Pinctada is a genus of saltwater oysters that are marine bivalve molluscs known for their strong inner shell layer composed of nacre, also known as "mother of pearl". These pearl oysters have an inner shell made of mother of pearl.
This document provides an overview of the design and construction of finfish hatcheries. It discusses the importance of hatcheries in aquaculture for producing fish seed out of season and improving genetics. Key factors to consider in hatchery design include the budget, production targets, site selection, and facilities like water supply and treatment systems. The document outlines various components of a hatchery such as brood fish ponds, hatchery tanks, nursery ponds, and rearing ponds. It provides details on selecting appropriate pond sizes and layout. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes that careful hatchery operation and management is needed due to the sensitivity of fry and fingerlings.
This presentation discusses pearl culture using the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima. It describes the anatomy of the oyster, including that the operation to insert a nucleus must not exceed 30 minutes. Nucleated oysters are placed in cages suspended in seawater for 3-6 years until harvesting. Pearls are formed as a defense mechanism when the oyster's mantle tissue is irritated by an internal parasite or external injury. Cultured pearls can be identified using x-rays as they often mimic the shape of the implanted nucleus.
It discuss about what is pearl culture, classification, history of pearl culture, STEPS INVOLVED IN PEARL CULTURE - Construction of farm, Collection of oysters, Rearing of oysters.
Preparation of the graft tissue, Insertion of nucleus, Harvesting of pearl, economic importance of pearl culture
Clearing of pearls.
This document discusses polyculture of carp fish in Bangladesh. It describes that polyculture involves culturing multiple fish species together that have different feeding habits and ecological niches. Common carp species cultured together in Bangladesh include various types of indigenous carp like rohu, mrigal carp, and exotic carp like silver carp. Effective polyculture management requires selecting compatible species, maintaining suitable water quality parameters, providing adequate natural and supplemental food, monitoring fish health and growth, and preventing diseases. Polyculture aims to maximize fish production from a water body by fully utilizing available resources.
Viral diseases that commonly infect fishes include viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), channel catfish virus (CCV), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis. These viruses are transmitted between fishes through water and infected eggs. Diseased fishes show symptoms like hemorrhaging, skin discoloration, organ damage, and abnormal swimming behaviors. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antibody tests, and PCR. There are no treatments, so prevention focuses on hygiene, quarantine, avoiding stress, and inactivating viruses in the environment.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Pearl is mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite in minute crystalline form, which has been deposited in concentric layers produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusc or another animal, such as a conulariid.
TYPES, Environmental conditions, STEPS IN PEARL FARMING , Pearl Quality, Uses of Pearl.
A fish hatchery breeds and rears fish and shellfish through early life stages. Hatcheries produce larvae and juveniles to support aquaculture. They benefit the industry by allowing for out of season production, genetic improvement through selective breeding, and reducing reliance on wild-caught juveniles. A hatchery consists of tanks for rearing larvae and holding broodstock. Key components include water storage tanks, larval rearing tanks, postlarval holding tanks, and equipment for water filtration, aeration, heating and monitoring water quality. Hatcheries are designed based on the target species' biology and local conditions like water availability.
This document provides an overview of the design and construction of finfish hatcheries. It discusses the importance of hatcheries in aquaculture for producing fish seed out of season and improving genetics. Key factors to consider in hatchery design include the budget, production targets, site selection, and facilities like water supply and treatment systems. The document outlines various components of a hatchery such as brood fish ponds, hatchery tanks, nursery ponds, and rearing ponds. It provides details on selecting appropriate pond sizes and layout. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes that careful hatchery operation and management is needed due to the sensitivity of fry and fingerlings.
This presentation discusses pearl culture using the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima. It describes the anatomy of the oyster, including that the operation to insert a nucleus must not exceed 30 minutes. Nucleated oysters are placed in cages suspended in seawater for 3-6 years until harvesting. Pearls are formed as a defense mechanism when the oyster's mantle tissue is irritated by an internal parasite or external injury. Cultured pearls can be identified using x-rays as they often mimic the shape of the implanted nucleus.
It discuss about what is pearl culture, classification, history of pearl culture, STEPS INVOLVED IN PEARL CULTURE - Construction of farm, Collection of oysters, Rearing of oysters.
Preparation of the graft tissue, Insertion of nucleus, Harvesting of pearl, economic importance of pearl culture
Clearing of pearls.
This document discusses polyculture of carp fish in Bangladesh. It describes that polyculture involves culturing multiple fish species together that have different feeding habits and ecological niches. Common carp species cultured together in Bangladesh include various types of indigenous carp like rohu, mrigal carp, and exotic carp like silver carp. Effective polyculture management requires selecting compatible species, maintaining suitable water quality parameters, providing adequate natural and supplemental food, monitoring fish health and growth, and preventing diseases. Polyculture aims to maximize fish production from a water body by fully utilizing available resources.
Viral diseases that commonly infect fishes include viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), channel catfish virus (CCV), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis. These viruses are transmitted between fishes through water and infected eggs. Diseased fishes show symptoms like hemorrhaging, skin discoloration, organ damage, and abnormal swimming behaviors. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antibody tests, and PCR. There are no treatments, so prevention focuses on hygiene, quarantine, avoiding stress, and inactivating viruses in the environment.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Pearl is mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite in minute crystalline form, which has been deposited in concentric layers produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusc or another animal, such as a conulariid.
TYPES, Environmental conditions, STEPS IN PEARL FARMING , Pearl Quality, Uses of Pearl.
A fish hatchery breeds and rears fish and shellfish through early life stages. Hatcheries produce larvae and juveniles to support aquaculture. They benefit the industry by allowing for out of season production, genetic improvement through selective breeding, and reducing reliance on wild-caught juveniles. A hatchery consists of tanks for rearing larvae and holding broodstock. Key components include water storage tanks, larval rearing tanks, postlarval holding tanks, and equipment for water filtration, aeration, heating and monitoring water quality. Hatcheries are designed based on the target species' biology and local conditions like water availability.
Bundhs are tanks or impoundments that simulate riverine conditions for carp breeding during monsoon months. Dry bundhs are seasonal while wet bundhs are perennial. Dry bundhs, popular in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, consist of storage ponds, hatcheries, and sluice gates for draining water to allow multiple spawnings per season. Wet bundhs in West Bengal are larger ponds that fill with monsoon rainfall, providing a single annual spawning opportunity. Both bundh types provide controlled environments to induce carp breeding through water level manipulation.
This document presents different culture methods for farming mussels. There are three main types of culture methods: bottom culture, intertidal and shallow water culture, and deep water culture. Intertidal and shallow water culture methods include rack culture, tray culture, wig-wam culture, and rope-web culture. Rack culture involves hanging mussel collectors on bamboo poles. Tray culture uses bamboo or metal trays suspended on poles. Deep water culture methods are raft culture, using rafts to hold suspended rope collectors, and long-line culture, which uses underwater lines anchored at the bottom.
This document summarizes information about mollusc farming techniques, specifically focusing on oysters, clams, and scallops. It discusses the culture methods for these molluscs, including site selection requirements, seed collection and production, and various grow-out techniques like raft culture, rack culture, and bottom culture. Key points covered include the species of oysters, clams, and scallops cultured in different regions; broodstock conditioning and larval rearing; and factors influencing production levels.
This document provides information about the edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis. It discusses the taxonomy, distribution, biology and lifecycle of C. madrasensis. It also describes the nutritive value of oysters and methods for oyster culture, including site selection criteria, spat collection, seed production through hatcheries, and grow-out techniques like on-bottom and off-bottom culture methods. The document aims to provide details about C. madrasensis to support its cultivation along the Indian coasts.
Pearl is a gemstone formed inside the shells of pearl oysters and other mollusks as a defense mechanism against irritants. The document discusses the history and cultural uses of pearls, as well as the anatomy and biology of pearl oysters. It then describes the major steps of modern pearl farming, including collecting oysters, preparing graft tissue and nuclei, surgically implanting the nuclei, and rearing the oysters for 2-3 years before harvesting the cultured pearls.
Pond Construction Management And Preparationbbau Lucknow
The document provides information on pond construction and preparation for fish farming. It discusses factors to consider for pond location and design such as soil type, water availability, and dimensions. It also outlines best practices for pond preparation including liming, fertilization, and stocking fish species. Water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, and nutrients are monitored during the growth period and harvesting occurs once fish reach the desired size. Record keeping of production data is also emphasized.
This document provides an overview of pearl culture, including a brief history, the types of pearls and mollusks that produce them, how pearls are formed and graded for quality, the process of culturing pearls, and conclusions about the value and development of pearl farming. It covers topics such as the first successful efforts to culture pearls in Japan and India, the species of oysters used for different types of cultured pearls, and the procedures involved in implanting tissue grafts and harvesting mature pearls. Images are also included to illustrate pearl types and formation.
The traditional fishery byproducts are fishmeal, fish body and liver oils, fish maw, isinglass etc. Fish protein concentrate, fish albumin, glue, gelatin, pearl essence, peptones, amino acids, protamines, fish skin leather etc. are some other byproducts generally processed out of fish and fish waste.
PRAWN FISHERY & DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PRAWN IN INDIAMr. Balwant Singh
This document discusses the prawn fishery in India, including different types and species of prawns. It outlines that prawn fishery is one of India's most important crustacean fisheries. There are four main types of prawn fishery: shallow water, saline lake, fresh water, and marine water. It then describes the five main genera of prawns found in India - Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Parapenaeopsis, Palaemon, and Macrobrachium - and provides details on some common species within each genera, including their locations, sizes, and other characteristics.
Pearls are formed by pearl oysters in response to irritants in their mantle. In 1893, Mikimoto created the first cultured pearl by manually introducing an irritant into an oyster. The optimal conditions for pearl culture include water temperatures between 20-25°C, a salinity above 30 ppt, gravelly bottoms, and moderate water currents. Common pearl oyster species farmed include Pinctada maxima, P. margaritifera, and P. fucata. Major pearl producing countries are Japan, China, Vietnam, Australia, and Indonesia. The global cultured pearl trade is worth over $3 billion annually, with China as the largest freshwater pearl producer
Economics of fish hatcheries and grow outAmit Jana
This document discusses the economics of fish hatcheries and grow-out facilities. Key factors to consider when constructing a hatchery include the layout, type of fish to breed, and water supply and quality. Hatcheries produce juvenile fish to support aquaculture by transferring them to grow-out systems on farms. Grow-out facilities allow hatchery fish to reach harvest size. Hatcheries can help ensure consistent fish supply, support genetic improvement, and provide healthy, uniform fish seeds for farming when sited properly and run effectively.
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the integumentary system of fish. It describes the main layers of fish skin as the cuticle, epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, and hypodermis. It provides details on the cell types found in the epidermis including Malpighian cells, mucous cells, club cells, and pigment cells. It also discusses scales, embedded in the dermis, which provide protection. The dermis contains collagen fibers and pigment cells like melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores. Fins are described as large folds of skin with special bone support.
Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish within mesh enclosures in existing water bodies like ponds, rivers, and oceans. Some key advantages are the flexibility to use different water resources with minimal initial investment. However, there are also disadvantages like the need for complete diets, high risk of disease transmission due to crowding, potential for localized water quality issues, and limitations to production yields. Cage aquaculture has rapidly expanded in recent decades and continues to adapt to growing global demand through clustering cages and developing more intensive cage farming systems.
Ornamental fish culture provides opportunities for entrepreneurship and income generation. It requires a minimum of 500 sq ft of land and access to fresh water and electricity. Selection of quality broodstock is important, as different species prefer different water parameters for breeding. Beginners should start with livebearers like guppies and later move to egg-layers, focusing on one species at a time. CIFA has developed technologies for breeding 16 indigenous ornamental fish species and commercializing an endangered species. It conducts national training programs and facilitates entrepreneurs with business plans and information on government subsidies.
Fish has a air bladder system ,its a sac containing gas especially air .it provide buoyancy to the fish and help them to stay and swim in water current swimming. It include air bladder and its function and also focus to weberian ossicles and its function.
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. It involves some form of intervention in the rearing process, such as regular stocking, feeding, and protection from predators. Farming implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. India has a long history of aquaculture and is now the second largest producer of aquaculture products globally. Aquaculture makes an important contribution to India's food supply and economy through diverse practices in freshwater, brackishwater, and marine environments.
This document discusses the Indian oil sardine fishery. It provides details on the distribution, peculiar characteristics, feeding habits, habitat, reproduction, fecundity, spawning season, age and growth, size of capture, mode of harvest, utilization, maximum sustainable yield, IUCN status, current stock status, management measures, and production trends of the Indian oil sardine. Key points include that it is distributed along India's western coast from Gujarat to Kerala, feeds mostly on plankton, reaches sexual maturity at 1 year old and 150mm in length, and production peaked at over 720,000 tonnes in 2012. Mesh size regulation is used for management.
Hill areas offer good scope for the development- of fisheries—both for commercial and sport purposes.
The coldwater fishery resources in India comprise high and mid-altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers.
The importance of coldwater fisheries lies in their unique biodiversity, valuable germplasm and maintenance of environmental quality in hills.
Coldwater fishes breed naturally but since some species have been listed as endangered, therefore artificial breeding is now being practiced to restore the diversity.
Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.
This document summarizes information about pearls and pearl oysters. It discusses how pearls are formed naturally within pearl oysters in response to irritants, and how Mikimoto first pioneered cultured pearl production in 1893 by manually inserting irritants. It also provides details on the taxonomy of pearl oysters, their distribution, pearl formation process, protocols for marine pearl culture, and the economic importance of the pearl industry.
Pearl strategy will make you resilient to disruption!
Organizational culture and people are the only competitive advantage in this time of disruption of business models.
Pearl is based in 5 principles: Performance, Empowerment, Accountability, Responsiveness and Locally embedded.
Bundhs are tanks or impoundments that simulate riverine conditions for carp breeding during monsoon months. Dry bundhs are seasonal while wet bundhs are perennial. Dry bundhs, popular in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, consist of storage ponds, hatcheries, and sluice gates for draining water to allow multiple spawnings per season. Wet bundhs in West Bengal are larger ponds that fill with monsoon rainfall, providing a single annual spawning opportunity. Both bundh types provide controlled environments to induce carp breeding through water level manipulation.
This document presents different culture methods for farming mussels. There are three main types of culture methods: bottom culture, intertidal and shallow water culture, and deep water culture. Intertidal and shallow water culture methods include rack culture, tray culture, wig-wam culture, and rope-web culture. Rack culture involves hanging mussel collectors on bamboo poles. Tray culture uses bamboo or metal trays suspended on poles. Deep water culture methods are raft culture, using rafts to hold suspended rope collectors, and long-line culture, which uses underwater lines anchored at the bottom.
This document summarizes information about mollusc farming techniques, specifically focusing on oysters, clams, and scallops. It discusses the culture methods for these molluscs, including site selection requirements, seed collection and production, and various grow-out techniques like raft culture, rack culture, and bottom culture. Key points covered include the species of oysters, clams, and scallops cultured in different regions; broodstock conditioning and larval rearing; and factors influencing production levels.
This document provides information about the edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis. It discusses the taxonomy, distribution, biology and lifecycle of C. madrasensis. It also describes the nutritive value of oysters and methods for oyster culture, including site selection criteria, spat collection, seed production through hatcheries, and grow-out techniques like on-bottom and off-bottom culture methods. The document aims to provide details about C. madrasensis to support its cultivation along the Indian coasts.
Pearl is a gemstone formed inside the shells of pearl oysters and other mollusks as a defense mechanism against irritants. The document discusses the history and cultural uses of pearls, as well as the anatomy and biology of pearl oysters. It then describes the major steps of modern pearl farming, including collecting oysters, preparing graft tissue and nuclei, surgically implanting the nuclei, and rearing the oysters for 2-3 years before harvesting the cultured pearls.
Pond Construction Management And Preparationbbau Lucknow
The document provides information on pond construction and preparation for fish farming. It discusses factors to consider for pond location and design such as soil type, water availability, and dimensions. It also outlines best practices for pond preparation including liming, fertilization, and stocking fish species. Water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, and nutrients are monitored during the growth period and harvesting occurs once fish reach the desired size. Record keeping of production data is also emphasized.
This document provides an overview of pearl culture, including a brief history, the types of pearls and mollusks that produce them, how pearls are formed and graded for quality, the process of culturing pearls, and conclusions about the value and development of pearl farming. It covers topics such as the first successful efforts to culture pearls in Japan and India, the species of oysters used for different types of cultured pearls, and the procedures involved in implanting tissue grafts and harvesting mature pearls. Images are also included to illustrate pearl types and formation.
The traditional fishery byproducts are fishmeal, fish body and liver oils, fish maw, isinglass etc. Fish protein concentrate, fish albumin, glue, gelatin, pearl essence, peptones, amino acids, protamines, fish skin leather etc. are some other byproducts generally processed out of fish and fish waste.
PRAWN FISHERY & DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PRAWN IN INDIAMr. Balwant Singh
This document discusses the prawn fishery in India, including different types and species of prawns. It outlines that prawn fishery is one of India's most important crustacean fisheries. There are four main types of prawn fishery: shallow water, saline lake, fresh water, and marine water. It then describes the five main genera of prawns found in India - Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Parapenaeopsis, Palaemon, and Macrobrachium - and provides details on some common species within each genera, including their locations, sizes, and other characteristics.
Pearls are formed by pearl oysters in response to irritants in their mantle. In 1893, Mikimoto created the first cultured pearl by manually introducing an irritant into an oyster. The optimal conditions for pearl culture include water temperatures between 20-25°C, a salinity above 30 ppt, gravelly bottoms, and moderate water currents. Common pearl oyster species farmed include Pinctada maxima, P. margaritifera, and P. fucata. Major pearl producing countries are Japan, China, Vietnam, Australia, and Indonesia. The global cultured pearl trade is worth over $3 billion annually, with China as the largest freshwater pearl producer
Economics of fish hatcheries and grow outAmit Jana
This document discusses the economics of fish hatcheries and grow-out facilities. Key factors to consider when constructing a hatchery include the layout, type of fish to breed, and water supply and quality. Hatcheries produce juvenile fish to support aquaculture by transferring them to grow-out systems on farms. Grow-out facilities allow hatchery fish to reach harvest size. Hatcheries can help ensure consistent fish supply, support genetic improvement, and provide healthy, uniform fish seeds for farming when sited properly and run effectively.
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the integumentary system of fish. It describes the main layers of fish skin as the cuticle, epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, and hypodermis. It provides details on the cell types found in the epidermis including Malpighian cells, mucous cells, club cells, and pigment cells. It also discusses scales, embedded in the dermis, which provide protection. The dermis contains collagen fibers and pigment cells like melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores. Fins are described as large folds of skin with special bone support.
Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish within mesh enclosures in existing water bodies like ponds, rivers, and oceans. Some key advantages are the flexibility to use different water resources with minimal initial investment. However, there are also disadvantages like the need for complete diets, high risk of disease transmission due to crowding, potential for localized water quality issues, and limitations to production yields. Cage aquaculture has rapidly expanded in recent decades and continues to adapt to growing global demand through clustering cages and developing more intensive cage farming systems.
Ornamental fish culture provides opportunities for entrepreneurship and income generation. It requires a minimum of 500 sq ft of land and access to fresh water and electricity. Selection of quality broodstock is important, as different species prefer different water parameters for breeding. Beginners should start with livebearers like guppies and later move to egg-layers, focusing on one species at a time. CIFA has developed technologies for breeding 16 indigenous ornamental fish species and commercializing an endangered species. It conducts national training programs and facilitates entrepreneurs with business plans and information on government subsidies.
Fish has a air bladder system ,its a sac containing gas especially air .it provide buoyancy to the fish and help them to stay and swim in water current swimming. It include air bladder and its function and also focus to weberian ossicles and its function.
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. It involves some form of intervention in the rearing process, such as regular stocking, feeding, and protection from predators. Farming implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. India has a long history of aquaculture and is now the second largest producer of aquaculture products globally. Aquaculture makes an important contribution to India's food supply and economy through diverse practices in freshwater, brackishwater, and marine environments.
This document discusses the Indian oil sardine fishery. It provides details on the distribution, peculiar characteristics, feeding habits, habitat, reproduction, fecundity, spawning season, age and growth, size of capture, mode of harvest, utilization, maximum sustainable yield, IUCN status, current stock status, management measures, and production trends of the Indian oil sardine. Key points include that it is distributed along India's western coast from Gujarat to Kerala, feeds mostly on plankton, reaches sexual maturity at 1 year old and 150mm in length, and production peaked at over 720,000 tonnes in 2012. Mesh size regulation is used for management.
Hill areas offer good scope for the development- of fisheries—both for commercial and sport purposes.
The coldwater fishery resources in India comprise high and mid-altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers.
The importance of coldwater fisheries lies in their unique biodiversity, valuable germplasm and maintenance of environmental quality in hills.
Coldwater fishes breed naturally but since some species have been listed as endangered, therefore artificial breeding is now being practiced to restore the diversity.
Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.
This document summarizes information about pearls and pearl oysters. It discusses how pearls are formed naturally within pearl oysters in response to irritants, and how Mikimoto first pioneered cultured pearl production in 1893 by manually inserting irritants. It also provides details on the taxonomy of pearl oysters, their distribution, pearl formation process, protocols for marine pearl culture, and the economic importance of the pearl industry.
Pearl strategy will make you resilient to disruption!
Organizational culture and people are the only competitive advantage in this time of disruption of business models.
Pearl is based in 5 principles: Performance, Empowerment, Accountability, Responsiveness and Locally embedded.
Pearl culture has developed significantly since the first successful production of spherical cultured pearls in 1907. The document outlines the history and development of pearl culture, including the transition from relying solely on natural pearl resources to modern aquaculture techniques. It describes the basic three-phase process of pearl culture (collection/hatchery production, on growing, and pearl culture implantation). Key management methods like site selection, settlement practices, feeding, and stocking densities that maximize productivity are also summarized. Finally, common problems in pearl culture like predation, biofouling, and disease are discussed along with solutions to improve oyster survival and pearl quality.
Combustion processes generate combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) that can impact human health. CDNPs include diesel exhaust particles, welding fumes, coal fly ash, and carbon black. They are able to translocate from the lungs to other organs. CDNPs have been shown to cause cardiovascular and genotoxic effects as well as inflammation in the liver and spleen. While CDNPs vary in their specific compositions, they share properties like small size and an ability to cause oxidative stress that contributes to their toxicological effects.
Protein targeting involves transporting proteins to their proper destinations after synthesis so they can perform their functions. There are two main pathways: co-translational targeting transports proteins during translation to the ER, Golgi and secretory pathway, while post-translational targeting transports proteins after translation to the nucleus, mitochondria and peroxisomes. Targeting sequences on the protein interact with receptors to mediate transport through membrane channels using energy from GTP or ATP hydrolysis. Defects in protein targeting can cause diseases like Zellweger syndrome, primary hyperoxaluria and cystic fibrosis.
The document summarizes the structure, location, and functions of the thyroid gland. It notes that the thyroid gland has a butterfly shape with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It regulates metabolism and other bodily functions through hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine. When overactive, it can cause hyperthyroidism and goiter; when underactive, it can cause hypothyroidism, cretinism, or myxedema. The parathyroid glands help regulate blood calcium levels through parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
3. Pinctada is a genus of saltwater oysters,
marine bivalve molluscs in the family
Pteriidae, the pearl oysters. These oysters have
a strong inner shell layer composed of nacre,
also known as "mother of pearl".