presence of normal vital signs * Normalcy of organ and tissue specific measured values are to be achieved * Search for a single endpoint that works for all trauma patients, is unrealistic * Resuscitate with appropriate fluid, in appropriate amount, at appropriate time
Learning Objectives:
Describe the consequences of hyper- and hypovolemia for surgical and critically ill patients.
Develop a fluid management strategy for individual patients
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Transient Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Forced Convection Flow and ...IOSR Journals
A three-dimensional transient numerical study of a constant property Newtonian fluid in curved pipe under laminar flow conditions is presented for a uniform wall temperature boundary condition. Numerical solutions were obtained using the control volume method described by Patankar for the range of. The working fluid was water. The transient flow pattern and the temperature distribution on the tube section were derived for different values of the Reynolds number. Graphical results for velocity and temperature are presented and analyzed. Results have shown that the maximum velocity in center of velocity profile increase with increasing of Reynolds number. In curved pipes, time averaged results exhibited Dean circulation and a strong velocity and temperature stratification in the radial direction. Flow and heat transfer were strongly asymmetric, with higher values near the outer pipe bend.
Impact of Equation of State on Simulating CO2 Pipeline Decompression, Solomon Brown, University College London. Presented at CO2 Properties and EoS for Pipeline Engineering, 11th November 2014
Presentation given by George Romanos of the National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos” (NCSRD), Greece, on "CO2QUEST - Fluid Properties and phase behaviour of CO2 with impurities" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Advantages of the self organizing controller for high-pressure sterilization ...ISA Interchange
A study of a self-organizing controller is implemented in a way that response to controlled system follows the desired given by the model. The self-organizing controller has proven to be a valuable tool in sterilization equipment in order to verify the capacity of the response to any change in the pressure or temperature. Basically, this type of controller is based on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) that is a neural network algorithm of unsupervised learning. The new ideas include clustering visualization, interactive training and one-dimension arrays.
Effect of Turbulence Model in Numerical Simulation of Single Round Jet at Low...ijceronline
Single axi-symmetric round jet flow was analyzed using computational techniques and validated with experimental results to establish the suitable turbulence model for simulation of low Reynolds number jets exiting from fully developed pipe. This work is performed as an initial study before computationally simulating multiple impinging jets. To this end a single round jet at Reynolds number of 7500 exiting from a fully developed pipe and entering into stationary air was modeled. Velocity and turbulence profiles were extracted from the simulation and validated with in-house experimental results. It was observed that although all the four turbulence models studied were able to closely predict the mean velocity field, they were not able to accurately predict the turbulence intensity distributions. From the models studied, it was concluded that SST k- ω model was the best turbulence model for simulating low Reynolds number jet flow exiting from fully developed pipe.
This presentation discusses the measurement of PFCs in drinking and tap water using LC-MS/MS. As contaminants of emerging concern, research on PFCs is ongoing to determine the impacts of these materials on human health and the environment. Perfluorinated compounds can be effectively and quickly measured directly from surface and drinking water using a modified configuration of the LCMS-8050. For more information, go to ssi.shimadzu.com and follow Shimadzu on Twitter @ShimadzuSSI. Thanks for viewing.
* Fluid resuscitation is mandatory in shock from traumatic haemorrhage * Massive use of resuscitative fluids following injury is now being disputed * Adequate resuscitation is no longer judged by presence of normal vital signs * Normalcy of organ and tissue specific measured values are to be achieved * Search for a single endpoint that works for all trauma patients, is unrealistic * Resuscitate with appropriate fluid, in appropriate amount, at appropriate time
Learning Objectives:
Describe the consequences of hyper- and hypovolemia for surgical and critically ill patients.
Develop a fluid management strategy for individual patients
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Transient Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Forced Convection Flow and ...IOSR Journals
A three-dimensional transient numerical study of a constant property Newtonian fluid in curved pipe under laminar flow conditions is presented for a uniform wall temperature boundary condition. Numerical solutions were obtained using the control volume method described by Patankar for the range of. The working fluid was water. The transient flow pattern and the temperature distribution on the tube section were derived for different values of the Reynolds number. Graphical results for velocity and temperature are presented and analyzed. Results have shown that the maximum velocity in center of velocity profile increase with increasing of Reynolds number. In curved pipes, time averaged results exhibited Dean circulation and a strong velocity and temperature stratification in the radial direction. Flow and heat transfer were strongly asymmetric, with higher values near the outer pipe bend.
Impact of Equation of State on Simulating CO2 Pipeline Decompression, Solomon Brown, University College London. Presented at CO2 Properties and EoS for Pipeline Engineering, 11th November 2014
Presentation given by George Romanos of the National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos” (NCSRD), Greece, on "CO2QUEST - Fluid Properties and phase behaviour of CO2 with impurities" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Advantages of the self organizing controller for high-pressure sterilization ...ISA Interchange
A study of a self-organizing controller is implemented in a way that response to controlled system follows the desired given by the model. The self-organizing controller has proven to be a valuable tool in sterilization equipment in order to verify the capacity of the response to any change in the pressure or temperature. Basically, this type of controller is based on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) that is a neural network algorithm of unsupervised learning. The new ideas include clustering visualization, interactive training and one-dimension arrays.
Effect of Turbulence Model in Numerical Simulation of Single Round Jet at Low...ijceronline
Single axi-symmetric round jet flow was analyzed using computational techniques and validated with experimental results to establish the suitable turbulence model for simulation of low Reynolds number jets exiting from fully developed pipe. This work is performed as an initial study before computationally simulating multiple impinging jets. To this end a single round jet at Reynolds number of 7500 exiting from a fully developed pipe and entering into stationary air was modeled. Velocity and turbulence profiles were extracted from the simulation and validated with in-house experimental results. It was observed that although all the four turbulence models studied were able to closely predict the mean velocity field, they were not able to accurately predict the turbulence intensity distributions. From the models studied, it was concluded that SST k- ω model was the best turbulence model for simulating low Reynolds number jet flow exiting from fully developed pipe.
This presentation discusses the measurement of PFCs in drinking and tap water using LC-MS/MS. As contaminants of emerging concern, research on PFCs is ongoing to determine the impacts of these materials on human health and the environment. Perfluorinated compounds can be effectively and quickly measured directly from surface and drinking water using a modified configuration of the LCMS-8050. For more information, go to ssi.shimadzu.com and follow Shimadzu on Twitter @ShimadzuSSI. Thanks for viewing.
The main objective of this project is to measure the heart pumping function continuously and with maximally non-invasive methodology in a medical setting arrangement. Thus this paper is aimed to determine the study of impedance plethysmographic method to evaluate the stroke volume changes. In this paper the blood flow analysis has been carried out with fuzzy logic tool box with various activities such as Dehydration, Physical exercise, Cool skin, Warm Skin and breathes hold activity. Immediately after measuring the blood flow with the help of Impedance plethysmography, the end systolic and end diastolic values are obtained with the help of echocardiogram for the 18 subjects both in the normal condition and immediately after holding the breathe for 25 seconds. For the 18 subjects the correlation coefficient is obtained in a linear fashion between the changes in peak amplitude of forearm impedance plethysmographic waveform and changes in stroke volume before and after the 25 second breathe holding activity. Finally the forearm impedance plethysmographic waveform can be used to analyze the heart beat changes in Correlation with the changes in heart stroke volume. The process could be monitored for the series of cycles in determining the heart pumping performance.
A Novel Technique to Solve Mathematical Model of Pressure Swing Adsorption Sy...ijsrd.com
The mathematical modeling of a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system is discussed in detail for the Skarstrom cycle of two-bed process. The system is used to get pure oxygen product from the air with the use of zeolite 13X as an adsorbent. There are complex partial differential equations (pdes) which may not solve by analytical methods. There is no provision for solving it in any other software other than Matlab. All the equations are rearranged and written into dimensionless quantities, to make it easier. It is a novel technique of solving these complex PDEs. After that we have converted these PDEs into ODEs (Ordinary Differential Equations) by using OCFE (Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements) method. Now, these ODEs can be solved using different solvers like ode23, ode45, ode113, ode15s, ode23s, ode23t, ode23tb. The results obtained by this model will be compared to real industrial data.
Design of an Aerodynamic Lens for PM2.5 Chemical Composition AnalysisFa-Gung Fan
The Nanojet as an aerosol sample inlet, concentrator, and transfer line to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer (MS).
Concentration measurements of bubbles in a water column using an optical tomo...ISA Interchange
Optical tomography provides a means for the determination of the spatial distribution of materials with different optical density in a volume by non-intrusive means. This paper presents results of concentration measurements of gas bubbles in a water column using an optical tomography system. A hydraulic flow rig is used to generate vertical air–water two-phase flows with controllable bubble flow rate. Two approaches are investigated. The first aims to obtain an average gas concentration at the measurement section, the second aims to obtain a gas distribution profile by using tomographic imaging. A hybrid back-projection algorithm is used to calculate concentration profiles from measured sensor values to provide a tomographic image of the measurement cross-section. The algorithm combines the characteristic of an optical sensor as a hard field sensor and the linear back projection algorithm.
Diffusers are extensively used in centrifugal
compressors, axial flow compressors, ram jets, combustion
chambers, inlet portions of jet engines and etc. A small change in
pressure recovery can increases the efficiency significantly.
Therefore diffusers are absolutely essential for good turbo
machinery performance. The geometric limitations in aircraft
applications where the diffusers need to be specially designed so
as to achieve maximum pressure recovery and avoiding flow
separation.
The study behind the investigation of flow separation in a planar
diffuser by varying the diffuser taper angle for axisymmetric
expansion. Numerical solution of 2D axisymmetric diffuser model
is validated for skin friction coefficient and pressure coefficient
along upper and bottom wall surfaces with the experimental
results of planar diffuser predicted by Vance Dippold and
Nicholas J. Georgiadis in NASA research center [2]
.
Further the diffuser taper angle is varied for other different
angles and results shows the effect of flow separation were it is
reduces i.e., for what angle and at which angle it is just avoided.
The proposed technique is capable of segmenting the lung’s air and its soft tissues followed by estimating
the lung’s air volume and its variations throughout the image sequence. The work presents a methodology
that consists of three steps. In the first step, CT image sequence are to be given as input where histograms
of all images within the sequence are calculated and they are overlaid in order to form the sequence’s
combined histogram to extract lung air area. In the second step, segment the lung air area by using
optimum threshold based method. In the third step, voxels in the rendered volume will be counted and the
percentage of air consumption will be estimated. The result will indicate a very good ability of the
proposed method for estimating the lung’s air volume and its variations in a respiratory image sequence.
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT OPEN LOOP PID TUNNING TECHNIQUE FOR A LIQ...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired operating condition ,safety, and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality. Like the Level, Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the controller with different PID tunning methods. Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model. With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time flow tank system
A Study on Performance of Different Open Loop PID Tunning Technique for a Liq...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired
operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality.Like the
Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the
controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with
similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by
using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time
flow tank system.
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT OPEN LOOP PID TUNNING TECHNIQUE FOR A LI...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality. Like the Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGOand compare their output response in real time flow tank system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Perfusion System Controller Strategies during an ECMO Support
1. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
DOI: 10.5121/ijsc.2014.5302 13
PERFUSION SYSTEM CONTROLLER STRATEGIES
DURING AN ECMO SUPPORT
M.Dhinakaran 1
and S.Abraham Lincon2
1, 2
Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
In this work modelling and control of Perfusion system is presented. The Perfusion system simultaneously
controls the partial pressures during Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) support. The
main Problem in ECMO system is exchange of Blood Gases in the Artificial Lung (Oxygenator).It is a
highly Nonlinear Process comprising time-varying parameters, and varying time delays, it is currently
being controlled manually by trained Perfusionist. The new control strategy implemented here has a
feedback linearization routine with time-delay compensation for the Partial pressuresof Oxygen and
Carbon dioxide. The controllers were tuned robustly and tested in simulations with a detailed artificial
Lung (Oxygenator) model in Cardiopulmonary bypass conditions. This Automatic control strategy is
proposed to improve the patient’s safety by fast control reference tracking and good disturbance rejection
under varying conditions.
KEYWORDS
Cardio Pulmonary Bypass (CPB), Blood Gas Analyser (BGA), Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenator
(ECMO)
1. INTRODUCTION
ECMO support has been established as a routine treatment used for the patients whose Heart or
Lungs is not working properly and is most often used for Bypass procedures, and Heart
transplantations. The ECMO procedure is similar to a Heart-Lung bypass used during open-Heart
surgery. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation can take over the function of the child's Heart
and / or Lungs for a limited time until the child recovers from the initial cause of the failure [4].
Figure 1 shows a new born having respiratory failure is placed in ECMO setup in ICU. The most
frequent use for ECMO has been with new born infants with lack of a fully functioning
respiratory system or other birth defect,although it may also be helpful in selected cases of severe
heart failure in adults and children. During CPB the functions of the Heart and Lungs are taken
over by the ECMO setup there by guaranteeing a bloodless, motionless operating field. In Extra
Corporeal Membrane Oxygenator the blood is circulated from the venous to the arterial side of
the patient’s vascular system by a pump in the machine. Additionally an Oxygenator takes over
the function of the Lungs by the addition of fresh Oxygen (O2) to and the removal of Carbon
dioxide (CO2) from blood. This Gas exchange is achieved by a gas flow that is in close contact to
the Blood pumped through the Oxygenator. This Gas mixture and its partial gas pressures initiate
a diffusion process in the Oxygenator, which in turn determines the amount of Oxygen and
Carbon dioxide on the arterial side of the patient. The Gas flow and the mixture of Gas that flows
2. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
14
through the Oxygenator are currently still being manually adjusted to have correct partial gas
pressures in the arterial blood [5].
Figure 1. ECMO Setup
This manual control Process can lead to errors, which may cause tissue or nervous cell damage.
An automatic blood gas control strategy is suggested to improve the patient’s safety by fast
control reference tracking of reasonable set points and a good disturbance rejection, which means
keeping the blood gas values in physiological ranges during disturbances. In addition to that, the
automatic control is suggested to remove workload from the perfusionist staff, and may thereby
help to increase the amount of correct decisions in situations of extreme workload.Figure 2 shows
the circuit diagram of an ECMO setup.
Figure 2.Complete Circuit Diagram of ECMO
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2. ECMO MODELLING
As the exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide are complex biological processes
Comprising nonlinearities, time delays, uncertainties, and time-varying parameters, detailed
system knowledge is needed for the development of a suitable feedback control [1]. For that
reason a model of the blood gas transfer process was developed as follows. The system subject to
control was divided into three subsystems: the gas mixer; the Oxygenator, and the Blood Gas
analyzer (BGA) as shown in thefigure 3.
Figure 3. Gas Blender, Oxygenator, and BGA diagram
2.1. Gas Blender Model Design
As the gas concentrations are normally set mechanically with flow tubes, an electronic gas mixer
was designed based on electronic flow dosage modules.Figure 4 shows the Gas blender,
Oxygenator, and Blood gas analyser model diagram. The static output of the gas mixer is given
by
QG = Qo2 + QN2 + Qco2 (1)
QO2 = QG * FiO2 (2)
QCO2 = QG * FiCO2 (3)
QN2 = QG (1-FiO2-FiCO2) (4)
The combination of the two gases is known as inspired Input Oxygen (FiO2).QG is nothing but
total gas flow of the cardiopulmonary Blood Gases. QG is measured by blood Gassensor.QCO2is
nothing but total flow of carbon dioxide.QN2 is nothing but total flow of atmospheric air.T(T)is
a transport delay due to the distance from gas blender to oxygenator and applies to the Oxygen
fraction in the gas.The time-delay depends on gas flow and the tubing system. Total time delay
for the Gas mixer process based on the equation [1] - [2].
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() =
.
,
, ()
Where ,
is the square diameter of the Gas Blender,and ,is the length of the Gas Blender
to Membrane Oxygenator,is the Total blood flow in the Membrane Oxygenator.
2.2. Membrane Oxygenator Model
The Membrane Oxygenator replicates the functionality of the Human Lungs in that it exposes the
blood to regulate amount of O2 and CO2. Gas entering on top inside the fibres while the blood is
flowing first down through a Heat Exchanger and then up through the Gas Exchanger. Gas
Exchange between Gas and blood phase is a very complicated process involving position
dependent quantities and partially nonlinear mechanisms which include Gas transport and
diffusion in the Blood or the diffusion across the Membrane. [3]Mass Balance Equation for Gas
Stored in the Blood Compartment in membrane Oxygenator.
V
d[c]
dt
= T![C],$ − [C],'() + Dp,-.( − p) + Ri (6)
Where V is the Volume of the compartment mixing chamber in an Oxygenator, [2]3is the
Concentration of the Components,[4]3 is the Diffusion Capacity over the Membrane Oxygenator,
[53]is the internal and external Partial Pressure of the Membrane Oxygenator, 6i is the external
disturbance in membrane Oxygenator cross bonding to chemical reaction .7is the Total Blood
flow through in the Membrane Oxygenator.
2.3.Blood Gas Analysis Model Design
Blood gases are only sampled a few times a day in order to check blood gas status. This clinical
blood gas analyser’s use up a few millilitre bloods for each sample, so these devices cannot be
used for continuous blood monitoring on a frequent basis (e.g. every second). For our setup we
chose the CDI 500 blood gas analyser from Terumo which offers online measurement of pH,
pCO2, pO2, potassium, temperature and etc. The BGA was modelled according to measurements
with first order differential equations with its dominant. The modelled BGA time-delay is
T8
T) =
0.7853
b((0.01 T! + b(@)
d(,ABC
D
l(,ABC (8)
Where d(,ABC is the diameter of the Blood Gas analyzer tube , l(,ABC is the length of the of the
Blood Gas analyzer tube,7
is the time delay for the Blood Gas Analyzer, 7
is the Conversion
factor for Blood Gas Analyser, 7 is the total blood flow through the Blood Gas Analyser .
5. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
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Figure 4. Gas blender, Oxygenator, and Blood Gas Analyser modelDiagram
2.4. Time Delay
Total time delay of the blood flow can be calculated by time delay between the Gas blender to
Membrane oxygenator Td1(Tg) and time delay between membrane oxygenator to Blood Gas
analysis Td2(Tg).
TT) = TT) + TDq) (9)
2.5. Input/OutputLinearization of O2
The process is linearized with an analytical input/output linearization for the oxygenation process
with input FiO2 and output pO2. Direct disturbance to the states can be measured with high
dynamics in case of the blood-flow which are measured via the blood-gas analyser the
disturbance dynamics are expected to be much slower than the dynamics of the blood gas
analyser. So the input oxygen from the Gas blender to membrane Oxygenator as follows.
u.I = JiOD ∗ p!MN(10)
The input and output of the oxygen can be linearized with the help of barometric pressure and
percentage of inspired input Oxygen depends on the patient respiration.
2.6. Nonlinear State Space Process Model
Process model depends on the Gas blender, membrane oxygenator, blood gas analysis and so on.
Finally we have to derive the mathematical model for Gas transfer in an oxygenator. So the strong
mathematical knowledge should be needed to design the membrane oxygenator model.[3]
Initially the model design and control by single input single output (SISO) Processes the may be
defined
XP(t) = A x(t) + Bu(t)(11)
Y(t) = C x(t) + D u(t) (12)
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Where x(t) is the state vector; A is the system matrix;B is the input matrix; C is the output matrix
is zero matrix; y(t) is the output vector ; u(t) is the input control matrix ;[1]
The continuous time invariant state space model for an membrane oxygenator to control the blood
gases with the help of controller .The controller approach is based on the mathematical nonlinear
model of the gas transfer process in membrane oxygenator. Input control matrix of the single
input as followsas
BV
u = W0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
q
v
Y (u)(13)
Input vector u = pO2 = FiO2 * 760 mm Hg for barometric pressures[3]. The state vector may be
defined as
X = [xxDxZx[xx]x^x_x`x@xxDxZ]V
u (14)
The full process model of the three inputs, two output of the system with input composed of FiO2,
Gas flow and Blood flow the output vector is based on pressure of O2and CO2
YV
= [pODpCOD]V
(15)
3. CONTROLLERDESIGN
The pCO2 process is much less critical in control terms; compared with the pCO2 process need
not Linearization of the carbon dioxide for pCO2 controller design.pO2 process is more
complicated in control terms. An input/output state linearization routine with delay-time
compensation and an external linear gain scheduled controller had to be developed to handle the
strong static and dynamic nonlinearity and the time delay at input and output. Like the pO2
controller was gain-scheduled in dependence of blood flow through the oxygenator.[1] The PID-
pO2 and the PID-pCO2 controllers, were discretized at the sampling time of the blood gas
analysis, Ts, BGA = 6 s.
3.1. PID Controller
The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) method is a kind of feedback controller which is
generally based on the error (e) between desired set point and measured process value. Three
parameters must be designed in the PID Controller and each parameter has an effect on the error.
The transfer function of the PID controller is writtenas
b(S) =
U(S)
E(s)
= kh +
K
S
+ K (16)
4. DISCUSSI ON
By using a detailed model of the gas blender, the Oxygenator, and the Blood gas analysis, a
feedback control could be developed for the simultaneous control of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
partial pressures. As the control input for pO2, the oxygen fraction in the gas flow FiO2 to the
oxygenator was used. As the control input for pCO2, the total gas flow qg to the Oxygenator was
7. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
19
used. The direct coupling of qg to the FiO2 control input is similar to a disturbance at pCO2
controller gas flow input changes and can be seen as a disadvantage. The advantages of this
strategy are that an additional CO2 gas supply is saved and that this technique is commonly used
in most cardiovascular Heart surgery centres. The pO2 process is more complicated in control
terms. An input/output state linearization routine with delay-time compensation and an external
linear gain scheduled controller had to be developed to handle the strong static and dynamic
nonlinearity and the time delay at input and output. In contrast to that, a PI controller was
developed for the O2 process, as it shows an output delay time only and much less static and
dynamic nonlinearities. The controllers were tested in simulations over the whole operating range
with the model and incorporated uncertainty and showed a good performance and robust stability
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 5. A. Oxygen linearisation I/O Response
Figure 6. Fraction of Oxygen (FiO2) Control Response
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
Time (sec)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
o
f
O
x
y
g
e
n
(
m
m
H
g
)
OxygenInput / Output LinearizationModel Output
5 10 15 20 25
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.03
0.032
0.034
Blood Flow (littre/sec)
F
ra
c
tio
n
o
f
O
x
y
g
e
n
(F
iO
2
)
PI Controller Responses For Inspired Oxygen(FiO2)
8. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
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Figure 7. State Space output for pressure of oxygen
Figure 8. State Space output for pressure of carbon dioxide
Figure 9. PID Controller Responses
6. CONCLUSION
The proposed model of the blood-gas controller for Oxygen and Carbon dioxide exchange during
ECMO support shows fast reference tracking and good disturbance rejection results, while
process coupling is kept low. This is possible because of the Oxygen process I/O linearisation and
time-delay compensation. Linear process models for the two-input- two output plant were
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (sec)
P
re
s
s
ur
e
of
O
xyg
en
(
m
m
H
g
)
SS Model Output
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (sec)
P
re
s
s
u
r
e
o
f
C
a
r
b
o
n
-
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
(
m
m
H
g
)
SS Model Output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (Sec)
B
loo
d
G
a
se
s
(m
m
H
g
)
Closed loop PID Controller Responses
pO2
pCO2
10. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
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AUTHORS
M. Dhinakaran obtained his B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the year 2000 from
the Madras University and further received M.E. degree in Instrumentation Control Engineering in 2003
from the Thapar University, Punjab. Presently he is working as Assistant professor in the Department of
Instrumentation Engineering Annamalai University. His areas of research are Bio Medical Instrumentation,
Process Control.
S. Abraham Lincon obtained his B.E degree in Electronics Instrumentation Engineering in the year 1984
and received M.E. degree in Power System Engineering in 1987 and another M.E degree in Process control
and Instrumentation Engineering in 2000. He Completed his Ph.D.in the Field of Process Control in
2008from the Annamalai University, Chidambaram. Presently he is working as a Professor of
Instrumentation Engineering in Annamalai University. His areas of research are Process Control,
FaultDetection and Diagnosis and Multivariable Control.