This document summarizes peptic ulcers, which are lesions in the lining of the digestive tract caused by stomach acid. Peptic ulcers occur when there is an imbalance between aggressive factors like H. pylori infection and NSAIDs and the mucosal defenses. Common symptoms include epigastric pain, nausea, and bloody or dark stools. Diagnosis involves tests like endoscopy, blood tests, and breath tests. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications to reduce acid secretion, eradicating H. pylori, and sometimes surgery.

1. By : ISHIKA CHOUDHARY
ARKA JAIN UNIVERSITY ,
JAMSHEDPUR

2.  It is a lesion in the lining {mucosa} of the
digestive tract , typically in the duodenum , or
stomach , caused by the digestive action of
pepsin and stomach acid.
 Lesion may subsequently occur into the
lamina propria and submucosa to cause
bleeding.
 Most of the peptic ulcer occur either in the
duodenum, or in the stomach.

3.  Life style: smoking, medications.
 H. Pylori infection: 90%have this bacterium;
passed from person to person(fecal-oral-
routeoral-oral-route)
 Age: duodenum(30-40) and gastric (over 50)
 Gender: more in older women.
 Genetic factor

4.  Under normal condition , a physiologic
balance exists between gastric acid secretions
and gastroduodenal mucosal defence.
 Peptic ulcer occur when balance between
aggressive factors and defensive mechanism
is disrupted.
 Aggressive factors such as NSAIDS, H. pylori
infection , can alter mucosal defence by
allowing back diffusion of H+ and
subsequent epithelial cell injury.

7.  Stool examination for fecal occult
blood.
 Complete blood count (CBC) for
decrease in blood cells.

8.  Esophago gastro deuodenoscopy (EGD)
 Upper gastrointestinal series
 Urea breath testing
 In all patients with ‘’alarming symptoms’’
endoscopy is required : anorexia ,
hematemesismelena , dysphagia .

9.  Hemmorrhage : blood vessels damaged as
ulcer erodes into the muscles of stomach wall.
 coffee ground vomiting (presence of
coagulated blood ) occult blood in tarry
stools.
 Perforation: an ulcer can erode through the
entire wall
 Narrowing and obstructions (pyloric )

10.  Epigastric pain
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Significant weight loss
 Feeling of fullness
 Bloodydark tarry stools

11.  Life style modifications
 Hyposecretory drug therapy
 H . Pylori eradication therapy
 Surgery