here i have discussed the Yeltsin years, 10 years of economic turmoil after the fall of the soviet union. At various points I have also compared the Russian economic conditions to that of India
Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
Transition economies lecture on institutions & UkraineDave Dalton
Slides for my lecture on transition economies at UCLSSEES: institutional prosperity theory (Acemoglu and Robinson), applied to Soviet, Chinese and Ukrainian growth. The thread is: reform lags explain Ukraine’s weak growth and rise of oligarchy; rent-seeking oligarchs use wealth to extend reform delays; privatisation boosts oligarchs’ wealth, the source of their political power. Also: Effect of civil society on institutional development.
Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
Transition economies lecture on institutions & UkraineDave Dalton
Slides for my lecture on transition economies at UCLSSEES: institutional prosperity theory (Acemoglu and Robinson), applied to Soviet, Chinese and Ukrainian growth. The thread is: reform lags explain Ukraine’s weak growth and rise of oligarchy; rent-seeking oligarchs use wealth to extend reform delays; privatisation boosts oligarchs’ wealth, the source of their political power. Also: Effect of civil society on institutional development.
Russia is not a democracy in transition and there are no signs showing that it would become so. Fukuyama's end of history thesis needs to be reevaluated.
The Great Depression - Presentation (Macroeconomics Perspective)Arjun Parekh
This brief presentation on 'The Great Depression' has been made from the point of view of understanding Macroeconomic factors that played an important role.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
1. Russia: The End of a Time of Troubles
Presented by:
Mevin Mathew
Mohit Madaan
2. FLOW OF PRESENTATION
Background
• Fall of USSR
• Rise of Boris Yeltsin
Economic reforms
• Between 1917-1991
• Between 1991-1999
Political Impact of economic reforms
Economical Policies
• Liberalization and stabilization
• Privatization (between 1992-1994 and 1995-1999)
Economic trouble(1991-1999)
• Ruble, barter, Demonetization
• Region, Federal Authority, Taxes
• The legal system
• Crisis of August 1998
• Demographic Crisis
Putin to Power
Background
• Fall of USSR
• Rise of Boris Yeltsin
Economic reforms
• Between 1917-1991
• Between 1991-1999
Political Impact of economic reforms
Economical Policies
• Liberalization and stabilization
• Privatization (between 1992-1994 and 1995-1999)
Economic trouble(1991-1999)
• Ruble, barter, Demonetization
• Region, Federal Authority, Taxes
• The legal system
• Crisis of August 1998
• Demographic Crisis
Putin to Power
3. FALL OF USSR
UNDERLINING CAUSES
• Years of Soviet military buildup at
the expense of domestic
development
• Economic growth stalled/stagnant
economy
• Failed attempts at reform
• War in Afghanistan
• General feeling of discontent,
especially in the Baltic republics
and Eastern Europe (i.e.
Chernobyl)
4. August Coup
• August 1991 – “hard-line”
Communists tries to take over the
government
• Last effort to save USSR
• Country went into an uproar;
massive protests
• Soldiers themselves rebelled –
“can’t fire on our countrymen”
• Coup collapsed after 3 days
• After the coup, Estonia and Latvia
declared their independence.
• Other republics soon followed
5. Collapse of the Soviet Union
• A new entity was formed
“Commonwealth of Independent
Republics"
• Russia and 15 independent
former USSR countries
• Complete political independence,
linked to other Commonwealth
countries by economic, and
military ties
• The Soviet Union, with its
centralized political and
economic system, had ceased to
exist in December, 1991
6. RISE OF BORIS YELTSIN
• Gorbachev was unable to
reestablish real control
• Yeltsin negotiated the transition
of power made inevitable by the
will of the people.
• December 1, 1991 all non-
Russian republics declared
independence (population
wanted democracy)
• Boris Yeltsin was the first
democratically elected
president of Russia
7. RUSSIA’S ECONOMIC REFORM
• Soviet system focused on industrial and military
development
• Institutions of state made decisions about what and
how much to produce
• State coordinated inputs and outputs and set prices
• State allocated credit and resources and hence
budget constraints were soft
• Managers of the firms were concerned primarily with
meeting production targets
Between 1917-1991
8. The Soviet years
1920s-1950s
• Soviet system achieved a rapid economic growth based on massive
mobilization of resources
• Created a formidable industrial and military power
• Rapidly expanded employment and invested in physical capitalization
1960s
• Growth rates declined due to diminishing returns
• Technological innovation stagnated
• Mandated increased production in heavy industrial sectors such as steel
than to create incentives for high technology and consumer products
1980s
• Economic growth disappeared
• Restructuring of the economy required
9. RUSSIA’S ECONOMIC REFORM
• In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin had been elected as president
• In October 1991, he announced that his administration would
radically reform the economy from socialism to capitalism
• He entrusted the reform process not to politicians, but, in his
words to “professionals”
• This turned out to be ideologically committed group and
came to be known as “young reformers” all under the age
of 40
Between 1991-1999
10. • Yeltsin authorized to mandate components of his
economic reform program by decree, change the
structure of government, and appoint all cabinet
ministers without parliamentary approval.
• Yeltsin adopted “shock therapy” to deal with the suffering
Russian economy
Yeltsin declared “It will be worse for everybody for
about half a year”
11. • Reformers planned to free most prices (three
quarters of which were still state-controlled)
• Liberalize Imports
• Overhaul the tax system
• Eliminate the budget deficit
• Tighten monetary policy
• Privatize the majority of state-owned firms
12. Political impact of economic reforms
• Economic reforms were
quite controversial
• Russian voters also did
not support these
reforms
• This was evident in the
1993 elections for seats
in the state Duma
33%
40%
27%
SEATS WON IS STATE DUMA
ELECTIONS
Parties of Economic Reform (Russia's choice and
Yabloko)
Centrist Parties, ambivalent about reforms
Parties against Capitalist Reforms
13. ECONOMICAL POLICIES OF BORIS
YELTSIN
Policies
Price and Trade
Liberalization
Macroeconomic
stabilization
Privatization
14. LIBERALIZATION AND STABILIZATION
Reformers sought
tight monetary policy
to rein in inflation
Reformers
achieved some
initial success
Opposition to
this policy
Tight monetary and fiscal
policies were progressively
relaxed due to powerful
political and economic
forces
1992-Viktor
Gerashchenko was
made Chairman of
the Central Bank of
Russia (CBR
Gerashchenko
(chairman of CBR)
was in hands of
the parliament
Disagreed with the
reformers’
approach to
monetary policy
Offered liberal
credits to Russia’s
struggling
industrial
enterprises
Thus government was
unable to impose
monetary discipline and
a hard budget constraint
on Russian firms
15. Indian Liberalization (1991)
Reforms
• Abolition License- Permit Raj
• Reduced tariffs and interest
rates
• Automatic approval of FDI in
many sector
Impact
• A huge private sector emerged.
• Income Tax Department and
Customs Department became
efficient in checking tax evasion
India reported its highest GDP growth rate of 9.6% in 2006 after reforms
US$ 132 million US$ 5.3 billion
Foreign Investment Growth:
16. PRIVATIZATION
Anatoly Chubais: “They steal and steal and steal. They are
stealing absolutely everything, and it is impossible to stop them. But
let them steal and take their property. They will then become
owners and decent administrators of this property ”
17. 1992-1994: Vouchers and Auction
• Every Russian was given a “voucher”, which could be
exchanged for stock in privatized firms, invested in voucher
fund, or sold for cash
• The direct exchange of stock was supposed to take place at
“voucher auction”
• The reformers achieved their goal of rapidly privatizing large
number of firms
• Between Jan 1992 and June 1994, the government privatized
16,500 firms, shares of which were held by over 41 million
Russians, either directly or through voucher investment funds
Very quick process:
Citizens were not
able to understand
18. • The directors of Russia’s large industrial enterprises opposed
as the move “threatened their control” over much of the
economic structure Russia had inherited from Soviet
industrialization.
• To compromise with the industrial directors opposition,
government offered preferential access to their firm’s shares
through 3 separate programs
• Most popular among these was the “option 2”, with which
managers received 51% of the voting shares in their firms at
a nominal price
• Some managers acquired even greater control over their
firms through a variety of complex but illegal schemes
19. Privatization, 1995-1999: Pledge Auctions
Natural gas, oil, and
mineral deposits
were excluded from
the process of mass
privatization
Boris Yeltsin and the
reformers faced huge
fiscal crisis in 1995
Vladimir Potanin
proposed that the banks
would give a large loan
to the government for
one year
As collateral, banks
would hold and manage
the state’s block of
shares in 29 large state
owned oil and mineral
assets
If government is unable
to repay back the loan,
ownership would be
transferred to bank
holding the shares
GKI( State Property
Committee)
authorized
Oneksimbank and
other banks to
organize the pledge
auctions
Most of the banks
agreed among
themselves in advance
which bank would bid
for each block of shares
Outside bidders were
disqualified on the
technical grounds and
foreign bidders were
excluded from 7
auctions
Government raised
$800 million in
loans from the
auction
20. Case of NORILSK NICKEL
Factory at Norlisk
Oneksimbank won auction for $170.1 million and starting price was $170 million
Rossiiski Kredit (interested in the bid)- was informed on the day of auction that it was having
procedural irregularities
Rossiiski Kredit Chairman later on revealed that they were ready to pay $355 million
21. Privatization in India (1991)
Disinvestment Commission was set up during 1991 -92 for identifying PSUs equity
disinvestment and for suggesting modalities of disinvestment
Enunciation of the National Telecom Policy in 1994-95 which opened up basic telecom services
to competition.
Foreign equity participation up to 49% was permitted in case of a joint venture between an
Indian and a foreign firm
A key reform in infrastructure development was the creation of a major new source of funding
for national, state and rural road construction, called the Central Road Fund (CRF) under the
Central Road Fund Act of 2000.
22. The Rise of the “Oligarchs” (1995-1997)
• During 1990s, Russians began to refer to a handful of
powerful businessmen as “the oligarchs” indicating their
political influence
• Reasons that forced the government to bend towards oligarchs
Inability of the state to meet its fiscal obligations, the government needed
funds the oligarchs provided
Upcoming presidential elections, 1996
23. Russia has the most billionaires per trillion dollars of national
output. India comes second
The predominant source of plutocratic wealth in India is from
three factors — land, natural resources and government
licenses.
Most of India’s billionaires have benefited from sweet deals in
real estate, mining, telecom, oil and such like.
24. Billionaire businessman Mukesh Ambani is quoted as bragging
that the ruling Congress Party is "Apni Dukan“ (our shop),
implying that he owns the ruling party.
Telecom minister Andimuthu Raja left an estimated $40 billion on
the table by accepting bribes in exchange for lower bids from
Indian and foreign bidders on 2G cellular spectrum auction
India's Highway Minister Kamal Nath is alleged to skim 15% on all
the projects his ministry overseas.
25. Presidential Elections, 1996
• Presidential elections was a
“crucial event” for both Boris
Yeltsin and oligarchs
• Major problems confronting
them were:
• In January 1996, just few
months before elections
Zyuganov led the polls by
substantial margins, followed
by Yeltsin at 5th place
Yeltsin’s Zyuganov’s
26. Threats posed by Possible Zyuganov’s Presidency
Zyuganov would end Russia’s experiment with markets
and democracy and would promote communism again
Would not honor the pledge auctions arrangements
Oligarchs would to lose not only millions of rubles
but political power as well
Therefore it was necessary for them to derail the
ambitions of Zyuganov
27. THE DAVOS PACT
• At Davos, Switzerland in Feb 1996, Russia’s most powerful
businessmen agreed to cooperate to support Yeltsin’s
reelection bid
• They offered all their resources-
1. Media
2. Funding
3. Regional contacts
• Although Russian law limits presidential candidates to spend
only $3 million, Yeltsin’s campaign team admitted to spend $
100 million ( in reality it was $ 500 million- 1 billion)
28. The Ruble
• The currency that Russia inherited in 1991 was the “Soviet Ruble”, the currency used by all 15
former Soviet states
• Only Russia’s central bank could actually print new rubles and provided it to other new states
• But central banks of other states could issue Ruble credit
• Russia’s central bank did not have any complete control over the country’s money supply
• In July 1993, Russia’s central bank issued the new currency- Russian Ruble
29. Problems of the Barter System
January 1992
( 10%)
January 1999
( 50-70 %)
• Without cash revenues, firms were unable to pay
salaries
• The federal government could not effectively tax
industries that relied on barter
• Government was unable to evaluate accurately the
value of a firm’s assets and transactions
• So many firms relied so much on barter that few
firms had cash to pay taxes at all
• Provincial governments began to tax in kind and
eventually the federal government forced to do so.
30. Demonetization
• New monetary surrogates emerged, mainly as local currencies
• Examples:
Tatarstan’s government issued their own money substitutes
Local commercial banks and firms, issued promissory notes called
vekselia or twechels (from German word from bill of exchange)
31. FEDERAL UNITS IN RUSSIA
• There are 89 Federal Units, or “subjects”
organized into six legal categories
21- Republics, each
of which bears name
of a non-Russian
ethnic group
49- oblasts
6- Krais, populated
by ethnic Russians
Moscow and
St. Peterbergs as
“federal cities”
10- autonomous
okrugs
1- autonomous
oblast
33. Taxes
Problem due to Russia’s
inefficient federal system
• Goods could not move freely across
regional borders
• Federal system was unable to
acquire its share of tax receipts
from regional and local authorities
Problems due to complex
and confiscatory tax laws
• Government taxed gross revenues
rather than profits
• Firms were subject to 17 different
taxes that added 110% of revenues
• Limited deductibility of items
• Required frequent reporting
34. Efforts to Crack Down Tax Evasion
Government created a “ Tax Police”, complete with guns
and significant executive authority
Tax collectors were treated harshly by citizens, in 1996,
26 were murdered, 74 injured, and 6 kidnapped
Ultimately , government had difficulty in meeting its
budgetary obligations
Russian Orthodox Church intervened
35. Morbid legal system leads to violent
Entrepreneurship
Legal
system
Was Not
having
effective
court system
Judiciary
Was Not
independent
Federal govt
was not
able to pay
judges
Maintained by
regional heads,
manipulated
laws
36. Privatization of Security
• There was a high rise in several niches
such as private security, contract
enforcement, and transaction insurance
• Russians had a perception that Arbitrazh
courts were slow to rule and unable to
enforce decisions
• Because of high entrepreneurial risks
associated with the failure of business
partners to observe contracts or pay debts
3 basic types of private
protection
• Units of police and security forces
that sold their services privately
and illegally
• Illegal organized criminal groups,
so called Russian mafias
• Private protection agencies
37. Growth of Russia’s Private Security Industry
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Private Protection Companies 0 1,237 1,586 3,247 4,434 4,705 5,650
Private Security Services 0 2,356 2,931 4,591 5,247 4,973 4,720
Private Detective Agencies 0 947 2,088 149 182 809 434
Total 0 4,540 6,605 7,987 9,863 10,487 10,804
Costs of their services varied
• 20-30% of profits for business transactions
• Up to 50% for collecting bad debts
38. THE AUGUST 1998 CRISIS
PM a
1.
•Government defaulted on its domestic debt
2.
•Devaluation of Ruble
3.
•Suspension of repaying of foreign private
debt
39. Defaulted on its domestic and foreign debt
Government
Domestic
Banks
Foreign
Investors
41. THE AUGUST 1998 CRISIS
Possible Reasons for August Crisis
• Government stated falling oil
prices
• Asian financial crisis
• Overvalued ruble
• Excessive borrowings
• Debt was too costly and too short
term
Consequences of crisis
• Sharp drop in real income, living
standards and employments
• Temporary paralysis of payments
and settlement system
• Ruined the balance sheet of the
large private banks whose holdings
were primarily government bonds
• Government defaulted on $ 40
billion in ruble-dominated bonds,
heavy losses for private investors
42. PRESIDENT PUTIN IN 2000
Diagnosis about the problem
Russia at the
turn of the
Millennium
• State should have
power
Open letter to
the Russian
voters
• Emphasized need
of Law and Order
43. Putin in Power
Re-organized the fedral system- additional layer of political
authority between centre and regions- 7 federal super-
regions
Abolished treaties that created special tax privilages for
several regions
Controlled the oligarchs
In short
1. Made state more powerful
2.Stability in law and order