This document discusses communicating public health information to lay audiences. It notes that effective communication should be clear, understandable, respectful and engaging. It discusses how audiences interpret science based on factors like interest, culture, worldviews and trust in the source. It also discusses cognitive limitations people have in processing information like only focusing on relevant details and misunderstanding risk concepts. The document recommends answering the what, why and how of information for audiences and providing context while avoiding information overload.
Please enjoy our Brain Health Bulletin #7! Please feel free to forward this to anyone who may find benefit in receiving it! The Brain Health Bulletin is designed to be your quick reference to the latest information about brain health information, research, technology, cultural awareness for effective, inclusive, and compassionate treatment, care partner tools, and more!
To catch the latest episode of our new podcast, go to The Resilient Caregiver: Empowering Those Who Serve People Diagnosed with Dementia • A podcast on Anchor
Messaging and scare tacticsObjectivesExamine the efficacAbramMartino96
Messaging and scare tactics
Objectives
Examine the efficacy of fear appeals
Assess the theoretical underpinnings
Discuss the context of when to use fear appeals
Analyze various messages
Promote effective provider/patient communication
Disclosure
Some images may be offensive/graphic
Discuss controversial issues
Sexual health
Drug use
Varying opinions
Are “scare tactics” effective?
Risk Communication
Risk communication used to be viewed primarily as the dissemination of information to the public about health risks and events, such as outbreaks of disease and instructions on how to change behavior to mitigate those risks (WHO, 2021)
4
Example
One key to a good message is to make it memorable
5
Perspective
Think about the messages from the perspective of:
Psychologist
Practitioner
Researcher
Different disciplines
6
What would a coalition member say about scare tactics?
Lay persons tend to think scare tactics are effective and are eager to use them.
They are intuitively appealing
They appear to work in the short-term!
7
What would a health educator say about scare tactics?
What happens when scare tactics are over exaggerated?
Stigma
e.g., STD prevention during WWII. Maximized stigma while minimizing explicit information. Didn’t work.
Or… HIV prevention? Diabetes?
8
What would a social or commercial marketer say about scare tactics?
Do people buy products when they are turned off?
Are you motivated to take action when you feel bad about yourself?
9
Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)
Rogers (1975) Protection Motivation Theory
an extension of the Health Belief Model.
A later revision of Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers, 1983) extended the theory to a more general theory of persuasive communication
Emphasis on the cognitive processes mediating behavioral change.
10
Protection Motivation Theory
Threat
Severity
Threat
Vulnerability
Response
Efficacy
Self-Efficacy
Coping
Appraisal
Threat
Appraisal
Protection
Motivation
Attitude/
Behavior
Change
11
Protection Motivation Theory
Rogers (1985) also suggested a role of
a fifth component:
FEAR (e.g., an emotional response), in response to education or information.
The PMT describes severity, susceptibility, and fear as relating to THREAT APPRAISAL
The PMT describes response effectiveness and self-efficacy as relating to COPING APPRAISAL
12
Protection Motivation Theory
According to the PMT, there are two sources of information:
environmental (e.g., verbal persuasion, observational learning)
intrapersonal (e.g., past experience).
This information influences the five components of the PMT, eliciting:
adaptive coping response (e.g., healthy behavioral intention)
maladaptive coping response (e.g., avoidance, denial).
13
If applied to dietary change, the PMT would make the following predictions: information about the role of a high fat diet in coronary heart disease would increase ...
How to combat misinformation on vaccines and other public health issuesWilliam D Leach
Research on metacognition yields eight communication strategies for inoculating the public against harmful health myths when standard techniques fail or backfire.
Please enjoy our Brain Health Bulletin #7! Please feel free to forward this to anyone who may find benefit in receiving it! The Brain Health Bulletin is designed to be your quick reference to the latest information about brain health information, research, technology, cultural awareness for effective, inclusive, and compassionate treatment, care partner tools, and more!
To catch the latest episode of our new podcast, go to The Resilient Caregiver: Empowering Those Who Serve People Diagnosed with Dementia • A podcast on Anchor
Messaging and scare tacticsObjectivesExamine the efficacAbramMartino96
Messaging and scare tactics
Objectives
Examine the efficacy of fear appeals
Assess the theoretical underpinnings
Discuss the context of when to use fear appeals
Analyze various messages
Promote effective provider/patient communication
Disclosure
Some images may be offensive/graphic
Discuss controversial issues
Sexual health
Drug use
Varying opinions
Are “scare tactics” effective?
Risk Communication
Risk communication used to be viewed primarily as the dissemination of information to the public about health risks and events, such as outbreaks of disease and instructions on how to change behavior to mitigate those risks (WHO, 2021)
4
Example
One key to a good message is to make it memorable
5
Perspective
Think about the messages from the perspective of:
Psychologist
Practitioner
Researcher
Different disciplines
6
What would a coalition member say about scare tactics?
Lay persons tend to think scare tactics are effective and are eager to use them.
They are intuitively appealing
They appear to work in the short-term!
7
What would a health educator say about scare tactics?
What happens when scare tactics are over exaggerated?
Stigma
e.g., STD prevention during WWII. Maximized stigma while minimizing explicit information. Didn’t work.
Or… HIV prevention? Diabetes?
8
What would a social or commercial marketer say about scare tactics?
Do people buy products when they are turned off?
Are you motivated to take action when you feel bad about yourself?
9
Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)
Rogers (1975) Protection Motivation Theory
an extension of the Health Belief Model.
A later revision of Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers, 1983) extended the theory to a more general theory of persuasive communication
Emphasis on the cognitive processes mediating behavioral change.
10
Protection Motivation Theory
Threat
Severity
Threat
Vulnerability
Response
Efficacy
Self-Efficacy
Coping
Appraisal
Threat
Appraisal
Protection
Motivation
Attitude/
Behavior
Change
11
Protection Motivation Theory
Rogers (1985) also suggested a role of
a fifth component:
FEAR (e.g., an emotional response), in response to education or information.
The PMT describes severity, susceptibility, and fear as relating to THREAT APPRAISAL
The PMT describes response effectiveness and self-efficacy as relating to COPING APPRAISAL
12
Protection Motivation Theory
According to the PMT, there are two sources of information:
environmental (e.g., verbal persuasion, observational learning)
intrapersonal (e.g., past experience).
This information influences the five components of the PMT, eliciting:
adaptive coping response (e.g., healthy behavioral intention)
maladaptive coping response (e.g., avoidance, denial).
13
If applied to dietary change, the PMT would make the following predictions: information about the role of a high fat diet in coronary heart disease would increase ...
How to combat misinformation on vaccines and other public health issuesWilliam D Leach
Research on metacognition yields eight communication strategies for inoculating the public against harmful health myths when standard techniques fail or backfire.
Understanding Uncertainty Management Theory by Dale Brashers in the health communication context. It seeks to improve one's ability to communicate effectively by bringing feelings of doubt and anxiety down to more manageable levels.
Running head: 1-3 FINAL PROJECT: MILESTONE ONE 1
PHE 330 FINAL PROJECT: MILESTONE ONE 5
1-3 Final Project: Milestone One
XXXXXXXXX
Public Health Education & Communication
Tami Ford
Southern New Hampshire University
September 4, 2022
I. Health Problem.
I have chosen to complete my final project discussing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). There are quite a few people that I know that are near and dear to my heart living with this virus. There are many misconceptions about HIV that the public has simply due to unawareness. With most common public health issues there are many questions that need to be answered to solve the myths. Mental health and substance use disorders can also make it difficult for people to take their medications as prescribed. When HIV is not treated or maintained, it can lead to the fatal diseases Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Of note, you cannot have AIDS without being infected with HIV. According to the Center for Disease Control, HIV can affect anyone regardless of sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, gender, or age (CDC, 2022). However, certain groups are at a higher risk for HIV and weigh special considerations due to the specific risk factors. Gay and Bisexual men, pregnant women, infants, children, Transgender people, people who exchange sex for money, people who inject drugs, etc. These are all considerations of the causes for higher risk for being affected by HIV. However, with the modern medicines and treatments for HIV, many have been known to live long and healthy lives.
II. Organization.
The organization that I have chosen is the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO was founded in 1948 and is the United Nations Agency that connects nations, partners, and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable – so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest level of health (WHO, 2022). My role in this organization will be a Public Health Physician. WHO works closely with United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) on Elimination of Mother-to Child Transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and pediatric AIDS and works with United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) on the integration of HIV and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR). WHO considers the epidemiological, technological, and contextual trends of previous years, promotes learning with each disease area, and generates opportunities to leverage innovations and knowledge for efficient responses to HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI). Thanks to awareness and past research, WHO is able to provide a in depth analysis of the past and current trends of HIV and other STI through multiple platforms.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 5).
HIV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 4, 2022, from https://www.cd.
Mcm 380: Persuasive Communication
Processing Persuasive Communications III
Motivation to Process
Involvement
Can you think of an issue that has important implications for your own life? Perhaps it is a university proposal to raise tuition, a plan to change requirements in your major, or even a proposal to ban using cell phones while driving.
Now think of an issue that has little impact on your day-to-day routines. This could be a proposal to strengthen the graduation requirements in a city school, or a plan to use a different weed spray in farming communities.
You will certainly process the first issues differently than the second.
Different persuasive appeals are likely to be effective in these two circumstances as well.
Motivation to Process
Involvement (contd.)
The topics cited differ in their level of personal involvement, or the degree to which they are perceived to be personally relevant to individuals.
Individuals are high in involvement when they perceive that an issue is personally relevant or bears directly on their own lives.
They are low in involvement when they believe that an issue has little or no impact on their own lives.
Motivation to Process
The ELM stipulates that when individuals are high in involvement, they will be motivated to engage in issue-relevant thinking.
They will recognize that it is in their best interest to consider the arguments in the message carefully.
Even if they oppose the position advocated in the message, they may change their attitudes if the arguments are sufficiently compelling to persuade them that they will benefit by adopting the advocated position.
Under high involvement, people should process messages through the central route, systematically scrutinizing message arguments.
Motivation to Process
By contrast, under low involvement, people have little motivation to focus on message arguments.
The issue is of little personal consequence; therefore, it doesn’t pay to spend much time thinking about the message.
As a result, people look for mental shortcuts to help them decide whether to accept the communicator’s position.
They process the message peripherally, unconcerned with the substance of the communication.
Motivation to Process
In order to discover if these hypotheses were correct, researchers tested them empirically (Petty, Cacioppo, Goldman; 1981)
Findings:
There were three conditions:
Involvement (high or low)
Argument quality (strong or weak)
Expertise (high or low)
Motivation to Process
Petty, Cacioppo, Goldman experiment (1981)
Petty and his colleagues found that the impact of arguments and expertise depended to a considerable degree on level of involvement.
Under high involvement, argument quality exerted a significant impact on attitudes.
Regardless of who the source of the message was, strong arguments led to more attitude change than did weak arguments.
Under low involvement, the opposite patterns of result emerged (who the sourc ...
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1LEARNING OBJECTIVES.docxbagotjesusa
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Describe why an understanding of research methods is important.
· Describe the scientific approach to learning about behavior and contrast it with pseudoscientific research.
· Define and give examples of the four goals of scientific research: description, prediction, determination of cause, and explanation of behavior.
· Discuss the three elements for inferring causation: temporal order, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations.
· Define, describe, compare, and contrast basic and applied research.
Page 2DO SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM IMPACT OUR RELATIONSHIPS? What causes alcoholism? How do our early childhood experiences affect our later lives? How do we remember things, what causes us to forget, and how can memory be improved? Why do we procrastinate? Why do some people experience anxiety so extreme that it disrupts their lives while others—facing the same situation—seem to be unaffected? How can we help people who suffer from depression? Why do we like certain people and dislike others?
Curiosity about questions like these is probably the most important reason that many students decide to take courses in the behavioral sciences. Science is the best way to explore and answer these sorts of questions. In this book, we will examine the methods of scientific research in the behavioral sciences. In this introductory chapter, we will focus on ways in which knowledge of research methods can be useful in understanding the world around us. Further, we will review the characteristics of a scientific approach to the study of behavior and the general types of research questions that concern behavioral scientists.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODS
We are continuously bombarded with research results: “Happiness Wards Off Heart Disease,” “Recession Causes Increase in Teen Dating Violence,” “Breast-Fed Children Found Smarter,” “Facebook Users Get Worse Grades in College.” Articles and books make claims about the beneficial or harmful effects of particular diets or vitamins on one's sex life, personality, or health. Survey results are frequently reported that draw conclusions about our beliefs concerning a variety of topics. The key question is, how do you evaluate such reports? Do you simply accept the findings because they are supposed to be scientific? A background in research methods will help you read these reports critically, evaluate the methods employed, and decide whether the conclusions are reasonable.
Many occupations require the use of research findings. For example, mental health professionals must make decisions about treatment methods, assignment of clients to different types of facilities, medications, and testing procedures. Such decisions are made on the basis of research; to make good decisions, mental health professionals must be able to read the research literature in the field and apply it to their professional lives. .
Health Care Social Media for Medical Device Manufacturers - FDA - Presentatio...David Harlow
Health Care Social Media in the Face of Continued FDA Regulatory Uncertainty for Medical Device Manufacturers, Presented at MassMEDIC conference 05 13 2011
Understanding Uncertainty Management Theory by Dale Brashers in the health communication context. It seeks to improve one's ability to communicate effectively by bringing feelings of doubt and anxiety down to more manageable levels.
Running head: 1-3 FINAL PROJECT: MILESTONE ONE 1
PHE 330 FINAL PROJECT: MILESTONE ONE 5
1-3 Final Project: Milestone One
XXXXXXXXX
Public Health Education & Communication
Tami Ford
Southern New Hampshire University
September 4, 2022
I. Health Problem.
I have chosen to complete my final project discussing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). There are quite a few people that I know that are near and dear to my heart living with this virus. There are many misconceptions about HIV that the public has simply due to unawareness. With most common public health issues there are many questions that need to be answered to solve the myths. Mental health and substance use disorders can also make it difficult for people to take their medications as prescribed. When HIV is not treated or maintained, it can lead to the fatal diseases Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Of note, you cannot have AIDS without being infected with HIV. According to the Center for Disease Control, HIV can affect anyone regardless of sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, gender, or age (CDC, 2022). However, certain groups are at a higher risk for HIV and weigh special considerations due to the specific risk factors. Gay and Bisexual men, pregnant women, infants, children, Transgender people, people who exchange sex for money, people who inject drugs, etc. These are all considerations of the causes for higher risk for being affected by HIV. However, with the modern medicines and treatments for HIV, many have been known to live long and healthy lives.
II. Organization.
The organization that I have chosen is the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO was founded in 1948 and is the United Nations Agency that connects nations, partners, and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable – so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest level of health (WHO, 2022). My role in this organization will be a Public Health Physician. WHO works closely with United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) on Elimination of Mother-to Child Transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and pediatric AIDS and works with United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) on the integration of HIV and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR). WHO considers the epidemiological, technological, and contextual trends of previous years, promotes learning with each disease area, and generates opportunities to leverage innovations and knowledge for efficient responses to HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI). Thanks to awareness and past research, WHO is able to provide a in depth analysis of the past and current trends of HIV and other STI through multiple platforms.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 5).
HIV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 4, 2022, from https://www.cd.
Mcm 380: Persuasive Communication
Processing Persuasive Communications III
Motivation to Process
Involvement
Can you think of an issue that has important implications for your own life? Perhaps it is a university proposal to raise tuition, a plan to change requirements in your major, or even a proposal to ban using cell phones while driving.
Now think of an issue that has little impact on your day-to-day routines. This could be a proposal to strengthen the graduation requirements in a city school, or a plan to use a different weed spray in farming communities.
You will certainly process the first issues differently than the second.
Different persuasive appeals are likely to be effective in these two circumstances as well.
Motivation to Process
Involvement (contd.)
The topics cited differ in their level of personal involvement, or the degree to which they are perceived to be personally relevant to individuals.
Individuals are high in involvement when they perceive that an issue is personally relevant or bears directly on their own lives.
They are low in involvement when they believe that an issue has little or no impact on their own lives.
Motivation to Process
The ELM stipulates that when individuals are high in involvement, they will be motivated to engage in issue-relevant thinking.
They will recognize that it is in their best interest to consider the arguments in the message carefully.
Even if they oppose the position advocated in the message, they may change their attitudes if the arguments are sufficiently compelling to persuade them that they will benefit by adopting the advocated position.
Under high involvement, people should process messages through the central route, systematically scrutinizing message arguments.
Motivation to Process
By contrast, under low involvement, people have little motivation to focus on message arguments.
The issue is of little personal consequence; therefore, it doesn’t pay to spend much time thinking about the message.
As a result, people look for mental shortcuts to help them decide whether to accept the communicator’s position.
They process the message peripherally, unconcerned with the substance of the communication.
Motivation to Process
In order to discover if these hypotheses were correct, researchers tested them empirically (Petty, Cacioppo, Goldman; 1981)
Findings:
There were three conditions:
Involvement (high or low)
Argument quality (strong or weak)
Expertise (high or low)
Motivation to Process
Petty, Cacioppo, Goldman experiment (1981)
Petty and his colleagues found that the impact of arguments and expertise depended to a considerable degree on level of involvement.
Under high involvement, argument quality exerted a significant impact on attitudes.
Regardless of who the source of the message was, strong arguments led to more attitude change than did weak arguments.
Under low involvement, the opposite patterns of result emerged (who the sourc ...
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1LEARNING OBJECTIVES.docxbagotjesusa
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Describe why an understanding of research methods is important.
· Describe the scientific approach to learning about behavior and contrast it with pseudoscientific research.
· Define and give examples of the four goals of scientific research: description, prediction, determination of cause, and explanation of behavior.
· Discuss the three elements for inferring causation: temporal order, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations.
· Define, describe, compare, and contrast basic and applied research.
Page 2DO SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM IMPACT OUR RELATIONSHIPS? What causes alcoholism? How do our early childhood experiences affect our later lives? How do we remember things, what causes us to forget, and how can memory be improved? Why do we procrastinate? Why do some people experience anxiety so extreme that it disrupts their lives while others—facing the same situation—seem to be unaffected? How can we help people who suffer from depression? Why do we like certain people and dislike others?
Curiosity about questions like these is probably the most important reason that many students decide to take courses in the behavioral sciences. Science is the best way to explore and answer these sorts of questions. In this book, we will examine the methods of scientific research in the behavioral sciences. In this introductory chapter, we will focus on ways in which knowledge of research methods can be useful in understanding the world around us. Further, we will review the characteristics of a scientific approach to the study of behavior and the general types of research questions that concern behavioral scientists.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODS
We are continuously bombarded with research results: “Happiness Wards Off Heart Disease,” “Recession Causes Increase in Teen Dating Violence,” “Breast-Fed Children Found Smarter,” “Facebook Users Get Worse Grades in College.” Articles and books make claims about the beneficial or harmful effects of particular diets or vitamins on one's sex life, personality, or health. Survey results are frequently reported that draw conclusions about our beliefs concerning a variety of topics. The key question is, how do you evaluate such reports? Do you simply accept the findings because they are supposed to be scientific? A background in research methods will help you read these reports critically, evaluate the methods employed, and decide whether the conclusions are reasonable.
Many occupations require the use of research findings. For example, mental health professionals must make decisions about treatment methods, assignment of clients to different types of facilities, medications, and testing procedures. Such decisions are made on the basis of research; to make good decisions, mental health professionals must be able to read the research literature in the field and apply it to their professional lives. .
Health Care Social Media for Medical Device Manufacturers - FDA - Presentatio...David Harlow
Health Care Social Media in the Face of Continued FDA Regulatory Uncertainty for Medical Device Manufacturers, Presented at MassMEDIC conference 05 13 2011
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Introduction
Communicating public health to non-scientists includes:
Articles in Newspapers
Press Releases
Pharmaceutical or medical brochures
Reports to the public or to policy makers
Fact sheets
Information in TV Shows (think “ER”, “Grey’s
Anatomy”)
Documentary Films
Videos on YouTube or other sites/channels
Social Media
A common mistake in public health is to assume there’s an eager audience for a lengthy health data
report—there isn’t—and assuming that most community members and policymakers will easily grasp
the data and concepts in your report is a mistake.
5. | http://online.mcphs.edu
How We Interpret Science
The factors that influence how lay audiences interpret
scientific information, are the same factors that
influence all of us, whether we are public health
professionals, or members of the general public.
These factors include:
Interest
Culture
Worldview
Trust and Belief (in the source)
6. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Interest
Suppose you want a teenager to quit smoking. How are
you going to reach them? Do you know what interests
them? As it turns out: it’s not health.
Nor is health of much interest in the population at large
and you will have to come up with a different approach to
reach them
Take a look at the Truth Campaign (www.thetruth.com)
What argument do they use, (and it’s not “you’ll be healthier
and live longer”) to appeal to young teens?
We will talk about developing messages in a later class, but
the important take home is:
KNOW your audience and know what interests THEM.
7. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Elaboration Likelihood Model
The Elaboration Likelihood Model (circa 1980s) states that there are two distinct ways
people are persuaded to make decisions.
The first type of persuasion results from a person’s careful and thoughtful
consideration of the true merits of the information presented. This typically happens
when a person is already interested in the issue and paying attention.
This type of persuasion can lead to permanent change in attitude or
behavior
The second type of persuasion occurs as a result of some simple cue (say an attractive
salesperson) that sways us to make take a certain action or change our behavior.
In this case although we do change, it is only temporary
In short, the Elaboration Likelihood Model suggests that if we are already engaged in
an issue, we will pay more attention to new information about it and if we are not
engaged, we will need peripheral stimuli to grab your attention.
This explains why supermodels are used to sell just about everything to men!
8. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Culture and Worldview
Scientists and public health professionals often fall into the
trap of believing that their science-based information, if
properly understood, will be acted upon by the public in a
rational fashion. That’s simply not the case.
Personal theories about health coupled with broader
societal beliefs complicates communication about
scientific findings.
Worldview is a particular philosophy of life or conception
of the world.
Examples include fatalism, individualism, reincarnation, or
respect and trust for authority
9. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Trust and Belief
People are more likely to believe and act on health
information if it comes from a trusted source.
Acceptance or disbelief of health information is
strongly influenced by two psychological principles:
Confirmation bias: We tend to interpret messages that they
confirm what we already believe.
Selective exposure: People obtain information from sources
with which they tend to agree.
10. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Cognitive Factors that Influence
Interpretation of Scientific Information
Public health communicators should be
aware not only of audiences’ personal
beliefs and worldviews about health,
but also about cognitive limitations
that we all have when it comes to
interpreting scientific information.
We’ll talk about some of these mental
factors in the next few slides.
Cognitive processing limits
Risk information processing limits
Resistance to persuasion
11. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Cognitive Processing Limits
Information Processing Theory
Starting in the mid-20th century researchers began developing systematic
models of memory, cognition, and thinking. One of the most widely accepted
models, which was developed in the early 1950s, is information processing
theory.
According to this theory, our sensory memory screens incoming stimuli and
processes only those stimuli most relevant at the present time. For example, let’s
say you’re driving on a freeway in a snowstorm, you would pay attention to road
conditions, but you might be unaware of the buildings or billboards you’re
passing by.
Information processing in sensory memory usually occurs too quickly for people
to consciously control what they attend to. As a result, information that’s
relevant to the task at hand or information that’s familiar is most likely to be
processed by our sensory memory and retained.
This theory explains why people ignore most of the communications they receive
on a daily basis and interpret anything new in terms of what they already know.
12. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Found it!
When most people are seeking information, they want a quick answer
that’s easy to understand. They find what they need and search no
further.
Busy people certainly include journalists and policymakers, but really,
it’s all of us. No one wants to dig through pages of a dense report to
uncover the key point.
Unfortunately, the public health community has a history of producing
long, dense reports with key points buried within.
Social media may be changing this tendency, conveying more in brief
communications.
13. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Risk Information Processing
Many people misunderstand concepts related to risk.
This can impact a person’s ability to make critical
decisions around safety and health.
We will be talking about this concept in detail in Week
13’s class on Risk and Crisis communication.
14. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Resistance to Persuasion
People have a natural resistance to
persuasion and often engage in a practice
of defensive processing, an approach that
blunts messages that are consistent with
current behavior.
―MAKING DATA TALK (NCI)
15. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Biases that Influence
Data Interpretation
Heuristics are mental shortcuts we use to make decisions or judgments. Heuristics help us reach decisions
quickly and efficiently, but these mental shortcuts can also lead to flawed conclusions.
Representative
heuristic
Cognitive bias in which we make a judgment about a situation based on implicit knowledge
or past experience with a similar situation.
Anchoring and
adjustment heuristic
This is another mental shortcut in which we base estimates and decisions on known
“anchors” or familiar positions, with an adjustment relative to this start point. Most people
make an insufficient adjustment when reaching their final decision.
An example would be an older pregnant woman who was initially told that her chance of
carrying a down-syndrome baby was 1 in 200 and then a follow up tests indicates there her
personal risk is 1 in 25. She might not accept the new odds as being credible since they are
so different from what she was initially told.
Correlation equals
causation
People have a strong tendency to believe that if two types of data are correlated, then one
causes the other. For example, let’s say that in the summer of 2015 on Cape Cod, there was
an increase in ice cream sales. Let’s also say that during the same summer, there was an
increase in drownings on the beaches of Cape Cod. Those two factors are “correlated.” But
the increase in ice cream sales did not cause the drownings.
Failure to consider
randomness
People tend not to consider chance or randomness as explanations for sequences, events, or
occurrences. This comes into play in public health around cancer clusters and perceived
vaccine injury in children.
16. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Techniques for Science Communication
Content: Answer What, Why, and How
Give people the information they need to make good decisions or to
influence attitudes
Be brief and concise. Present the “bottom line” and use only a few
points to support it
Frame the information to support audience values
Avoid Information Overload
Present only essential information, esp. if topic is complex
Follow the health literacy/numeracy best practices
Think of the best way to communicate your issue. Use
compelling visuals and sound if appropriate.
17. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Techniques for Science Communication
Context (for longer
communications):
Present findings within their
larger context, such as prior
research and world view of
the target audience
Address uncertainty. Be
honest about tentative
nature of the findings.
Counter mistaken health-
related audience beliefs
18. | http://online.mcphs.edu
Summary
Most of us interpret scientific information through a
prism of personal beliefs and experiences.
Our ability to interpret scientific data is hindered by
cognitive processing limits and mental biases.
It’s our job in public health to understand audience
tendencies and biases and our own tendencies and
biases, and to craft communication that works with,
around and through these issues to improve health.