Jeremy is a student who lacks sleep, is often teased, and lacks support at home. His teachers, Ms. Low and Mr. Tan, lack empathy and embarrass Jeremy, hurting his well-being. To address this, solutions draw from cognitive and behavioral theories. Based on Piaget, Jeremy's existing understanding should be addressed through problem-solving and the KWL method. Vygotsky's scaffolding and peer tutoring can help learning. Maslow's hierarchy shows Jeremy's basic needs are unmet, hindering growth. Skinner's operant conditioning with positive reinforcement through a behavioral contract could improve behaviors. Empathy, support and communication are key to Jeremy's well-being.
The 15 most influential learning theories in education (a complete summary)Paul Stevens-Fulbrook
A Complete summary of the 15 most influential learning theories in education. All theories explained in detail with classroom examples. The full article can be found at:
https://teacherofsci.com
https://teacherofsci.com/learning-theories-in-education/
Topic: Theories of Learning
Student Name: Kanwal Shaikh
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
In this chapter of Effective HR, Theories of Learning is explained. This chapter covers topics like understanding what learning is, the classification of learning capabilities and to understand the various theories of learning. This presentation on Effective HR is an initiative by Welingkar’s Distance Learning Division.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/SlideShareEffectHR
Join us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/welearnindia
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/WeLearnIndia
Read our latest blog at: http://welearnindia.wordpress.com
Subscribe to our Slideshare Channel: http://www.slideshare.net/welingkarDLP
Unit 07 motivation in educational psychologyDARSGHAH
Unit 07 motivation in educational psychology Course code 0840 Educational psychology from ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD.
prepared by Ms. SAMAN BIBI & Mariam Rafique
The 15 most influential learning theories in education (a complete summary)Paul Stevens-Fulbrook
A Complete summary of the 15 most influential learning theories in education. All theories explained in detail with classroom examples. The full article can be found at:
https://teacherofsci.com
https://teacherofsci.com/learning-theories-in-education/
Topic: Theories of Learning
Student Name: Kanwal Shaikh
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
In this chapter of Effective HR, Theories of Learning is explained. This chapter covers topics like understanding what learning is, the classification of learning capabilities and to understand the various theories of learning. This presentation on Effective HR is an initiative by Welingkar’s Distance Learning Division.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/SlideShareEffectHR
Join us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/welearnindia
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/WeLearnIndia
Read our latest blog at: http://welearnindia.wordpress.com
Subscribe to our Slideshare Channel: http://www.slideshare.net/welingkarDLP
Unit 07 motivation in educational psychologyDARSGHAH
Unit 07 motivation in educational psychology Course code 0840 Educational psychology from ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD.
prepared by Ms. SAMAN BIBI & Mariam Rafique
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior.
Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.As demonstrated in his classic "Bobo Doll" experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational
Topic: Theories of Learning
Student Name: Ibadat
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
These slides are for teachers and researchers to know how to address student-centered learning
Inclusive learning
Critical thinking , these three dimensions are addressed in the slides. Please do share your thoughts.
2nd That Emotion: Support for the Affective DomainFred Feldon
Los Angeles Valley College AB 705 Math Workshop, May 17, 2019. Design principles for high-challenge, high-support curricula and pedagogy includes intentional support for students' affective needs. The non-cognitive domain plays an undeniable role in reducing students' fears and increasing students' willingness to engage with challenging tasks.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. About Jeremy
●
● Dozes off in class as he lacks sleep
● Often ostracized and teased by classmates; a solitary person
● Affected by harsh words from adults and peers
● No time for personal and social life
● Lacks support and attention at home
3. Jeremy’s Teachers
Lack empathy, judgmental
Ms Low
● Cares more about getting in touch with parents than understanding
Jeremy
● Alienates and embarrasses Jeremy out of frustration with him
Mr Tan
● Also embarrasses Jeremy
Also…
They do not encourage disinterested student (Jeremy)
They do not promote good behaviour
•
•
4. Problem statement
The lack of empathy, support, and communication
in relationships can be detrimental to a student’s
academic and socioemotional* well-being.
* Depression, low self-esteem, feelings of
alienation
5. Hypotheses
1. Classroom dynamics (the learning environment,
student behaviour & relationships) can drastically affect
individual behaviour and cognitive learning
2. A teacher has the ability to activate and facilitate
students’ motivation and critical thinking (selfevaluation, reflection) process
6. Two-Pronged Approach: Overview
Cognitive and Behavioural
1. Cognitive Constructivist (Piaget)
2. Social Constructivist (Vygotsky)
3. Social Cognitive: Inner motivation (Maslow)
4. Behavioural
● Classical Conditioning
● Operant conditioning (Skinner)
7. Cognitive Constructivist
Piaget
The Approach:
∙
∙
Cognitive development as process of adaptation and
organization of knowledge
Key figure: Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
o Conceptualization of his Theory of Cognitive
Development influenced by his early work as a
biologist
o Theory describes how humans gather and organize
information
9. Cognitive Constructivist
Piaget: Schema
o Cognitive structure by which we
intellectually adapt to and organize our
environment
o New experiences organized into
schemata through two separate
cognitive process - Assimilation and
Accommodation
10. Cognitive Constructivist
Piaget: Assimilation and Accommodation
Cognitive process
What?
How?
Assimilation
Integration of new
materials into an
existing schemata
Connecting new
material to existing
knowledge
Accomodation
Development of a new
schema when process
of assimilation is
impossible because
there are no schemata
to fit new data
Creation of new
schema
11. Cognitive Constructivist
Piaget: Equilibrium
○ State of balance between Assimilation and
Accommodation
○ Piaget: “one of the most effective methods for motivating a
child is to set up a state of cognitive disequilibrium in which
the child is thrown into ‘cognitive conflict’ - when he expects
something to happen a certain way but it does not”
13. Social Constructivist
Vygotsky
The Approach:
Social contexts of learning; knowledge is mutually built
and constructed
Key figure: Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
•
•
o Social influences (especially instruction) on
children’s cognitive development
o Collaboration & social interaction
16. Social Constructivist
Vygotsky: Teaching in the ZPD
What is teaching in the ZPD?
o Awareness of student ability
o “teaching to enable developmental readiness, not
just waiting for students to be ready” (Horowitz &
others, 2005, p.105)
17. Social Constructivist
Vygotsky: Scaffolding
● How? Probing questions e.g.
o What would an example of that be?
o Why do you think that is so?
o What’s the next thing you need to do?
o How can you connect those?
● Develops ‘more sophisticated thinking skills’
● Students will gradually internalize probes and begin to examine own work
(Horowitz & others, 2005).
20. Social Constructivist
Strategies: Teaching in the ZPD + Scaffolding
4. Group work
a. “Children also benefit from the support and guidance
of more-skilled children” (Gredler, 2009).
b. Strategic grouping of students
21. Social Constructivist
Strategies: Teaching in the ZPD + Scaffolding
5. Peer Tutoring
■ “Fellow students also can be effective tutors” (De Smet &
others, 2010; McDuffle, Mastropieir, & Scruggs, 2009)
■ (Cross-age) Peer-tutoring programme
∙
Train student tutors
∙
Monitor students
∙
Parental consent
22. Social Cognitive (Inner Motivation)
Abraham Maslow
The Approach:
● A theory of human motivation: Psychological health
predicated on fulfilling innate human needs.
● Key figure: Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
○ Key participant of the humanistic movement.
○ The importance of focusing on the positive
qualities in people.
○ Belief that humans are motivated to satisfy needs.
24. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
Need to experience beauty and truth
Satisfy curiosity and seek knowledge
Desire to have respect & personal value
Needs for friends and family to give and
receive love
Good health & Security from harm and danger
Food, Water, Sleep & Pain reduction
25. Jeremy’s Issues according to Maslow’s hierarchy
Jeremy’s needs were not
met because...
1. Busy parents
2. No time for social life
Harsh words from people
around Jeremy
Lack of sleep
26. Social Cognitive (Inner Motivation)
Maslow
It is easier to meet the higher
needs when the lower
needs have already been
met.
For Jeremy, it is difficult for
him to achieve the higher
needs as the lower needs
have not been satisfied.
27. Behaviorism in the Classroom
•
•
•
First proposed by John B. Watson (1913)
A belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and
changed through conditioning
Our behaviors are shaped by our responses to
environmental stimuli
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
28. Classical Conditioning
Counterconditioning
•
•
•
•
Introduce a new stimulus so as to
break the association between the
conditioned stimulus and conditioned
response.
Discourage negative comments
Utilizing non-competitive games
Keeping the classroom climate relaxed and supportive
Give positive reinforcements and no sarcasm
29. Operant Conditioning (1968)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Behavioral contract
Identify effective reinforcers
Reinforce contingently and timely
Best schedules of reinforcement
Use cues and prompts
Use negative reinforcements
effectively
B. F. Skinner
Solutions: Positive, negative or punishments?
30. Operant Conditioning in the Classroom
✓ It is successful for learning-challenged children
✓ Useful when working towards larger, more valued
goals
✓ Students learn to persist toward more significant
achievements
✓ Extrinsically reinforced behavior may become an
intrinsic motivation
31. Solutions to Scenario 2
Cognitive
•
For cognitive development…
o Piaget
To address students’ schemata
Provide problem-solving opportunities
Apply KWL method
o Vygotsky
Scaffold learning process
Encourage group work and peer tutoring
32. Solutions to Scenario 2
Behavioural
•
•
To resolve behavioral issues…
o Maslow
Applying the hierarchy of needs
o Skinner
Social contract
Effective reinforcers
Other solutions
33. Conclusion
•
•
Empathy, support and communication in relationships
are crucial to the student’s socioemotional well-being
In order to provide a nurturing environment for the
student, the teacher needs to be aware of the following
factors:
o Classroom dynamics will affect the individual
student’s behavior and cognitive learning
o The teacher has the ability to activate and stimulate
the students’ motivation
34. References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Santrock, J.W. (2011). Educational Psychology (5th ed.) Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Skinner, B. F. (1968). The Technology of Teaching. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Tan, O.S., Parsons, R.D., Hinson, S.L. and Sardo-Brown, D. Educational Psychology - A
Practitioner-Research Approach (2nd ed.). Singapore: Cengage Learning
Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The Elements of Psychology. New York: A. G. Seiler.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1987). The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky. Vol.1: Problems of general
psychology. Including the volume Thinking and speech. R.W. Rieber & A.S. Carton, Eds., N.
Minick, Translators. NY: Plenum Press.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. Psychological Review, Vol 20(2),
Mar 1913, 158-177.