Grammar- Parts of speech

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2. Parts of speech
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3. Noun
 Noun is a word which is
used as the name of
some person, place or
thing.
 Example:
 Afghanistan is a lovely
country.
 Ahmad is handsome.
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4. Nouns are divided into two parts:
 1. Concrete noun  2. Abstract noun
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6. Concrete nouns are divided into
four parts.
1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
3. Material noun
4. Collective noun
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7. Proper noun
 Proper noun is the name of a particular person,
place or thing.
 Example: Kabul, Afghanistan, Parwan,
Jamsheed, etc
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8. Common noun
 Common noun is used to represent things those
are common in nature.
 Example: Teacher, driver, farmer, man, woman,
boy
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9. Material noun
 Material noun refers to a material or substance
from which things are made.
 Example: gold, iron, cotton, diamond and plastic.
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10. Collective noun
 Collective noun is usually the name of a
collection of people or things.
 Example: Team, family, group, nation, etc
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11. Abstract noun
 Abstract noun is usually the name of quality, action,
or state considered apart from the object to which it
belongs.
 Example: Quality- goodness, darkness, kindness,
bravery
 Action- theft, movement, judgement
 State- childhood, youth, death,
sickness
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12.  Note: The name of sciences and branches of
knowledge are also considered as abstract nouns.
 Example: Music, biology, physics, chemistry,
math…etc.
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13. Pronoun
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14. Pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun
and prevents from its repetition.
 Example: Palwasha is a student, she is a clever
girl.
 This is a book, it has beneficial matters.
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15. Kinds of pronoun
1. Personal Pronoun:
A pronoun that is used to refer to a specific person or
thing is known as personal pronoun.
I, we, you, he, she, it and they are examples of
personal pronouns.
Personal pronoun is divided into three kinds:
1. Nominative
2. Objective
3. Possessive
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16. Nominative pronoun
A nominative pronoun is a pronoun that usually
acts as subject of a sentence and it does the action
in that sentence.
Example: I went to the store today.
 They came to the party.
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17. Objective pronoun
 Objective pronoun is a pronoun that acts as the
object in a sentence.
 They know him.
 I trust you.
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18. Possessive pronoun
 Possessive pronoun is a pronoun that shows
possession or ownership.
 This book is mine.
 This is my mobile and that is yours.
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20. Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronouns are formed by the addition of suffix self
(singular) or selves (plural) to simple pronoun such as my,
your, her, him, it, them and our.
My + self = myself
Your + self = yourself
Our + selves = ourselves
Them + selves = themselves
It + self = itself
Example: I cut myself.
Children can look after themselves.
You are too young to go out by yourselves.
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21. Emphatic pronoun
When reflexive pronouns are
used to put emphasis on a
particular noun, they are
known as reflexive pronouns.
Example: He himself told me
this.
I finished the job myself.
They themselves confessed
their mistake.
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