Perception,memory and attitude presentation
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The document describes the perceptual process in 8 steps: 1) environmental stimulus, 2) attended stimulus, 3) image on the retina, 4) transduction, 5) neural processing, 6) perception, 7) recognition, 8) action. It then discusses factors that determine perception such as subjective factors like motives and past experience and objective factors like intensity, size, and movement. Finally, it discusses memory, attention, and their characteristics.
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The document discusses the process of perception. It begins with the environmental stimulus and proceeds through attended stimulus, image on the retina, transduction, neural processing, perception, recognition, and action. It describes each step in 2-3 sentences. It then lists factors that influence perception such as the perceiver, target, and situation. Finally, it discusses types of perception including person, learned, environmental, and cultural perception.
. Processes in perception.ASSIGNMENT 300 WORDS MINIMUM.docx
1) The document discusses processes in perception, including the role of higher-level cognitive processes and how initial perceptions can be incorrect.
2) It provides an example of a girl who initially perceives a buzzing sound as a bee, but realizes her perception was wrong. Bottom-up and top-down processing played a role in first having the incorrect perception and then realizing the actual source.
3) Sensation is the detection of sensory information, while perception involves interpreting that information based on knowledge and experience. The girl's prior knowledge of bees led to her perceiving the buzzing as a potential threat.
Sensation
Sensation and perception involve two processes - sensation, which is the detection of stimuli by the senses, and perception, which is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs through sensory receptors in organs like the eyes, ears, and skin that detect stimuli and transmit neural signals. Perception involves higher-level cognitive processes in the brain that allow us to understand and make sense of sensory information. The document provides details on the sensory systems for vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch and how stimuli are detected and transmitted by receptors in each system to be perceived.
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This document summarizes a student's final project for a perception class. It discusses the key components of perception, including the four main parts of the perceptual process: stimulus, electricity, experience and action, and knowledge. It also describes how technologies like PET scans and MRIs can show brain activity during perception. The student's favorite part of the class covered inattentional blindness and optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion. To demonstrate this, the student took photos of sneakers on railroad tracks to show how size perception can be manipulated. The student concluded they now have a new perspective on their surroundings based on what they learned about perception.
Final project post jc
This document summarizes a student's final project for a perception class. It discusses the key components of perception, including the four main parts of the perceptual process: stimulus, electricity, experience and action, and knowledge. It also describes how technologies like PET scans and MRIs can show brain activity during perception. The student's favorite part of the class covered inattentional blindness and optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion. To demonstrate this, the student took photos of sneakers on railroad tracks to show how size perception can be manipulated. The student concluded they now have a new perspective on their surroundings and understanding of the five senses and perception.
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Richard Gregory summarizes the key points of the document in 3 sentences:
Sensations of consciousness, called qualia, are created by the brain rather than received from external stimuli. Perceptions are predictive hypotheses based on stored knowledge from past experiences. Qualia may serve to flag the present moment to distinguish it from memories and anticipations, as perceptions rely heavily on past knowledge and the present needs to be identified for appropriate behavior.
Perception.pptx
Perception involves the interpretation of sensory stimuli received through the sense organs. Sensation is the initial response to a stimulus, while perception provides meaning to sensations. There are several principles that govern perceptual organization, including figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, simplicity, contour, context, and contrast. Perception can be influenced by factors like sense organs, brain, memory, interests, needs, and culture. Errors in perception such as illusions and hallucinations can also occur under certain conditions like defective senses, inadequate stimuli, excessive stimuli, poor health, limited attention, or lack of guidance.
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This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and sensation and perception. It discusses:
- The emergence of cognitive psychology as a field focused on studying cognition and mental processes.
- Key topics in sensation and perception, including the distinction between sensation and perception, thresholds, attention, sensory adaptation, and the roles of vision and hearing.
- Concepts like wavelength, amplitude, pitch, decibels and how they relate to visual and auditory stimuli.
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The document discusses the process of perception. It begins with the environmental stimulus and proceeds through attended stimulus, image on the retina, transduction, neural processing, perception, recognition, and action. It describes each step in 2-3 sentences. It then lists factors that influence perception such as the perceiver, target, and situation. Finally, it discusses types of perception including person, learned, environmental, and cultural perception.
. Processes in perception.ASSIGNMENT 300 WORDS MINIMUM.docx
1) The document discusses processes in perception, including the role of higher-level cognitive processes and how initial perceptions can be incorrect.
2) It provides an example of a girl who initially perceives a buzzing sound as a bee, but realizes her perception was wrong. Bottom-up and top-down processing played a role in first having the incorrect perception and then realizing the actual source.
3) Sensation is the detection of sensory information, while perception involves interpreting that information based on knowledge and experience. The girl's prior knowledge of bees led to her perceiving the buzzing as a potential threat.
Sensation
Sensation and perception involve two processes - sensation, which is the detection of stimuli by the senses, and perception, which is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs through sensory receptors in organs like the eyes, ears, and skin that detect stimuli and transmit neural signals. Perception involves higher-level cognitive processes in the brain that allow us to understand and make sense of sensory information. The document provides details on the sensory systems for vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch and how stimuli are detected and transmitted by receptors in each system to be perceived.
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This document summarizes a student's final project for a perception class. It discusses the key components of perception, including the four main parts of the perceptual process: stimulus, electricity, experience and action, and knowledge. It also describes how technologies like PET scans and MRIs can show brain activity during perception. The student's favorite part of the class covered inattentional blindness and optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion. To demonstrate this, the student took photos of sneakers on railroad tracks to show how size perception can be manipulated. The student concluded they now have a new perspective on their surroundings based on what they learned about perception.
Final project post jc
This document summarizes a student's final project for a perception class. It discusses the key components of perception, including the four main parts of the perceptual process: stimulus, electricity, experience and action, and knowledge. It also describes how technologies like PET scans and MRIs can show brain activity during perception. The student's favorite part of the class covered inattentional blindness and optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion. To demonstrate this, the student took photos of sneakers on railroad tracks to show how size perception can be manipulated. The student concluded they now have a new perspective on their surroundings and understanding of the five senses and perception.
Brainy mind
Richard Gregory summarizes the key points of the document in 3 sentences:
Sensations of consciousness, called qualia, are created by the brain rather than received from external stimuli. Perceptions are predictive hypotheses based on stored knowledge from past experiences. Qualia may serve to flag the present moment to distinguish it from memories and anticipations, as perceptions rely heavily on past knowledge and the present needs to be identified for appropriate behavior.
Perception.pptx
Perception involves the interpretation of sensory stimuli received through the sense organs. Sensation is the initial response to a stimulus, while perception provides meaning to sensations. There are several principles that govern perceptual organization, including figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, simplicity, contour, context, and contrast. Perception can be influenced by factors like sense organs, brain, memory, interests, needs, and culture. Errors in perception such as illusions and hallucinations can also occur under certain conditions like defective senses, inadequate stimuli, excessive stimuli, poor health, limited attention, or lack of guidance.
Sensation and Perception (Cognitive Psychology) - Chenaye Mercado
This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and sensation and perception. It discusses:
- The emergence of cognitive psychology as a field focused on studying cognition and mental processes.
- Key topics in sensation and perception, including the distinction between sensation and perception, thresholds, attention, sensory adaptation, and the roles of vision and hearing.
- Concepts like wavelength, amplitude, pitch, decibels and how they relate to visual and auditory stimuli.
- Anatomy of the eye and how light is sensed by the retina through rods and cones before visual information is transmitted by the optic nerve.
sensation and perception
Sensation involves the detection of external or internal stimuli by sensory receptors, while perception is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs via visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, and other sensory systems. Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus level detectable by senses, while subliminal threshold is below conscious awareness. Perception involves internal and external factors and organizing sensations via Gestalt laws and past experiences. Disorders can impact sensation and perception, including reduced sensitivity, hallucinations, or inability to recognize stimuli.
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1) Sensation is the initial detection of stimuli by the senses and sensation occurs when receptors in sense organs like eyes and ears are activated.
2) Perception involves higher-order cognitive interpretation of sensory information. It is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory input.
3) Attention is the cognitive process of concentrating on a subset of available information. It involves selectively focusing on certain environmental cues while ignoring others.
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The document discusses concepts related to sensation and perception including illusions, which involve misinterpretation of stimuli, and delusions, which represent abnormal beliefs. It also describes hallucinations, experiencing things that aren't real, which can be caused by conditions like schizophrenia, Parkinson's, or Alzheimer's. The types of illusions, delusions, and hallucinations are defined along with their characteristics and common causes.
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Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent information about our internal and external environment. There are 5 main sensory systems - vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Each system contains receptor cells that transduce physical stimuli into electrochemical signals to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals to form our perceptions. Sensory thresholds, adaptation and neural processing help us detect changes in our environment. Defects in these systems can impair our sensory abilities.
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Come To Your Senses
This document discusses how our senses of vision, hearing, and balance work. It describes:
1) How light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, where it stimulates rod and cone cells that send signals along the optic nerve to the brain.
2) The theories of how we perceive color, including that we have cone cells sensitive to different wavelengths and the opponent-process theory of color vision.
3) How sound waves enter the ear, vibrate the eardrum and bones, and stimulate hair cells in the cochlea to send signals to the brain.
4) The theories of how we hear pitch and frequency, including the frequency, place, and volley theories
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Sensation is the detection of a stimulus by the senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information. Sensory receptors detect physical stimuli and transmit neural signals to the brain for perception. The brain integrates sensory information to form a conscious experience and interpretation of the environment. Perception involves both bottom-up processing of sensory data and top-down effects of memory and experience. Various perceptual illusions demonstrate how perception does not always accurately reflect objective reality.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol ...
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The document summarizes key concepts about sensation and perception from a psychology textbook chapter. It defines sensation as the basic detection of stimuli by sensory receptors and perception as the interpretation and organization of sensory information. It describes the structure of the eye and visual system, including rods and cones, and discusses thresholds, color vision, perceptual organization principles like Gestalt, illusions, and depth perception cues.
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1) Perception is the process by which sensory information is selected, organized, and interpreted to give meaning and understanding of the environment. It involves both physiological and psychological processes.
2) Selective attention determines what we perceive - our focus is on some stimuli while others are marginal or peripheral. Stimulus factors like intensity and subjective factors like motives and interests influence what we pay attention to.
3) Perception can involve errors like illusions where a stimulus is misperceived or hallucinations where something is perceived when no stimulus is present. Individual differences and factors like mental set also impact perception.
Sensation
The document discusses the differences between sensation and perception. Sensation is the passive process of detecting stimuli through the senses, while perception is the active process of interpreting sensory information. Both work together, with sensations providing raw data to the brain and perceptions forming meaningful interpretations. It then focuses on vision, describing the structure of the eye, color perception theories, and Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.
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This document discusses perception and perceptual errors. It defines sensation as the immediate response of sense organs to stimuli, while perception involves meaningful interpretation of sensations based on past experiences. Perception provides knowledge about selected sensory information and prepares the body for response. Factors like sense organs, brain, emotions, and expectations can influence perception. Principles of perception include figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, and contrast. Perceptual errors include illusions, where perception differs from reality, and hallucinations, where perception occurs without stimuli. Common illusions are of size, length, perspective, curvature, and movement.
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The document discusses the concept of perception and the perceptual process. It defines perception as the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to understand one's environment. The key aspects of perception covered include selective attention, subjective interpretation, perceptual constancy, illusions, and how factors like stimulus characteristics, motivation, and interest influence one's perceptions.
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Introduction to Sensation and Perception.htmlIntroduction to
Introduction to Sensation and Perception.html
Introduction to Sensation and Perception
Try this. Stop focusing on the computer screen and pay attention to any of the other things that are happening right now. Do you hear any noises that you hadn't heard before? Do you hear birds singing, car sounds, airplanes, or the sound of your breathing? There are stimuli around us all the time, and we are always selecting, consciously or unconsciously, what to pay attention to or what to prioritize for processing. However, remember that we can only attend to stimuli that we have the ability to process. We have to possess the proper body parts and specially designed receptors to be able to receive the stimuli. Not having the proper body parts is like trying to catch a fish for dinner without a net or a hook and bait. Sensory processing is like fishing for food—if we do not have appropriate tools, we cannot catch a fish. As you probably know, each sensory modality has specific hooks or receptors that enable us to detect stimuli. For example, our eyes have photoreceptors, and our ears have auditory receptors called hair cells. These receptors are a key component because they transduce physical and chemical stimuli, which means that they change the stimuli into electrical currents so the brain can process the information. If there is no problem with receiving and transducing a stimulus, that stimulus (which is now represented by electrical impulses) must be transmitted and processed throughout the brain. It is in the brain, between primary sensory and higher-level processing, that perception occurs. Recognition and categorization are part of perception, and this is where the perspectives and views of human beings significantly diverge. People significantly diverge in their perceptual processes.
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Paper Outline
In preparation for submission of the final Project, submit an outline of your paper that identifies the following items:
· Type of disaster that struck in the United States;
· Mitigation tools and impediments to mitigation;
· Preparedness efforts (local, state, and federal governments; and volunteer groups, or non-governmental organizations);
· Response efforts (local, state, and federal governments; and volunteer groups, or non-governmental organizations);
· Recovery efforts (local, state, and federal governments; and volunteer groups, or non-governmental organizations);
· Communication for response efforts and to affected populations; and
· Future effects and influence on the implementation of emergency management.
Kathy Williams posted Feb 17, 2022 6:41 PM
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Sensation occurs at the beginning of a sensory system, and perception involves interpretation and memory that surrounds the brain (Goldstein & Brockmole, 2016). There are basically seven steps to perceptual process: Stimulus in the environment, light is reflected, receptor process, neural processing, perception, recognition and then action (Goldstein & Brockmole, 2016). Se ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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3) Attention is the cognitive process of concentrating on a subset of available information. It involves selectively focusing on certain environmental cues while ignoring others.
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Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent information about our internal and external environment. There are 5 main sensory systems - vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Each system contains receptor cells that transduce physical stimuli into electrochemical signals to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals to form our perceptions. Sensory thresholds, adaptation and neural processing help us detect changes in our environment. Defects in these systems can impair our sensory abilities.
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This document discusses how our senses of vision, hearing, and balance work. It describes:
1) How light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, where it stimulates rod and cone cells that send signals along the optic nerve to the brain.
2) The theories of how we perceive color, including that we have cone cells sensitive to different wavelengths and the opponent-process theory of color vision.
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Sensation is the detection of a stimulus by the senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information. Sensory receptors detect physical stimuli and transmit neural signals to the brain for perception. The brain integrates sensory information to form a conscious experience and interpretation of the environment. Perception involves both bottom-up processing of sensory data and top-down effects of memory and experience. Various perceptual illusions demonstrate how perception does not always accurately reflect objective reality.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol ...
Chapter 3 Psych. 1
The document summarizes key concepts about sensation and perception from a psychology textbook chapter. It defines sensation as the basic detection of stimuli by sensory receptors and perception as the interpretation and organization of sensory information. It describes the structure of the eye and visual system, including rods and cones, and discusses thresholds, color vision, perceptual organization principles like Gestalt, illusions, and depth perception cues.
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Perception
1) Perception is the process by which sensory information is selected, organized, and interpreted to give meaning and understanding of the environment. It involves both physiological and psychological processes.
2) Selective attention determines what we perceive - our focus is on some stimuli while others are marginal or peripheral. Stimulus factors like intensity and subjective factors like motives and interests influence what we pay attention to.
3) Perception can involve errors like illusions where a stimulus is misperceived or hallucinations where something is perceived when no stimulus is present. Individual differences and factors like mental set also impact perception.
Sensation
The document discusses the differences between sensation and perception. Sensation is the passive process of detecting stimuli through the senses, while perception is the active process of interpreting sensory information. Both work together, with sensations providing raw data to the brain and perceptions forming meaningful interpretations. It then focuses on vision, describing the structure of the eye, color perception theories, and Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.
Basics of Psychology: perception
This document discusses perception and perceptual errors. It defines sensation as the immediate response of sense organs to stimuli, while perception involves meaningful interpretation of sensations based on past experiences. Perception provides knowledge about selected sensory information and prepares the body for response. Factors like sense organs, brain, emotions, and expectations can influence perception. Principles of perception include figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, and contrast. Perceptual errors include illusions, where perception differs from reality, and hallucinations, where perception occurs without stimuli. Common illusions are of size, length, perspective, curvature, and movement.
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Understanding the perception and its role in successful management of organiz...
The document discusses the concept of perception and the perceptual process. It defines perception as the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to understand one's environment. The key aspects of perception covered include selective attention, subjective interpretation, perceptual constancy, illusions, and how factors like stimulus characteristics, motivation, and interest influence one's perceptions.
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Introduction to Sensation and Perception.htmlIntroduction to
Introduction to Sensation and Perception.html
Introduction to Sensation and Perception
Try this. Stop focusing on the computer screen and pay attention to any of the other things that are happening right now. Do you hear any noises that you hadn't heard before? Do you hear birds singing, car sounds, airplanes, or the sound of your breathing? There are stimuli around us all the time, and we are always selecting, consciously or unconsciously, what to pay attention to or what to prioritize for processing. However, remember that we can only attend to stimuli that we have the ability to process. We have to possess the proper body parts and specially designed receptors to be able to receive the stimuli. Not having the proper body parts is like trying to catch a fish for dinner without a net or a hook and bait. Sensory processing is like fishing for food—if we do not have appropriate tools, we cannot catch a fish. As you probably know, each sensory modality has specific hooks or receptors that enable us to detect stimuli. For example, our eyes have photoreceptors, and our ears have auditory receptors called hair cells. These receptors are a key component because they transduce physical and chemical stimuli, which means that they change the stimuli into electrical currents so the brain can process the information. If there is no problem with receiving and transducing a stimulus, that stimulus (which is now represented by electrical impulses) must be transmitted and processed throughout the brain. It is in the brain, between primary sensory and higher-level processing, that perception occurs. Recognition and categorization are part of perception, and this is where the perspectives and views of human beings significantly diverge. People significantly diverge in their perceptual processes.
1
Paper Outline
In preparation for submission of the final Project, submit an outline of your paper that identifies the following items:
· Type of disaster that struck in the United States;
· Mitigation tools and impediments to mitigation;
· Preparedness efforts (local, state, and federal governments; and volunteer groups, or non-governmental organizations);
· Response efforts (local, state, and federal governments; and volunteer groups, or non-governmental organizations);
· Recovery efforts (local, state, and federal governments; and volunteer groups, or non-governmental organizations);
· Communication for response efforts and to affected populations; and
· Future effects and influence on the implementation of emergency management.
Kathy Williams posted Feb 17, 2022 6:41 PM
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Sensation occurs at the beginning of a sensory system, and perception involves interpretation and memory that surrounds the brain (Goldstein & Brockmole, 2016). There are basically seven steps to perceptual process: Stimulus in the environment, light is reflected, receptor process, neural processing, perception, recognition and then action (Goldstein & Brockmole, 2016). Se ...
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Perception,memory and attitude presentation
- 3. THE ABOVE PICTURE IS FLAT
- 4. Perceptual Process O 1. The Environmental Stimulus O 2. The Attended Stimulus O 3. The Image on the Retina O 4. Transduction O 5. Neural Processing O 6. Perception O 7. Recognition O 8. Action
- 5. THE ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS O Everything in our environment that has the potential to be perceived. O EXAMPLE Duck splash in near by pond Bright Light loud sound Fragrance
- 6. ATTENDED STIMULUS O The attended stimulus is the specific object in the environment on which our attention is focused. O EXAMPLE Face of a friend in a crowd of strangers Duck floating in the nearby pond ,The duck represents the attended stimulus.
- 7. The Image on the Retina
- 8. TRANSDUCTION O Image on the retina is then transformed into electrical signals in a process known as transduction. O This allows the visual messages to be transmitted to the brain to be interpreted.
- 9. NEURAL PROCESSING O The electrical signals then undergo neural processing . O The path followed by a particular signal depends on what type of signal it is O Example- the image of a duck floating in the pond is received as light on the retina, which is then transduced into an electrical signal and then processed through the neurons in the visual network.
- 10. PERCEPTION O We now perceive the stimulus object in the environment. It is at this point that we become consciously aware of the stimulus. O Example-At this stage we have become aware of that there is something out on the pond to perceive.
- 11. RECOGNITION O Our mental ability to interpret and give meaning to the object is the next step known as recognition . O Example it is at the recognition stage of the perceptual process that we realize that there is a duck floating on the water.
- 12. ACTION O The final step of the perceptual process involves some sort of action in response to the environmental stimulus. O Example turning your head for a closer look Of duck.
- 13. DETERMINANTS OF PERCEPTION (A) SUBJECTIVE FACTORS O MOTIVES OR NEEDS O INTERESTS AND VALUES O PAST EXPERIENCE O AGE O PREPARATORY SET O SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES
- 14. DETERMINANTS OF PERCEPTION (B) OBJECTIVE FACTORS O INTENSITY O SIZE O DISTINCT AND STRIKING O MOVEMENT O NOVELTY O DURATION O REPETITION O ABRUPT CHANGE
- 15. TYPES OF PERCEPTION O AUTISTIC PERCEPTS-Are determined more by subjective factors. O REALISTIC PERCEPTS-Are determined more by objective factors. O ERRORS IN PERCEPTION-Extreme forms of autistic percepts are hallucinations. If we see something even when there is no stimulus ,it is hallucination or false perception. Example –A snake perceived as a snake due to semi- darkness.
- 17. MEMORY O “Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present’’ (Sternberg, 1999). O “Memory is the process of maintaining information over time.”(Matlin,2005)
- 19. EXAMPLE O M O V O E O M O J O S O U O N
- 20. EXAMPLE O M MY O V VERY O E ELEGANT O M MOTHER O J JUST O S SERVED O U US O N NUDDLES
- 25. ATTENTION O “Attention is the process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind .” ROSS(1951) O “ Attention is a state of mind in which there is no contradiction” J.KRISHNAMURTI
- 26. CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTENTION O SELECTIVITY O UNSTABILITY O NARROWNESS O QUALITY OF INVENTION
- 28. FACTORS DETERMINING ATTENTION A: OBJECTIVE FACTORS O INTENSITY AND SIZE O REPETITION O MOVEMENT O CHANGE O SYSTEMATIC FORM O NOVELTY O FAMILIARITY
- 29. FACTORS DETERMINING ATTENTION B: SUBJECTIVE FACTORS O KNOWLEDGE OF THE SITUATION O INTEREST O ORGANIC STATUS O ATTITUDE O MOTIVES O HABITS
- 30. SIGNIFICANCE OF ATTENTION O Brings mental alertness and preparedness O Helps to distinguish or identify the object of attention from others. O Reinforce sensory process leading to better organization of the perceptual field for maximum clarity. O Provides strength and ability to continue the task. O Yields better results.