Adaptation and selective breeding
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Animals develop physical features over many generations through natural selection that help them obtain food, stay safe from predators, build homes, withstand weather, and attract mates. These features are not acquired during an animal's lifetime but are inherited from parents and include traits like beak shape, number of fingers, fur color and thickness, and nose or ear shape. Many organisms avoid predators through camouflage, hiding, fleeing, or warning signals. The peppered moth example illustrates how a dark color mutation provided camouflage for moths in polluted areas, making the dark form more common than the light form.
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Adaptation and selective breeding
The document discusses how physical features in animals evolve over generations through natural selection to help animals obtain food, stay safe from predators, build homes, withstand weather, and attract mates. It provides examples of physical features like beak shape, number of fingers, fur color and thickness, and nose or ear shape. Defensive adaptations against predators through hiding, camouflage, group defense, fleeing, and warnings are also discussed. Natural selection requires that organisms produce more offspring than can survive, individuals vary in their characteristics, and characteristics are inherited from parents. Through natural selection, characteristics evolve over time to resemble those of better-suited ancestors who survive and reproduce more successfully.
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Adaptation and selective breeding
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Electromagnetic radiation, including light, comes in a wide range of wavelengths and is used by astronomers to study astronomical objects. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths while gamma rays have the shortest. Astronomers use spectroscopes to separate starlight into colors and study spectra, allowing them to determine properties of stars like their composition, temperature, and luminosity. Looking at objects across different wavelengths provides additional information.
Newton's laws of motion
This document summarizes Newton's three laws of motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law is known as the law of inertia.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. This is expressed by F=ma.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The forces of action and reaction between two objects always act in opposite directions.
Acceleration
1) Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time. It can be positive, indicating an increase in speed or change in direction, or negative, indicating a decrease in speed or change in direction.
2) A car accelerating from 60 mph to 90 mph in 3 seconds has an acceleration of 10 mph/sec. A car braking from 60 mph to a stop in 6 seconds has a negative acceleration of -10 mph/sec.
3) Falling objects near the Earth's surface accelerate at approximately 10 m/s2 due to gravity. Their velocity increases linearly with time until air resistance balances the gravitational force and the object reaches terminal velocity.
Acceleration
Each time you take a step or a vehicle changes speed or direction, it is experiencing acceleration. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time and can be calculated as the change in velocity divided by the time elapsed. For example, a car accelerating from 60 mph to 90 mph in 3 seconds has an acceleration of 10 mph/s. Acceleration can be positive, like the car speeding up, or negative, like when braking and slowing down. Over time, the constant acceleration due to gravity causes objects in free fall to increase their velocity, gaining 10 m/s every second until air resistance balances the downward force.
Acids and bases
This document discusses compounds, acids, and bases. It defines compounds as groups of bonded elements and lists some common chemical compounds along with their elemental compositions. Acids are defined as compounds that donate hydrogen ions in solution and have a low pH, while bases donate hydroxide ions, have a high pH, and are often used for cleaning. Examples of acids and bases are provided. The document also discusses using indicators like litmus paper to determine if a substance is an acid or base based on the color change, and that acids and bases neutralize through reactions that produce water.
Periodic table
The periodic table organizes the elements and provides useful information to chemists. It was developed by Dmitri Mendeleev in the late 1800s by arranging elements in rows by atomic weight and columns by chemical properties. The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number and divides them into groups and periods that predict chemical and physical trends. The position of an element on the periodic table reveals its valence electrons and how it will bond and react.
Atomic Theory
The document discusses the classification of elements and the periodic table. It explains that elements are arranged in the periodic table according to their atomic structure and properties, with similar elements grouped together. The periodic table is divided into rows and columns, with each row representing an energy level and each column representing common chemical properties. The position of an element in the table predicts its chemical behavior and reactivity with other elements.
Beginning of year power point
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Adaptation and selective breeding
- 1. Animals depend on physical features to: obtain food keep safe build homes withstand weather attract mates.
- 2. Do not develop during an animal's life but over many generations. Examples: shape of a bird's beak number of fingers color of the fur thickness or thinness of fur shape of the nose or ears
- 3. Defensive adaptations include: Predator avoidance Hiding and camouflage Group defense Fleeing Signal Warnings
- 4. Many organisms avoid predators by the use of cryptic coloration. A requirement of camouflage in many cases is that the individual choose an appropriate background.
- 5. Natural selection rests on three facts: 1. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2. Individuals vary in their characteristics. 3. Many characteristics are inherited by offspring from their parents.
- 6. • Some individuals will be better suited to their environment They will survive and reproduce more successfully than individuals without those characteristics. • Future generations: contain more genes from better-suited individuals. • Result: characteristics will evolve over time to resemble those of the better-suited ancestors.
- 7. Two Kinds: White speckled moth Black moth. In early 1800’s dark form was very rare. Dark form caused by dominant mutation that occurs spontaneously.
- 8. Peppered moths rest on trees and depend on camouflage for protection.
- 9. Unpolluted Areas: trees are covered in lichens and the light form of the moth is hard to see. In mid 1800’s air pollution in British cities covered trees with soot. In cities dark form became common and light form rare.
- 11. Inmid 1950’s pollution controls were introduced in Britain and frequency of the black moth form has declined since then.