The document discusses United Nations peace operations, including peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and conflict management. It defines peacekeeping as helping to implement peace agreements and maintain ceasefires. Peacebuilding aims to address the root causes of conflict and help countries build sustainable peace. The challenges facing UN peace operations include overstretch due to taking on many missions simultaneously, as well as coordination problems between peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts.

1. Peace Operations Thierry Tardy 18 May 2009 June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

2. UN Conflict management entails three principal activities: Conflict prevention and peacemaking Peacekeeping Peacebuilding  Conflict Management cycle June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

3. Peacekeeping ‘ Peacekeeping is a technique designed to pre-serve the peace, however fragile, where fighting has been halted , and to assist in implementing agreements achieved by the peacemakers. Over the years, peacekeeping has evolved from a primarily military model of observing cease-fires and the separation of forces after inter-state wars, to incorporate a complex model of many elements – military, police and civilian – working together to help lay the foundations for sustainable peace. ’ UN DPKO Capstone Doctrine, 2008 June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

4. Peacekeeping activities Create a secure and stable environment while strengthening the State’s ability to provide security, with full respect for the rule of law and human rights. Facilitate the political process by promoting dialogue and reconciliation and supporting the establishment of legitimate and effective institutions of governance. Provide a framework for ensuring that all UN and other international actors pursue their activities at the country-level in a coordinated manner. UN DPKO Capstone Doctrine, 2008 June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

5. ‘ Peacebuilding involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities for conflict management, and to lay the foundation for sustainable peace and development. Peacebuilding is a complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for sustainable peace . It works by addressing the structural causes of violent conflict in a comprehensive manner. Peacebuilding measures address core issues that effect the functioning of society and the State, and seek to enhance the capacity of the State to effectively and legitimately carry out its core functions . UN DPKO Capstone Doctrine, 2008 June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch Peacebuilding

6. Peacebuilding activities providing technical assistance for democratic development and good governance promoting economic development reintegrating former combatants strengthening the rule of law improving respect for human rights through monitoring and investigation of abuses promoting conflict resolution techniques June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

7. Peacekeeping and peacebuilding Continuum Activities short of war -> Impartiality At the heart of the evolution of the concept of security (‘Human Security’) No substitute for state action (sovereignty) June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

8. June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch Post-conflict Peacebuilding Peacemaking Peace enforcement Peacekeeping Conflict Prevention Conflict Cease-fire Political Process UN DPKO Capstone Doctrine, 2008 Crisis Management Spectrum

9. Peace Operations What role for the UN in peace operations (versus regional organisations)? What are the current challenges? Overstretch June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

10. UN overstretch Peace Operations (February 2009) 18 Operations 113 000 personnel 120 Countries involved Budget: USD 7.1 billion Seven-fold increase in personnel since 2000 June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

11. Peace Operations What role for the UN in peace operations (versus regional organisations)? What are the current challenges? Overstretch Conditions of success robust peacekeeping commitment gap coordination/integrated mission June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch

12. Peacebuilding What is Peacebuilding about? Challenges/dilemmas of peacebuilding Long-term goals / short term commitments (Peacebuilding Commission) dependency vs. local capacity coordination problems (with peacekeeping) June 10, 2009 www.gcsp.ch