The document describes the perceptual process in 8 steps: 1) environmental stimulus, 2) attended stimulus, 3) image on the retina, 4) transduction, 5) neural processing, 6) perception, 7) recognition, 8) action. It then discusses factors that determine perception such as subjective factors like motives and past experience and objective factors like intensity, size, and movement. Finally, it discusses memory, attention, and their characteristics.

3. THE ABOVE PICTURE IS FLAT

4. Perceptual Process
O 1. The Environmental Stimulus
O 2. The Attended Stimulus
O 3. The Image on the Retina
O 4. Transduction
O 5. Neural Processing
O 6. Perception
O 7. Recognition
O 8. Action

5. THE ENVIRONMENTAL
STIMULUS
O Everything in our environment that has
the potential to be perceived.
O EXAMPLE Duck splash in near by pond
Bright Light
loud sound
Fragrance

6. ATTENDED STIMULUS
O The attended stimulus is the specific
object in the environment on which our
attention is focused.
O EXAMPLE
Face of a friend in a crowd of
strangers
Duck floating in the nearby pond ,The
duck represents the attended stimulus.

7. The Image on the Retina

8. TRANSDUCTION
O Image on the retina is then transformed
into electrical signals in a process known
as transduction.
O This allows the visual messages to be
transmitted to the brain to be interpreted.

9. NEURAL PROCESSING
O The electrical signals then undergo neural
processing .
O The path followed by a particular signal
depends on what type of signal it is
O Example- the image of a duck floating in
the pond is received as light on the retina,
which is then transduced into an electrical
signal and then processed through the
neurons in the visual network.

10. PERCEPTION
O We now perceive the stimulus object in
the environment. It is at this point that we
become consciously aware of the
stimulus.
O Example-At this stage we have become
aware of that there is something out on
the pond to perceive.

11. RECOGNITION
O Our mental ability to interpret and give
meaning to the object is the next step
known as recognition .
O Example it is at the recognition stage of
the perceptual process that we realize that
there is a duck floating on the water.

12. ACTION
O The final step of the perceptual process
involves some sort of action in response
to the environmental stimulus.
O Example turning your head for a closer
look
Of duck.

13. DETERMINANTS
OF
PERCEPTION
(A) SUBJECTIVE FACTORS
O MOTIVES OR NEEDS
O INTERESTS AND VALUES
O PAST EXPERIENCE
O AGE
O PREPARATORY SET
O SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES

14. DETERMINANTS OF PERCEPTION
(B) OBJECTIVE FACTORS
O INTENSITY
O SIZE
O DISTINCT AND STRIKING
O MOVEMENT
O NOVELTY
O DURATION
O REPETITION
O ABRUPT CHANGE

15. TYPES OF PERCEPTION
O AUTISTIC PERCEPTS-Are determined more by
subjective factors.
O REALISTIC PERCEPTS-Are determined more by
objective factors.
O ERRORS IN PERCEPTION-Extreme forms of
autistic percepts are hallucinations. If we see
something even when there is no stimulus ,it is
hallucination or false perception.
Example –A snake perceived as a snake due to semi-
darkness.

16. LAWS OF PERCEPTION

17. MEMORY
O “Memory is the means by which we draw
on our past experiences in order to use
this information in the present’’ (Sternberg,
1999).
O “Memory is the process of maintaining
information over time.”(Matlin,2005)

19. EXAMPLE
O M
O V
O E
O M
O J
O S
O U
O N

20. EXAMPLE
O M MY
O V VERY
O E ELEGANT
O M MOTHER
O J JUST
O S SERVED
O U US
O N NUDDLES

25. ATTENTION
O “Attention is the process of getting an object of
thought clearly before the mind .”
ROSS(1951)
O “ Attention is a state of mind in which there is no
contradiction”
J.KRISHNAMURTI

26. CHARACTERISTICS
OF
ATTENTION
O SELECTIVITY
O UNSTABILITY
O NARROWNESS
O QUALITY OF INVENTION

28. FACTORS DETERMINING
ATTENTION
A: OBJECTIVE FACTORS
O INTENSITY AND SIZE
O REPETITION
O MOVEMENT
O CHANGE
O SYSTEMATIC FORM
O NOVELTY
O FAMILIARITY

29. FACTORS DETERMINING
ATTENTION
B: SUBJECTIVE FACTORS
O KNOWLEDGE OF THE SITUATION
O INTEREST
O ORGANIC STATUS
O ATTITUDE
O MOTIVES
O HABITS

30. SIGNIFICANCE OF ATTENTION
O Brings mental alertness and preparedness
O Helps to distinguish or identify the object of
attention from others.
O Reinforce sensory process leading to better
organization of the perceptual field for maximum
clarity.
O Provides strength and ability to continue the task.
O Yields better results.