The document is a series of lecture slides about English grammar topics presented by Licdo. Julio Reyes. It covers: 1) The definition and examples of the passive voice and how it differs from the active voice. 2) Explanations and examples of the present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses. 3) How to use "for" and "since" to specify durations of time and when an action began. 4) Examples of how to make requests, offers, and indirect questions in English.

1. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL
“FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA”
ÁREA CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
PROGRAMA DE EDUCACIÓN MENCIÓN INGLÉS
ENGLISH II
By: Licdo. Julio Reyes
Santa Ana de Coro, March 2012

2. The passive voice is used when we want to say what
happened to a subject rather than what a subject did.
Example:
Some students were arrested by the police
The focus of a passive sentence is on the object rather than the
subject performing the action.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

3. Active: In 1974, a revolutionary political group kidnapped Patty Hearst.
subject verb object
Passive: In 1974, Patty Hearst was kidnapped by a revolutionary political group.
subject verb by agent
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

4. The passive voice is formed with the verb to-be + the past participle.
i.e.:
• Coffee is grown in Brazil. (Present Passive)
• Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. (Past Passive)
• A concert will be performed at Austin Hall next Friday evening by
the band. (Future Passive)
Note:
- Use «by» when you mention the agent.
- The passive voice is often found in news papers.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

6. Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense is used to refer to an action which
started in the past with a result in the present.
Auxiliary verb Verb
“HAVE”, “HAS” (Past Participle)
For example:
• I have lost my passport.
• Linda’s gone to bed.
• We’ve painted the house.
• I’ve already done my exercises.
•You haven’t eaten your food yet.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

7. Present Perfect Continuous
The present perfect continuous tense is used to measure the
duration so far of an action, or to specify when an action began.
Auxiliary verb Verb
“HAVE”, “HAS” (Past Participle)
For example:
• I have been waiting for you all day long.
• Peter has been studying for hours.
• You’ve been painting that portrait for too long.
• We’ve been playing the guitar since we were kids.
•You haven’t been looking after your pet.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

8. We can use the present perfect when we want to say how long
something has continued from a point in the past up to now. For verbs
with stative meanings, we always use the present perfect.
i.e.:
-I´ve been a DJ for two years.
-She´s known Tommy since they met in school
For verbs with dynamic meanings, we usually use the continuous
form.
-I´ve been clubbing every night.
-My mother´s been playing tennis since she was eight.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

9. For and Since
“for” + a period of time and “since” + a point in time are two ways of
saying the same thing.
For a few days / for three years / for ages
Since Monday / since I graduated / since 1997
Been and gone
The past participle of go is gone; been is the past participle of be.
However, been is sometimes used to mean the same as gone
i.e.:
- He hasn`t been to the beach yet. (go)
- Have you been abroad this year? (go)
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

10. Write five (5) sentences about yourself using the following cues and
an appropriate time with since / for. Use present perfect or
present perfect continuous when necessary.
b. Go to a dance club.
c. Go to the beach.
d. Go to a rock concert.
e. Eat an exotic meal.
f. Play videogames for five hours in a row.
g. Study two subjects at the same time.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

11. Offers: Take place when you ask someone if you can do something for them:
-Should I give you a ride?
-Would you like me to help you?
Requests: Take place when we ask people if they can do something for us:
-I was wondering if you could … ? More polite / formal
-Would you mind + verb…ing …?
-Could You …? More direct / informal
Here are some ways we can request permission – ask people if it´s O.K. for us to
do something:
-Can I use your phone, please?
-Is it O.K. if I bring my friend?
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

12. Match the options (a – e) from the left with their appropriate endings
(1-5). More than one option is possible.
a. Can I 1. open that can for you?
b. Could you 2. lend me his tool case?
c. I was wondering if your brother could 3. come over and baby sit?
d. Would you mind 4. call you back later?
e. Would you like me to 5. passing me the salt?
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

13. The word order in indirect questions is different from the word order in direc
questions. It´s the same as in normal statements: Subject + verb (+object).
Question frame Subject Verb (Object)
-Do you think I could have a Zoomatron?
-Do you know if the last bus has left?
-Can you remember who your first English teacher was?
-Could you tell me where you live?
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

14. Rewrite the ends of the next indirect questions:
a. Do you know what is addres my ?
b. Can you remember who was English teacher first your ?
c. Do you know what is zodiac sign your ?
d. Do you know if parents born in were city this your ?
e. Do you think is my improving English ?
f. Could you tell me how long city you in living this been have ?
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

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