Carpal instability and perilunate dislocationdhidhi george
The document discusses carpal instability and perilunate dislocations. It begins with the anatomy of the wrist joint and ligaments. It then covers various patterns of carpal instability including scapholunate dissociation, lunotriquetral dissociation, and perilunate dislocations. Treatment options discussed include closed reduction, ligament repair/reconstruction, limited wrist fusions, and total wrist fusion.
The document provides information on recurrent patellar dislocation, including:
- Anatomy of the patella and its attachments
- Static and dynamic stabilizers of the patella
- Causes of patellar instability such as trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, increased Q angle
- Mechanisms of injury for acute vs recurrent dislocations
- Evaluation methods like the apprehension test, patellar glide test, and imaging views
The document provides information on patellar dislocation, including:
- Anatomy of the patella and patellofemoral joint.
- Causes of patellar instability including anatomical abnormalities, trochlear dysplasia, and injury mechanisms.
- Evaluation of patients with patellar instability focusing on the integrity of the medial patellofemoral ligament and examining for patella alta.
- Imaging techniques used to assess patellar instability including x-rays, MRI, and CT which evaluate trochlear morphology, patellar height, and tracking.
Patella dislocation is a common problem in the young. Recurrence of dislocation can be significant problem causing pain and discomfort. The assessment and guidelines towards non-surgical and surgical treatment options are discussed here.
The document describes various surgical approaches to the elbow joint. The posterior approach is described in detail, including indications such as ORIF of distal humerus fractures. Key steps involve identifying the ulnar nerve, protecting it, and exposing the distal fourth of the humerus through a longitudinal incision over the posterior olecranon. The medial, lateral, anterior cubital fossa, and posterolateral radial head approaches are also outlined, identifying structures at risk and ways to optimize exposure for various procedures.
This document discusses recurrent dislocation of the patella. It begins with relevant anatomy of the patella and its stabilizers. Predisposing factors for dislocation include increased Q angle, trochlear dysplasia, and patella alta. Clinical features include pain, a feeling of instability, and positive apprehension and grind tests. Radiographs can evaluate patellar height and alignment. Management includes initial immobilization and rehabilitation, with surgery considered for recurrent or unstable cases. Surgical options are categorized based on risk/reward, and include soft tissue procedures like medial repair/MPFL reconstruction or distal realignment procedures like the Elmslie-Trillat operation. The key is identifying the underlying pathology and tailoring
This document discusses patellar instability, including relevant anatomy, predisposing factors, clinical features, radiological evaluation, and management. It begins with an introduction classifying patellar instability as acute, recurrent, or habitual. Relevant anatomy includes the patella, trochlea, and static and dynamic stabilizers of the patellofemoral joint. Risk factors include ligamentous laxity, alignment issues, and anatomical factors like patella alta or trochlear dysplasia. Clinical exams and radiological tests are used to evaluate patients. Management involves conservative treatments like bracing and physical therapy or surgical options like lateral release, MPFL reconstruction, and realignment procedures depending on the individual case.
Carpal instability and perilunate dislocationdhidhi george
The document discusses carpal instability and perilunate dislocations. It begins with the anatomy of the wrist joint and ligaments. It then covers various patterns of carpal instability including scapholunate dissociation, lunotriquetral dissociation, and perilunate dislocations. Treatment options discussed include closed reduction, ligament repair/reconstruction, limited wrist fusions, and total wrist fusion.
The document provides information on recurrent patellar dislocation, including:
- Anatomy of the patella and its attachments
- Static and dynamic stabilizers of the patella
- Causes of patellar instability such as trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, increased Q angle
- Mechanisms of injury for acute vs recurrent dislocations
- Evaluation methods like the apprehension test, patellar glide test, and imaging views
The document provides information on patellar dislocation, including:
- Anatomy of the patella and patellofemoral joint.
- Causes of patellar instability including anatomical abnormalities, trochlear dysplasia, and injury mechanisms.
- Evaluation of patients with patellar instability focusing on the integrity of the medial patellofemoral ligament and examining for patella alta.
- Imaging techniques used to assess patellar instability including x-rays, MRI, and CT which evaluate trochlear morphology, patellar height, and tracking.
Patella dislocation is a common problem in the young. Recurrence of dislocation can be significant problem causing pain and discomfort. The assessment and guidelines towards non-surgical and surgical treatment options are discussed here.
The document describes various surgical approaches to the elbow joint. The posterior approach is described in detail, including indications such as ORIF of distal humerus fractures. Key steps involve identifying the ulnar nerve, protecting it, and exposing the distal fourth of the humerus through a longitudinal incision over the posterior olecranon. The medial, lateral, anterior cubital fossa, and posterolateral radial head approaches are also outlined, identifying structures at risk and ways to optimize exposure for various procedures.
This document discusses recurrent dislocation of the patella. It begins with relevant anatomy of the patella and its stabilizers. Predisposing factors for dislocation include increased Q angle, trochlear dysplasia, and patella alta. Clinical features include pain, a feeling of instability, and positive apprehension and grind tests. Radiographs can evaluate patellar height and alignment. Management includes initial immobilization and rehabilitation, with surgery considered for recurrent or unstable cases. Surgical options are categorized based on risk/reward, and include soft tissue procedures like medial repair/MPFL reconstruction or distal realignment procedures like the Elmslie-Trillat operation. The key is identifying the underlying pathology and tailoring
This document discusses patellar instability, including relevant anatomy, predisposing factors, clinical features, radiological evaluation, and management. It begins with an introduction classifying patellar instability as acute, recurrent, or habitual. Relevant anatomy includes the patella, trochlea, and static and dynamic stabilizers of the patellofemoral joint. Risk factors include ligamentous laxity, alignment issues, and anatomical factors like patella alta or trochlear dysplasia. Clinical exams and radiological tests are used to evaluate patients. Management involves conservative treatments like bracing and physical therapy or surgical options like lateral release, MPFL reconstruction, and realignment procedures depending on the individual case.
Distal radius fractures account for up to 20% of emergency department fractures. They typically result from a fall on an outstretched hand. Diagnosis involves history of injury mechanism and physical exam finding of wrist deformity and pain with movement. Classification systems help understand fracture patterns and challenges. Treatment depends on factors like stability, alignment, comminution and patient age/demands. Options include closed reduction with casting, percutaneous pinning, external fixation, plating, and open reduction with internal fixation. Complications can include arthritis, loss of motion, nerve issues, contractures and nonunion.
This case report describes a 21-year old female patient with a 10-year history of habitual left patellar dislocation. Examination found lateral subluxation of the patella in flexion and reduced range of motion. X-rays showed patella baja on the left side and lateral dislocation of the patella. The patient underwent a proximal and distal soft tissue realignment procedure involving lateral release, medial reinforcement, and partial medialization of the patellar tendon. Post-operatively, the patella was centrally located with improved range of motion and stability. Habitual patellar dislocation is rare in adults and can be treated with soft tissue realignment surgery to reinforce the medial structures and release tight
The document discusses scaphoid fractures, including:
- Anatomy of the scaphoid bone and its blood supply.
- Mechanisms of injury typically involve falls on an outstretched hand causing hyperextension and radial deviation of the wrist.
- Classification systems for scaphoid fractures include Russe's, Mayo, Herbert's, and AO.
- Treatment depends on fracture displacement and stability, ranging from cast immobilization for nondisplaced fractures to surgery for displaced or unstable fractures.
This document discusses the anatomy, classification, causes, investigation, and treatment of non-union of femoral neck fractures. It begins with an introduction describing the anatomy of the femoral neck blood supply. It then describes Sandhu's classification system for neglected femoral neck fractures into 3 stages based on radiological findings. Common causes of non-union are discussed. Investigation methods like x-rays, CT, MRI, and bone scans are outlined. Treatment options aim to either preserve the femoral head through procedures like valgus osteotomy and bone grafting, or sacrifice the head through arthroplasty. Head preserving procedures like valgus osteotomy, muscle pedicle bone grafting, and cortical/cancellous grafting are detailed.
The document summarizes the surgical treatment of congenital and habitual dislocation of the patella. These conditions are caused by contracture of the quadriceps mechanism, which is more severe in congenital dislocation. The surgical treatment involves an extensive lateral release, medial plication to realign the patella, and transfer or lengthening of surrounding tendons like the semitendinosus and rectus femoris tendons to further optimize quadriceps alignment and prevent recurrent dislocation. The case study describes the successful surgical stabilization of a 10-year old girl's bilaterally habitually dislocating patellas using various soft tissue procedures like lateral release, medial plication, and advancement of the vastus medialis
Carpal instability can result from injuries to ligaments like the scapholunate ligament. Examination may reveal tenderness over injured ligaments or pain with wrist motion. X-rays can detect instability patterns and MRI is sensitive for detecting ligament tears. Arthroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment depends on injury chronicity and severity, and may include ligament repair, reconstruction, capsuldesis, limited fusions, or total wrist fusion.
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of patellofemoral instability. It notes that instability can be traumatic or atraumatic, with recurrent dislocations having a 50% chance of further episodes. Non-operative treatments include physical therapy targeting muscles like the VMO. Surgical options include soft tissue procedures like medial repair or MPFL reconstruction, and bone procedures like trochleoplasty, tubercle osteotomies, or distal realignment. MPFL reconstruction is commonly used for incompetent medial structures but studies on techniques are limited. Treatment should be customized based on the underlying anatomical abnormalities or soft tissue insufficiencies identified in each individual case.
This document provides an overview of hallux valgus, including its anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Key points include:
- Hallux valgus is a lateral deviation of the great toe and medial deviation of the first metatarsal. It can cause pain over the bunion.
- Risk factors include heredity, footwear, ligament laxity, and pes planus. Diagnosis involves examining range of motion, deformity, and taking x-rays to measure angles.
- Treatment progresses from footwear modifications and stretching to various surgical procedures depending on severity, including distal soft tissue procedures, osteotomies, and joint fusion or replacement in severe cases.
This document summarizes a study on using proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) to treat medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. PFO is presented as a simpler, less expensive alternative to procedures like high tibial osteotomy (HTO). The study included one patient who underwent PFO and was followed for 6 months, showing decreased pain scores and improved knee joint space. While PFO provided good short-term outcomes, more research is needed to establish its role compared to procedures like HTO and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. PFO may be particularly suitable for resource-limited settings due to its low cost and technical simplicity.
High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a surgical procedure that involves correcting angular deformities of the tibia. It has been used to treat conditions like osteoarthritis, osteochondritis dissecans, and malalignment. There are several techniques for HTO including lateral closing wedge osteotomy, medial opening wedge osteotomy, and dome osteotomy. HTO can help relieve pain from unicompartmental osteoarthritis and delay the need for knee replacement in young, active patients. Potential complications include fracture, nonunion, nerve palsy, and issues that can make later knee replacement more difficult. Precise surgical planning and fixation are important for achieving good outcomes from HTO.
MCL. LCL.ALL injuries
To understand the relevant anatomy of the side ligaments of the knee
To study the mechanism of injury of each ligament and how to diagnose such injury
To highlight the different treatment options in acute or chronic situations
Dr. Ankur Mittal presented on diagnostic tests and imaging for Achilles tendon injuries. [1] Ultrasound is often used to determine tendon thickness and gap size for complete ruptures and is inexpensive and fast. [2] MRI is better for detecting incomplete tears and planning surgery for chronic tears but is more expensive. [3] Imaging is rarely needed for acute cases but can help with chronic cases for diagnosis and surgical planning.
Mpfl tech - MPFL Reconstruction for Patellar InstabilityDelhiArthroscopy
MPFL Rec onstruction for Patellar Instability - By Dr Shekhar Srivastav .
Surgical Technique
- Diagnostic Arthroscopy
- Look for any Osteochondral fragment
(Loose body)
- Look for any Chondral damage
- Patellar tracking though Supero-lateral portal
Post-op Protocol
Ambulation with stick and Knee Brace- 3 wks
ROM exer – Next day upto 300 and progress
Review every 2 wks,6 wks,3 mnths,6 mnths and
yearly thereafter
Post-op assessment (Crosby-Insall criteria)
Excellent- No pain,normal activity
Good- Occasional pain,discomfort
Fair/Poor- Pain,loss of flexion,recurrent
dislocation/subluxation
Worse- Pain increased,displacement more
frequent
Caution
Must avoid overtightening-
Medial instability
Medial patellar arthritis
Patellar fractures
Preexisting Chondromalacia
Details @ http://www.delhiarthroscopy.com/
1. The scaphoid acts as a connecting rod between the proximal and distal carpal rows and is stabilized by the scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments. Injury to these ligaments can lead to carpal instability.
2. Common types of carpal instability include dorsal intercalated segmental instability (DISI) and volar intercalated segmental instability (VISI) caused by scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligament injuries respectively.
3. Treatment depends on the chronicity, degree of instability, and presence of arthritis. Options include ligament repair/reconstruction, capsulodesis, intercarpal fusion, and proximal row car
Here are the key steps in the ORIF procedure:
1. Patient is placed in lateral decubitus position and a right-angled lateral incision is made to minimize soft tissue damage.
2. The fracture line at the angle of Gissane is identified.
3. Fragments are temporarily held in place with K-wires under fluoroscopy while the reconstruction restores the 3D shape of the calcaneus.
4. The "constant" sustentacular fragment is used to begin the reconstruction, working anteriorly and medially.
5. Traction may be needed to restore the posterior facet.
6. The lateral wall fragment is closed like a door last to complete the
Distal end of radius fractures dr.harishHarishVKRatna
This document provides an overview of distal radius fractures, including anatomy, classification systems, treatment options, and complications. Some key points:
- The distal radius has articular surfaces that articulate with the scaphoid, lunate, and triangular fibrocartilage complex.
- Common fracture classifications include the Gartland & Werley and Frykman systems.
- Treatment may involve closed reduction and casting, percutaneous pinning, external fixation, or internal fixation depending on the fracture type and displacement.
- Surgical treatment is usually indicated for displaced intra-articular fractures or when acceptable reduction cannot be achieved/maintained with closed methods.
- Complications can include loss of motion,
This document discusses the concept and methodology of templating for total hip replacement surgery. It begins by defining templating as a radiographic planning process using templates to estimate implant positioning and identify difficult cases. It then describes the goals of templating as predicting implant size and position to restore hip biomechanics. The document outlines the steps of templating, including identifying anatomical landmarks and mechanical references on radiographs. It emphasizes the importance of restoring leg length, offset, and the center of rotation.
Talus fractures involve the second largest tarsal bone. Hawkins classification system categorizes talus neck fractures into 4 types based on displacement and disruption of blood supply. Type 1 fractures are undisplaced while type 4 have the worst prognosis. Treatment depends on fracture type but generally involves anatomical reduction, stable fixation, and avoiding complications like avascular necrosis. Surgical approaches may be needed for types 2-4 to achieve and maintain reduction.
Recurrent dislocation of patella DR, MOHAMMED BASHEERdrmb65
This document provides information on the anatomy and biomechanics of the patella and knee. It describes the forces that act on the patella, including the pull of the vastus medialis longus and vastus medialis obliqus muscles. It discusses causes of patellar dislocation such as trochlear dysplasia, incompetence of the medial patellofemoral ligament, and abnormalities that increase the Q angle. The document outlines approaches for evaluating the patella through medical history, physical examination, imaging, and surgical treatment options for patellar instability.
This document provides an overview of patellofemoral disorders, including the anatomy and biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. It describes several common patellofemoral conditions such as patellar instability, excessive lateral patellar compression syndrome, chondromalacia patellae, bipartite patella, and patellofemoral arthritis. For each condition, it discusses symptoms, physical exam findings, imaging features, and treatment options both non-surgical and surgical. Surgical procedures discussed include lateral retinacular release, tibial tubercle elevation, drilling/abrasion techniques, and patellectomy.
Distal radius fractures account for up to 20% of emergency department fractures. They typically result from a fall on an outstretched hand. Diagnosis involves history of injury mechanism and physical exam finding of wrist deformity and pain with movement. Classification systems help understand fracture patterns and challenges. Treatment depends on factors like stability, alignment, comminution and patient age/demands. Options include closed reduction with casting, percutaneous pinning, external fixation, plating, and open reduction with internal fixation. Complications can include arthritis, loss of motion, nerve issues, contractures and nonunion.
This case report describes a 21-year old female patient with a 10-year history of habitual left patellar dislocation. Examination found lateral subluxation of the patella in flexion and reduced range of motion. X-rays showed patella baja on the left side and lateral dislocation of the patella. The patient underwent a proximal and distal soft tissue realignment procedure involving lateral release, medial reinforcement, and partial medialization of the patellar tendon. Post-operatively, the patella was centrally located with improved range of motion and stability. Habitual patellar dislocation is rare in adults and can be treated with soft tissue realignment surgery to reinforce the medial structures and release tight
The document discusses scaphoid fractures, including:
- Anatomy of the scaphoid bone and its blood supply.
- Mechanisms of injury typically involve falls on an outstretched hand causing hyperextension and radial deviation of the wrist.
- Classification systems for scaphoid fractures include Russe's, Mayo, Herbert's, and AO.
- Treatment depends on fracture displacement and stability, ranging from cast immobilization for nondisplaced fractures to surgery for displaced or unstable fractures.
This document discusses the anatomy, classification, causes, investigation, and treatment of non-union of femoral neck fractures. It begins with an introduction describing the anatomy of the femoral neck blood supply. It then describes Sandhu's classification system for neglected femoral neck fractures into 3 stages based on radiological findings. Common causes of non-union are discussed. Investigation methods like x-rays, CT, MRI, and bone scans are outlined. Treatment options aim to either preserve the femoral head through procedures like valgus osteotomy and bone grafting, or sacrifice the head through arthroplasty. Head preserving procedures like valgus osteotomy, muscle pedicle bone grafting, and cortical/cancellous grafting are detailed.
The document summarizes the surgical treatment of congenital and habitual dislocation of the patella. These conditions are caused by contracture of the quadriceps mechanism, which is more severe in congenital dislocation. The surgical treatment involves an extensive lateral release, medial plication to realign the patella, and transfer or lengthening of surrounding tendons like the semitendinosus and rectus femoris tendons to further optimize quadriceps alignment and prevent recurrent dislocation. The case study describes the successful surgical stabilization of a 10-year old girl's bilaterally habitually dislocating patellas using various soft tissue procedures like lateral release, medial plication, and advancement of the vastus medialis
Carpal instability can result from injuries to ligaments like the scapholunate ligament. Examination may reveal tenderness over injured ligaments or pain with wrist motion. X-rays can detect instability patterns and MRI is sensitive for detecting ligament tears. Arthroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment depends on injury chronicity and severity, and may include ligament repair, reconstruction, capsuldesis, limited fusions, or total wrist fusion.
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of patellofemoral instability. It notes that instability can be traumatic or atraumatic, with recurrent dislocations having a 50% chance of further episodes. Non-operative treatments include physical therapy targeting muscles like the VMO. Surgical options include soft tissue procedures like medial repair or MPFL reconstruction, and bone procedures like trochleoplasty, tubercle osteotomies, or distal realignment. MPFL reconstruction is commonly used for incompetent medial structures but studies on techniques are limited. Treatment should be customized based on the underlying anatomical abnormalities or soft tissue insufficiencies identified in each individual case.
This document provides an overview of hallux valgus, including its anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Key points include:
- Hallux valgus is a lateral deviation of the great toe and medial deviation of the first metatarsal. It can cause pain over the bunion.
- Risk factors include heredity, footwear, ligament laxity, and pes planus. Diagnosis involves examining range of motion, deformity, and taking x-rays to measure angles.
- Treatment progresses from footwear modifications and stretching to various surgical procedures depending on severity, including distal soft tissue procedures, osteotomies, and joint fusion or replacement in severe cases.
This document summarizes a study on using proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) to treat medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. PFO is presented as a simpler, less expensive alternative to procedures like high tibial osteotomy (HTO). The study included one patient who underwent PFO and was followed for 6 months, showing decreased pain scores and improved knee joint space. While PFO provided good short-term outcomes, more research is needed to establish its role compared to procedures like HTO and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. PFO may be particularly suitable for resource-limited settings due to its low cost and technical simplicity.
High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a surgical procedure that involves correcting angular deformities of the tibia. It has been used to treat conditions like osteoarthritis, osteochondritis dissecans, and malalignment. There are several techniques for HTO including lateral closing wedge osteotomy, medial opening wedge osteotomy, and dome osteotomy. HTO can help relieve pain from unicompartmental osteoarthritis and delay the need for knee replacement in young, active patients. Potential complications include fracture, nonunion, nerve palsy, and issues that can make later knee replacement more difficult. Precise surgical planning and fixation are important for achieving good outcomes from HTO.
MCL. LCL.ALL injuries
To understand the relevant anatomy of the side ligaments of the knee
To study the mechanism of injury of each ligament and how to diagnose such injury
To highlight the different treatment options in acute or chronic situations
Dr. Ankur Mittal presented on diagnostic tests and imaging for Achilles tendon injuries. [1] Ultrasound is often used to determine tendon thickness and gap size for complete ruptures and is inexpensive and fast. [2] MRI is better for detecting incomplete tears and planning surgery for chronic tears but is more expensive. [3] Imaging is rarely needed for acute cases but can help with chronic cases for diagnosis and surgical planning.
Mpfl tech - MPFL Reconstruction for Patellar InstabilityDelhiArthroscopy
MPFL Rec onstruction for Patellar Instability - By Dr Shekhar Srivastav .
Surgical Technique
- Diagnostic Arthroscopy
- Look for any Osteochondral fragment
(Loose body)
- Look for any Chondral damage
- Patellar tracking though Supero-lateral portal
Post-op Protocol
Ambulation with stick and Knee Brace- 3 wks
ROM exer – Next day upto 300 and progress
Review every 2 wks,6 wks,3 mnths,6 mnths and
yearly thereafter
Post-op assessment (Crosby-Insall criteria)
Excellent- No pain,normal activity
Good- Occasional pain,discomfort
Fair/Poor- Pain,loss of flexion,recurrent
dislocation/subluxation
Worse- Pain increased,displacement more
frequent
Caution
Must avoid overtightening-
Medial instability
Medial patellar arthritis
Patellar fractures
Preexisting Chondromalacia
Details @ http://www.delhiarthroscopy.com/
1. The scaphoid acts as a connecting rod between the proximal and distal carpal rows and is stabilized by the scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments. Injury to these ligaments can lead to carpal instability.
2. Common types of carpal instability include dorsal intercalated segmental instability (DISI) and volar intercalated segmental instability (VISI) caused by scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligament injuries respectively.
3. Treatment depends on the chronicity, degree of instability, and presence of arthritis. Options include ligament repair/reconstruction, capsulodesis, intercarpal fusion, and proximal row car
Here are the key steps in the ORIF procedure:
1. Patient is placed in lateral decubitus position and a right-angled lateral incision is made to minimize soft tissue damage.
2. The fracture line at the angle of Gissane is identified.
3. Fragments are temporarily held in place with K-wires under fluoroscopy while the reconstruction restores the 3D shape of the calcaneus.
4. The "constant" sustentacular fragment is used to begin the reconstruction, working anteriorly and medially.
5. Traction may be needed to restore the posterior facet.
6. The lateral wall fragment is closed like a door last to complete the
Distal end of radius fractures dr.harishHarishVKRatna
This document provides an overview of distal radius fractures, including anatomy, classification systems, treatment options, and complications. Some key points:
- The distal radius has articular surfaces that articulate with the scaphoid, lunate, and triangular fibrocartilage complex.
- Common fracture classifications include the Gartland & Werley and Frykman systems.
- Treatment may involve closed reduction and casting, percutaneous pinning, external fixation, or internal fixation depending on the fracture type and displacement.
- Surgical treatment is usually indicated for displaced intra-articular fractures or when acceptable reduction cannot be achieved/maintained with closed methods.
- Complications can include loss of motion,
This document discusses the concept and methodology of templating for total hip replacement surgery. It begins by defining templating as a radiographic planning process using templates to estimate implant positioning and identify difficult cases. It then describes the goals of templating as predicting implant size and position to restore hip biomechanics. The document outlines the steps of templating, including identifying anatomical landmarks and mechanical references on radiographs. It emphasizes the importance of restoring leg length, offset, and the center of rotation.
Talus fractures involve the second largest tarsal bone. Hawkins classification system categorizes talus neck fractures into 4 types based on displacement and disruption of blood supply. Type 1 fractures are undisplaced while type 4 have the worst prognosis. Treatment depends on fracture type but generally involves anatomical reduction, stable fixation, and avoiding complications like avascular necrosis. Surgical approaches may be needed for types 2-4 to achieve and maintain reduction.
Recurrent dislocation of patella DR, MOHAMMED BASHEERdrmb65
This document provides information on the anatomy and biomechanics of the patella and knee. It describes the forces that act on the patella, including the pull of the vastus medialis longus and vastus medialis obliqus muscles. It discusses causes of patellar dislocation such as trochlear dysplasia, incompetence of the medial patellofemoral ligament, and abnormalities that increase the Q angle. The document outlines approaches for evaluating the patella through medical history, physical examination, imaging, and surgical treatment options for patellar instability.
This document provides an overview of patellofemoral disorders, including the anatomy and biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. It describes several common patellofemoral conditions such as patellar instability, excessive lateral patellar compression syndrome, chondromalacia patellae, bipartite patella, and patellofemoral arthritis. For each condition, it discusses symptoms, physical exam findings, imaging features, and treatment options both non-surgical and surgical. Surgical procedures discussed include lateral retinacular release, tibial tubercle elevation, drilling/abrasion techniques, and patellectomy.
This document summarizes three pediatric knee conditions:
1) Congenital dislocation of the knee joint, which presents at birth with hyperextension and can be treated non-operatively with casting or operatively with soft tissue releases.
2) Congenital dislocation of the patella, which is a lateral dislocation present at birth that can be treated with the Andrish surgical technique involving extensive soft tissue releases.
3) Bipartate patella, a normal variant where the patella fails to fuse during development, which is usually asymptomatic but can become painful and be treated initially with rest and physical therapy or later with fragment excision.
This document discusses anterior knee pain and the patellofemoral joint. It covers the anatomy and biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. Various imaging methods for assessing the patellofemoral joint are described, including their limitations. A differential diagnosis of anterior knee pain conditions is provided, along with descriptions of pathologies like patellofemoral pain syndrome, lateral patellar dislocation, and osteochondritis dissecans.
The document summarizes patellofemoral joint instability and the MRI findings associated with it. It discusses the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. Key factors that can lead to patellar instability are trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, and excessive lateralization of the tibial tuberosity. Trochlear dysplasia is classified into types A through D based on the shape of the trochlear groove. MR imaging can identify injuries from prior patellar dislocation such as bone bruising, MPFL tears, and osteochondral defects of the patella.
1) The patellofemoral joint is complex with requirements for normal function dependent on the congruent relationship between the patella and trochlear groove. Developmental or acquired alterations to the joint surface geometry are associated with patellar instability, chondromalacia patella, and anterior knee pain.
2) Trochlear dysplasia, patella alta (high riding patella), and excessive lateralization of the tibial tuberosity are the most important factors predisposing to patellar instability. Trochlear dysplasia can be classified into types A through D based on the shape of the trochlear groove.
3) Measurements of the patella, tro
1. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a slippage of the femoral head through the growth plate that commonly occurs in obese adolescent males.
2. Traumatic hip dislocation can occur from direct trauma and results in the femoral head being displaced from the acetabulum, causing pain and inability to walk. Posterior dislocations are most common.
3. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease involving cartilage breakdown and new bone formation. It commonly affects the hip in older adults and results in pain and stiffness that can be relieved by medications or treated with hip replacement surgery.
This document discusses patellar instability, including types, causes, clinical features, investigations, and management. It describes how the patella can subluxate or dislocate from the trochlear groove, with recurrent dislocation having higher risks of further episodes. Predisposing factors include previous injury, ligament laxity, alignment issues, and trochlear dysplasia. Clinical exams help assess for instability. Imaging can evaluate bony anatomy and alignment. Non-surgical management uses rehabilitation, while surgery considers skeletal maturity, alignment factors, and trochlear anatomy to determine the appropriate realignment procedure.
The document discusses femoral neck fractures, including:
- Anatomy of the hip joint and blood supply of the femoral neck
- Mechanisms of injury including low-energy falls in the elderly
- Classification systems including Garden and Pauwel classifications
- Clinical features such as pain on hip motion and inability to perform straight leg raises
- Diagnosis using x-rays and other imaging modalities like CT and MRI
- Treatment goals of minimizing discomfort, restoring function, and obtaining early anatomic reduction and stable fixation
The document discusses the anatomy and examination of the knee joint. It details the two knee joints - the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints. It describes the ligaments that provide stability to the tibiofemoral joint, including the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The document outlines how to examine a patient's knee through obtaining a history, assessing symptoms, performing physical signs and tests of stability. Common tests mentioned include the Lachman test, McMurray's test and apprehension test. Imaging options like x-rays, MRI and arthrography are also summarized.
The document discusses injuries of the hip joint, including:
1) The anatomy of the hip joint, which is a ball and socket joint formed by the femoral head and acetabulum.
2) Types of hip dislocations, which are most commonly posterior and can occur due to high-energy trauma such as motor vehicle accidents.
3) Treatment of hip dislocations focuses on rapid reduction to restore blood flow and reduce the risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
Anterior cruciate injuries and management (2).pptxImran Ashraf
1) The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) originates from the femur and inserts into the tibia, stabilizing the knee joint. It consists of two bundles and is innervated by the posterior articular nerve.
2) Common causes of ACL injuries include direct contact, indirect contact, and non-contact mechanisms such as changing direction suddenly. Symptoms include knee pain, swelling, loss of range of motion, and instability. Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot shift tests are used to diagnose ACL injuries.
3) Treatment options for ACL injuries include non-operative management for minor injuries, ACL repair, or reconstruction with autografts or allografts depending on the severity of the
This document provides an overview of knee x-ray and MRI examinations. It describes the normal anatomy seen on x-rays and MRI, various imaging projections used for the knee, and common pathologies that can be identified. Key indications for knee x-rays are listed as trauma, suspected osteoarthritis, infection, and to evaluate for fractures or joint effusions. Common fractures discussed include tibial plateau fractures and patellar fractures. The document also provides details on measurements taken from knee x-rays.
The document provides guidance on examining the knee to identify various injuries and conditions. It describes inspecting for swelling, effusion or alignment issues. Palpation techniques are outlined to check for tenderness in specific areas that could indicate injuries like meniscus tears, patellar tendinitis, or pes anserine bursitis. Range of motion and special tests for ligaments and meniscus are defined, such as Lachman's test for ACL tears and McMurray's test for meniscal tears. The exam should also rule out referred pain from other structures and compare findings to the uninjured knee.
Congenital talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot, is a birth defect affecting the foot and ankle. It occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births. The deformity involves equinus (plantar flexion) of the ankle, varus and inversion of the heel, and adduction and supination of the forefoot. Non-surgical treatment involves serial casting and manipulation based on the Ponseti method. This involves weekly cast changes to gradually correct the deformity, often including a percutaneous Achilles tenotomy. Surgical treatment is reserved for resistant cases and involves soft tissue releases and occasionally bony procedures. Proper bracing after correction is critical to prevent relapse of the deformity. With appropriate treatment
Assessment and management of pain in paediatric orthopaedic. By Philans Cosmo...Philans Cosmos Ankrah
This document discusses the assessment and management of pain in pediatric orthopedic cases involving the knee, specifically chondromalacia patellae and patellofemoral pain syndrome. It provides details on the subjective and objective assessment of these conditions, including relevant history, physical examination findings, range of motion and strength testing, and special tests. The management of these conditions is also summarized, focusing on reducing pain and inflammation, strengthening weak muscles around the hip and knee, restoring biomechanical alignment, and use of bracing or taping.
This document discusses hip dislocations, including the anatomy of the hip joint, mechanisms of injury, types of dislocations, management, and complications. Some key points:
- Hip dislocations are usually caused by high-energy trauma and are often associated with other injuries. Early reduction can improve blood flow to the femoral head and decrease risks of avascular necrosis.
- There are three main types of dislocations - posterior, anterior, and central. Posterior dislocations result from the hip being flexed, internally rotated, and adducted. Anterior dislocations involve hyperextension and abduction forces.
- Treatment involves evaluation with history, exam, and imaging to determine type and any reductions.
This document provides an overview of hip dislocations and femoral head fractures. It discusses the anatomy of the hip joint, mechanisms of injury, classification systems, evaluation, management, and treatment options. The key points are:
- Hip dislocations are usually caused by high-energy trauma and often involve other injuries. They can damage the blood supply to the femoral head.
- Reduction of the dislocated hip should be done emergently to restore blood flow and reduce the risk of avascular necrosis. Closed reduction under anesthesia is preferred but surgery may be needed for irreducible or unstable cases.
- Associated injuries like femoral neck fractures or large bone fragments require operative treatment. The goal is to achieve a stable, congr
This document discusses the case of a 17-year-old female with recurrent bilateral patellar dislocation. Examination revealed features of bilateral patellar subluxation with trochlear dysplasia. Recurrent patellar dislocation has a high recurrence rate and requires a multifactorial treatment approach. Surgical options discussed include MPFL reconstruction, tibial tubercle transfer, trochleoplasty, and femoral derotational osteotomy, but there is no consensus on the best procedure. Treatment must be individualized based on the patient's anatomy and injury characteristics.
This document discusses the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. It covers general principles of management including initial assessment, classification of injuries as open or closed, and factors influencing nerve regeneration. Specific techniques are described for various types of nerve injuries including open injuries requiring debridement and various repair options. Closed injuries may be observed initially and explored later if regeneration does not occur. Nerve grafting and tendon transfers are also summarized as options to bridge nerve gaps or restore function. The document provides an overview of best practices for evaluating and managing different types of peripheral nerve injuries.
This document summarizes the key points of a procedure for total wrist arthroplasty. It begins with indications and contraindications. It then describes the implant components and surgical steps involved in implantation. The procedure involves resection of the distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones, followed by insertion of radial and carpal prosthetic components with a polyethylene bearing surface. Postoperative rehabilitation aims to achieve pain relief and functional range of motion of the wrist. Complications can include loosening and instability of the prosthetic components.
Arthroscopy of the ankle and wrist can be used to diagnose and treat several conditions. For the ankle, common indications for arthroscopy include osteochondral lesions, debridement of post-traumatic synovitis, and resection of bony impingement. Precise portal placement and use of small instruments is important to minimize risks such as nerve injury, vascular injury, and cartilage damage. Wrist arthroscopy indications include treatment of TFCC injuries, excision of ganglia, and assistance in treating fractures. Careful patient positioning and distraction is needed to avoid complications like skin lesions, nerve injuries, and compartment syndrome. Both procedures require expertise to safely access the joint and address underlying pathologies.
Cervical Spine Fractures and injuries classificationDr Gandhi Kota
1) The document classifies and describes various types of cervical spine fractures and injuries, including occipital condyle fractures, atlanto-occipital dislocations, atlas fractures, axis fractures, subaxial fractures and dislocations.
2) It discusses classifications for different fracture types from various authors, including the Anderson and Mantesano classification for occipital condyle fractures, the Traynalis classification for atlanto-occipital dislocations, and the Levine classification for atlas fractures.
3) It also covers classifications for fractures of the odontoid process, Hangman's fractures, subaxial fractures and dislocations including the Allen-Ferguson classification.
Intracapsular femoral neck fractures anatomy and biomechanicsDr Gandhi Kota
- Intracapsular femoral neck fractures account for 50% of all hip fractures and occur most commonly in elderly women and men.
- The anatomy of the hip joint and biomechanics of the femoral neck make it susceptible to fractures, including the neck shaft angle and length of the hip axis. Poor bone quality from osteoporosis also increases risk.
- The blood supply to the femoral head is an important factor in fracture healing, as fractures within the capsule rely solely on endosteal healing without cambial layer participation.
Lumbar intervertebral disc anatomy, biomechanics and pathogenesis of nerve ro...Dr Gandhi Kota
The document summarizes lumbar intervertebral disc anatomy and the pathogenesis of nerve root compression. A healthy disc contains a high water content nucleus that provides cushioning and flexibility to the spine. Loss of water content over time causes discs to become less flexible and the space between vertebrae to narrow, placing pressure on discs. This can lead to cracks in the outer annulus and herniation of the nucleus material. As vertebrae collapse upon each other from disc degeneration, the facet joints are forced to shift, affecting their function and potentially causing nerve root compression.
A 16-year-old male presented with upper back pain and swelling for 20 days, with difficulty walking for 5 days. Examination found a tender swelling at D4-D5 with reduced lower limb strength and sensation. Imaging and biopsy revealed D5-D6 spondylodiscitis. The patient underwent spinal fixation and debridement. Cultures grew coagulase-negative staphylococci sensitive to clindamycin. The patient was treated with clindamycin and antitubercular drugs, with physiotherapy. His symptoms and strength improved, and he was discharged.
A 14-year-old male presented with pain and swelling in the upper back for 45 and 30 days respectively. Examination found a tender swelling at D5-D7 levels. Investigations showed elevated inflammatory markers. He was diagnosed with infective spondylodiscitis at D6-D7 without neurological deficits. He underwent pedicle screw fixation, decompression and biopsy. Intraoperative cultures grew MRSA sensitive to clindamycin. He was started on IV clindamycin and analgesics postoperatively.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. The patella is a flat, triangular bone, situated on the front of the knee-joint. It is usually
regarded as a sesamoid bone, developed in the tendon of the Quadriceps femoris.
Anatomy
3. Anatomy
The upper three quarters of the patella articulates with femur
and subdivided into medial and a lateral facet by vertical ledge
which varies in shape.
Wiberg classification is a system for describing the
shape of the patella based mainly on asymmetry between
the patellar medial and lateral facet on axial views of the
patella.
Type I: the facets are concave, symmetrical, and of equal
size.
Type II: the medial facet is smaller than the lateral facet
and flat or only slightly convex. The lateral facet is
concave.
4.
5.
6. • Rectus femoris tendon : 8 -10 cm in length, triangular in shape with
insertion 3-5 cm in width at superior pole of patella.
• VMO tendon : Inserts obliquely at superomedial border of patella only
a few mm in length; primary stabiliser of patella medially against VL
• Vastus Lateralis : Inserts obliquely At superior lateral aspect of Patella,
2.8 cm in length
• Lateral expansion of Vastus Lateralis With a superficial and deep layer
Forms the Lateral retinaculum; Deep layer is the lateral patellofemoral
ligament : this is a static guide for the patella; this may decrease medial
excursion and increase the lateral tracking.
• Medial side also has a patellofemoral ligament but it is much weaker
than lateral side.
Attachments around Patella
7.
8. The Patello-Femoral joint Is a complex
structure with high functional and bio
mechanical requirements.
The normal function of this joint is
dependent on the congruent relationship
of the patella with the trochlear groove.
9. No contact between the femur and
patella in full extension.
From extension to flexion, the patella
begins laterally and moves medially as the
patella enters the trochlear groove and
tibia derotates.
With flexion, patella enters the trochlear
groove from the lateral side
Seats in the trochlear at ~20 degrees at
this point the congruence and
compressive forces provide stability
From 0 – 20 degrees, stability comes from
soft tissues.
Patello-Femoral Articulation
10. Variations in area of contact:
Inferior Surface – first contacts at 20 degree flexion
Mid Portion – 60 degree flexion
Superior portion – 90 degree flexion
Extreme flexion (> 120 degrees) – only medially and laterally,
quadriceps tendon articulates with trochlea
Patella femoral contact points
11.
12.
13. In flexion patella compressed onto femur
creating joint reactive force.
Directly related to quadriceps force
generation.
Increases as the angle of flexion increases.
Joint reactive force
18. Acute Dislocation
Single episode after a significant
trauma. Almost always lateral
dislocation
Recurrent Dislocation
repeated, occasional dislocation
(commonest form). The dislocations
may occur at intervals of weeks or
months.
Habitual Dislocation
also known as chronic dislocation
patella which dislocates every time
the knee flexes. In these cases it
cannot be held in the reduced
position throughout the full range of
flexion.
Types of dislocations Recurrent Dislocation
• Second decade
• Female preponderance / Athletic males
• Initial episode of dislocation
• Subsequent episodes of instability
• Frequency decreases with Age(Crosby)
• The main factor is incompetence of
MPFL
Habitual Dislocation
• Knees in which patella dislocates
laterally each time knee is flexed and
returns to midline in extension(Habitual
dislocation)
• More severe —patella permanently
dislocated —(Permanent dislocation)
19. • Young
• Female
• Family history
• Bilateral
• Atraumatic disorders
• Anatomic abnormalities
Patella alta
Trochlear hypoplasia
TT-TG distance
‘Q’ angle
Quadriceps dysfunction
Hyper mobility
Predisposing factors responsible for recurrence
20. Evaluation
We evaluate the following features
1. Integrity of medial patello femoral ligament
2. Height of patella on physical and radiographic
examination
3. Length of patellar tendon
4. Position of patella in relationship to trochlea
21. A patella alta , or high-riding patella, is a patella that is too high above the
trochlear fossa and occurs when the patellar tendon is too long.
Patella alta is considered a main factor in patellofemoral misalignment
because with patella alta, the degree of flexion needs to be higher for the
patella to engage in the trochlea, compared with a normal knee.
This problem leads to reduced patellar contact area and decreased bone
stability in shallow degrees of flexion.
About 25% of the patients with acute patellar dislocation have a high-riding
patella depicted on MR images.
Note, however, that patella alta is a normal anatomic variant that is
asymptomatic in most individuals.
Patella Alta
22.
23.
24. The normal trochlea is located in the anterior aspect of the distal
femur. It is composed of two facets divided by the trochlear
sulcus
The lateral facet is the biggest, it extends more proximally than
medial facet and is more protuberant in A.P. Aspect
Dysplastic trochleas are shallow, flat or convex
These trochleas are not effective in constraining mediolateral
patellar displacement
Is defined by a sulcus angle >140 degree
Trochlear dysplasia has been identified as one of the main
factors contributing to chronic patellofemoral instability.
Trochlear dysplasia
25. The crossing sign is seen on true lateral plain radiographs of the knee when the line of
the trochlear groove crosses the anterior border of one of the condyle trochlea.
It is a predictor of trochlear dysplasia.
Trochlear dysplasia has been linked to recurrent patellar dislocation. The crossing sign is
sensitive but not specific in diagnosing trochlear dysplasia, and has a sensitivity of 94%
and a specificity of 56%
26. The double contour sign is a
helpful radiologic sign which is seen
on true lateral plain radiographs of
trochlear dysplasia. A double line at
the anterior aspect of condyles that
seen if medial condyle is
hypoplastic.
Trochlear spur
The supratrochlear spur corresponds to
an attempt to contain the lateral
displacement of patella
27. Type A: normal shape of the
trochlea, but a shallow trochlear
groove
Type B: markedly flattened or
even convex trochlea
Type C: trochlear facet
asymmetry, with too high lateral
facet, and hypo plastic medial
facet
Type D: type C features and a
vertical link between facets ('cliff
pattern') 3
Classification of trochlear dysplasia (Dejour
et al)
28.
29. Fairbanks patellar Apprehension test, when positive (pain
and muscle defensive contraction on lateral patellar displacement
with 20˚ to 30˚ of knee flexion), indicates that lateral patellar
instability is an important part of the patient’s problem. This test may
be so positive that the patient withdraws the leg rapidly when the
examiner approaches the knee with his or her hand, preventing thus
any contact, or he or she grabs the examiner’s arm.
30. Patellar tilt test can also detect a tight lateral retinaculum, and should always be carried
out. In a normal knee, the patella can be lifted from its lateral edge farther than the
transepicondylar axis, with a fully extended knee. On the contrary, a patellar tilt of 0˚ or
less indicates a tight lateral retinaculum.
Lateral retinacular tightness is very common in patients with anterior knee pain, and it is
the hallmark of the excessive lateral pressure syndrome described by Ficat.
31. Patellar tracking should be examined
using the “J” sign. With the patient seated
on the examination table with the legs
hanging over the side and the knees
flexed 90˚, he or she is asked to extend
the knee actively to a fully extended
position. Normally, the patella follows a
straight line as the knee is extended.
However, as the knee is extended the
patella runs proximally and laterally
describing an inverted “J” when
patellofemoral malalignment (PFM) is
present.
32. We perform the patellar glide test to
evaluate lateral retinacular tightness.
This test is performed with the knee
flexed 30˚, and the quadriceps
relaxed. The patella is divided into
four longitudinal quadrants. The
patella is displaced in a medial
direction. A medial translation of one
quadrant or less is suggestive of
excessive lateral tightness.With this
test pain is elicited over the lateral
retinaculum.
33.
34. Q angle
described by Sir Brasttstrom
Increased in genu valgum, external tibial
torsion, increase femoral anteversion,
laterally positioned tibial tuberosity and
tight lateral retinaculum.
Increase Q angle : more chance of
recurrent subluxation
Normal Q angle in males
8 -10 degrees and in
females 15 +/- 5 degrees
35.
36.
37. Imaging of the patellofemoral joint
AP and lateral knee x ray
Axial - Merchants view and Laurin view
MRI axial view
CT rotational profile
38. The knee skyline
Merchant view is a
superior-inferior projection of the
patella it is one of many different
methods to obtain an axial
projection of the patella. This is
an ideal projection for patients
that are better suited in the
supine position.
The knee skyline Laurin
view is an inferior-superior
projection of the patella. It is one
of many different methods to
obtain an axial projection of the
patella. This projection is best
suited to patients able to
maintain a semi-recumbent
position on the examination
table.
Axial views for Patella
47. CT classification of malalignment
Type 1 - lateral subluxation without tilt
Type 2 - lateral subluxation with tilt
Type 3 - lateral tilt without subluxation
Type 4 - radiographically normal alignment
48.
49. MRI Scan
MRI can be used to diagnose prior patellar dislocations on
the basis of typical injury patterns.
In general, deformity or deems of the inferno medial
patella and the lateral condyle, in conjunction with MPFL
disruption and patellar lateralisation, is diagnostic for
recent patellar dislocation
More than two-thirds of the patients will show osteo-
chondral lesions of the medial patella.
50.
51. Management
• Non Operative management To be attempted in all
patients.
• Goals —Normal flexibility,Balanced quadriceps
strength,Stretching of tight lateral structures
• Push back w/o difficulty .
• Jt aspiration and immobilized in full extension for 3
weeks. >Splint;
• If no sign of soft tissue lesion
• Retained for 2-3 weeks
• Quadriceps strengthening exercise ; 2-3 months.
53. Quadriceps Training
1.Most Essential component
2.Strengthening of quadriceps especially
VMO
3.Isometric and progressive resistance
exercises with knee in extension
4.With increasing strength short arc
exercises in last 30°.
54. Indications
With certain knee injuries – such as patellofemoral pain syndrome where abnormal
patella tracking is contributing to the injury.
To prevent injury or injury aggravation – Patella taping maybe beneficial during
sports or activities that place the knee at-risk of injury or injury aggravation
Mc Connell patella taping
55. Barefoot running
Barefoot running may reduce patellofemoral joint
stress as a result of reduced joint reaction forces.
Barefoot runners are more likely to use it forefoot
versus a heel strike Pattern in the initial loading
response, which has been shown to increase ankle
eccentric work and simultaneously decrease the
loading on the knee joint
56. Surgical treatment
Surgery in acute patella dislocation is indicated in
1. Osteochondral fracture
2. Loose body formation or joint incongruity
3. Incompetency of MPFL
Removal of loose bodies and MPFL repair required in these conditions.
Complications
• Recurrent dislocation
• Anterior knee pain
• Knee swelling
• Recurrent haemarthrosis
57. Recurrent Patellofemoral dislocation management
If dislocation of the patella continues despite appropriate
nonoperative treatment, surgery is indicated. Otherwise,
the patient may become apprehensive and afraid to use
the knee, and with continued recurrence the joint may
be severely damaged.
More than 100 surgical procedures have been described
for the treatment of patellofemoral instability. The key to
successful surgical intervention is correctly identifying
and treating the pathologic anatomy producing the
instability.
58. The surgical procedures for recurrent Patellar instability are
classified into proximal and distal realignment
The operation involving structures above the knee cap are termed
as Proximal and if involves structures below are termed as Distal.
Proximal realignment of extension mechanism
1. MPFL reconstruction
2. Lateral retinacular release
3. Medial plication / reefing
4. VMO advancement
Distal realignment of extensor mechanism
1. Medial or antero medial displacement of tibial tuberosity
59. Medial patello femoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary soft tissue
passive restraint to pathologic lateral patellar dislocation, and
MPFL is torn when patella dislocates, hence reconstruction of
MPFL is done in an attempt to restore its function.
Medial Patello femoral ligament Reconstruction
60. Indicated in :
• skeletally mature patient
• excessive lateral laxity
• normal trochlea
• ‘Q' angle is normal
• TT-TG distance is < 20mm
• low grade trochlear dysplasia
Contraindications :
• skeletally immaturity
Medial Patello femoral ligament
Reconstruction
61. • Examination under anaesthesia (EUA)
• Diagnostic Arthroscopy: Superolateral portal
• Graft Harvest & preparation
• Incission 1: on medial side patella
• Incission 2: on femoral fixation site
• Patellar side fixation
• Graft passage from incision 1 to 2
• Femoral side fixation
• Appropriate tensioning
Surgical Steps
62. • Gracilis (G): stiffness closer to MPFL
• Semitendinous (ST)
• Medial patellar tendon (PT)
• Adductor tendon (AMT)
• Quadriceps tendon (QT)
• Allografts
• Artificial tendons
• One end of the graft may be left attached; ex: ST
tibial attachment, AMT femoral attachment, QT
patellar attachment
Graft source
63.
64. Graft is passed extracapsularly from incision 1 to
incision 2
Reference for fixation on Femur:
Anatomic:
1. from the medial femoral epicondyle, 10 mm
proximal and 2 mm posterior
2. from the adductor tubercle, 4 mm distal and 2
mm anterior.
Flouroscopic:
On true lateral view of the knee.
65. A line is drawn extending distally from the
posterior femoral cortex (line 3).
Two lines are drawn perpendicular to line
3, the first intersecting the point where
the margin of the medial condyle meets
the posterior cortex (line 1) and the
second intersecting the most posterior
point of Blumensaat's line (line 2).
A circle of 5-mm diameter is drawn
contacting the line drawn from the
posterior cortex. The MPFL femoral
insertion should fall within this circle.
Schottle’s point
66.
67. • Place the pin at Schottle's point.
• Drill the Beath pin to lateral side ( more anterior and
proximally)
• Drill 4mm tunnel through; dilate according to graft size
and length ( usually 25mm long, 6 rum diameter)
• Pass suture on heath pin to lateral side
• Pull the graft ends in to the tunnel.
• Put the nitenol wire for screw insertion before whole
graft goes in; otherwise finding the tunnel to put screw
will be difficult.
• Put appropriate size screw flush to the cortex.
68. Appropriate tensioning
• The ideal tension at the time of fixation of the graft
is unknown.
• The ligament functions as a check rein in early
flexion (o to 3o degrees) and is therefore under the
greatest tension in this range of knee flexion. It is
logical to fix the graft with the knee at 3o to 4o
degrees flexion.
• The patella should not be pulled medially by the
reconstructed ligament but lateral translation
beyond the lateral margin of the trochlear should be
prevented.
69. • Prominence of fixation hardware on the medial aspect
of the medial femoral condyle: local irritation and
potentially restrict motion
• Patellar fracture: usually relates to the use of bone
tunnels; penetration of the anterior cortex
• Recurrent lateral patellar dislocation: predisposing
factors such as patellar alts, trochlear dysplasia, and
lateralization of the tibial tuberosity, as well as the
overall alignment of the lower limb
• Infection
• Hematoma formation
• Graft site morbidity
Complications
70. Indication
1)Tight lateral structure prevent patellar centring
2)Lateral patellar pressure syndrome
3)Can be done in skeletally immature patients
Release to include
1)Lateral retinaculum from distal third of vastus
lateralis
2)Lateral patellofemoral ligament
3)Lateral patellotibial ligament
Lateral Release
71.
72. Can be done open or arthroscopy procedure ( now a days arthroscopic
release preferred )
Complications
1)Extending the release too far can cause medial subluxation of the
patella; infact medial patella subluxation or dislocation is almost always
iatrogenic, secondary to an overzealous lateral release.
2)injury to superolateral geniculate vessel to prevent this make a
superior anterolateral 2cm incision starting just lateral to the proximal
pole of patella.
Results varied, good results in short term(metcalf,Simpson),poorer in
long term(Christensen)
73. Anatomical and biomechanical studies have indicated that the
MPFL and the VMO are the primary restraints to lateral patella
translation, particularly early in flexion before full trochlear
engagement.
There are 3 types of primary procedures for medial repair the
techniques include
(1)Plication of the medial patellar retinaculum.
(2)Anatomic repair of the MPFL, and
(3)Anatomical repair surgery of the VMO.
Medial Repair
74. Technique
-make a 4cm incision at the superior pole of patella,2cm medial and parallel to
the medial border of patella extending distally.
-identify the vastus medialis and medial retinaculum, grasp these structure and
pull them laterally to asses the integrity of adductor tubercle attachment site.
-carefully incise the vastus medialis and medial retinaculum along the medial
border of patella down to, but not through,the level of synovium.
-using no.2 ethibond suture, advance the medial retinaculum to the medial
border of patellausing atleast four mattress suture.
75. Medial reefing and lateral release
NAM AND KARZEL
■ Perform a mini open medial reefing procedure. Make a 4-cm incision, starting at the
level of the superior pole of the patella, 2 cm medial and parallel to the medial border of
the patella extending distally. Carry dissection down through the subcutaneous tissues.
■ Identify the vastus medialis and medial retinaculum and carefully inspect for any areas
of detachment. Grasp these structures with a clamp and manually pull them laterally to
assess the integrity at the adductor tubercle attach- ment site.
■ Continue lateral advancement to the patella. Carefully incise the vastus medialis and
medial retinaculum along the medial border of the patella down to, but not through, the
level of the synovium.
■ Using no. 2 nonabsorbable, braided polyester suture, advance the medial retinaculum
to the medial border of the patella using at least four mattress sutures.
■ Before the sutures are tied, assess range of motion to determine congruent tracking
of the patella and to ensure at least 90 degrees of knee flexion.
■ Reintroduce the arthroscope to confirm centralization of the patella within the
trochlear groove, and increase or decrease the suture tension as necessary.
■ Tie the sutures with the knee in full extension, and close the incision in a standard
fashion.
80. Surgical indications
• High grade trochlear dysplasia with patellar instability in
the absence of patellofemoral osteoarthritis
• Type of dysplasia should be identified when deciding the
procedure
• Associated abnormalities including TT-TG distance,
patellar alta, patellar tilt should be identified and
rectified
• MPFL reconstruction is always done
Contra indications
• Skeletally immature patients
• Associated osteoarthritis
Management of Trochlear dysplasia
81. Type A dysplasia : medial patellofemoral ligament
reconstruction
Type B and D dysplasia : sulcus deepening
trochleoplasty with MPFL reconstruction
Type C dvsplasia : lateral facet elevation trochleoplasty
with MPFL reconstruction
Management of Trochlear dysplasia