The document discusses articles (a, an, the) and nouns (number, gender). It explains that "a" is used before consonant sounds, "an" is used before vowel sounds, and "the" is used to refer to something specific or previously mentioned. It also discusses noun number (singular and plural forms) and some rules for forming plurals, including irregular plurals. Finally, it briefly covers subject and predicate in sentences and defines noun gender.

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2. Articles
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5. Indefinite Articles: A/An
Article ‘a’ is used before consonants
sounds.
Example: a book, a pen, etc.
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6. Article ‘an’ is used before a word
that begins with a vowel sound.
Example: an apple, an orange, etc.
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REMEMBER- Pronunciation matters.

8.  Pronunciation matters.
an hour ('h' is silent and it's pronounced: an our)
 Temporary illnesses: (I have a headache, a cold, a fever, a
backache, etc.)
 In its original numeric sense of one; as
Example: Give me a candy.
I have a smart phone.
 We use a/an when we define or describe people or
things.
Example: He is a doctor.
She is a beautiful woman.
It is a calculator.
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9. The
 Use the to refer to
something which has
already been mentioned.
 Use the when you
assume there is just one
of something in that
place, even if it has not
been mentioned before.
 I was walking past
Turkish Plaza when I
decided to go into the
bakery to get some
bread.
 Where is the
bathroom?
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10.  Use the in sentences
or clauses where you
define or identify a
particular person or
object.
 Use the to refer to
people or objects that
are unique.
 I scratched the red
car parked outside.
 Clouds drifted
across the sky.
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11.  Use the before
superlatives and
ordinal numbers.
 Use the with
adjectives, to refer to
a whole group of
people.
 Use the with decades.
 The highest, the
third etc.
 The French, The
elderly etc.
 In the seventies, In
the 1920’s
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12.  Use the with clauses
introduced by only.
 Use the with names
of geographical areas,
rivers, mountain
ranges, groups of
islands, canals, and
oceans.
 The only tea I like is
black tea.
 The Atlantic, The
Hindu Kush, The
Suez, The Nile, The
Qargha etc.
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13.  Use the with countries
that include the words
"republic", "kingdom", or
"states" in their names.
 Use the with newspaper
names.
 Use the with the names
of musical instruments,
dances, deserts,
directions etc.
 The United Kingdom,
The Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia etc.
 The Kabul Times, The
Guardian etc.
 The Guitar, The Sahara
etc.
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14.  Use the with the names
of famous buildings,
works of art, museums,
or monuments.
 Use the with the names
of hotels & restaurants,
unless these are named
after a person.
 The Taj Mahal, The
Monalisa etc
 The Hilton, The
KFC etc.
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15. When not to use the
 Do not use with the names of
countries.
 Do not use with the name of
languages.
 Do not use with the names of
meals.
 Do not use with the people’s
names.
 Do not use the with professions.
 Do not use the with the names
of individual mountains, lakes
and islands
 Do not use the with titles when
combined with names.
 Do not use the after the 's
possessive case.
 Do not use the with names of
shops.
 Do not use the with uncountable
nouns.
 Do not use the with most names
of towns, streets, stations and
airports
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Omission of article:
Before names of substances and abstract nouns used
in general sense; as
Wisdom is the gift of heaven.
Salt is bad for your health.
Gold is a costly metal.
Before plural countable nouns in general sense; as
Children like chocolates.
Farmers grow crops.

17. The Noun: Number
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19. A noun that denotes one person or thing, is said to be in the
singular number.
Example: book, pen, computer, boy,
girl, bird
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20. A noun that denotes more than one person or thing, is said to be
in the plural number.
Example: books, pens, computers,
boys, girls, birds
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21. The general way for pluralization of noun is to add ‘s’ or ‘es’ at
the end of the singular countable nouns.
Example: brush-brushes
book-books
chair-chairs
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22. Rules: 1. Nouns ending in (s, sh, ch, s, x, z) take ‘es’ in
the plural form.
Example: Bus-buses
Dish-dishes
Watch-watches
Class-classes
Fox-foxes
Topaz- topazes
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23. 2. Nouns ending in –y, preceded by a consonant, form
their plural by changing –y into –i and adding –es
Example: City-cities
lady-ladies
baby-babies
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24. 3. Nouns ending in (y) following a vowel take only (s)
without any change.
Example: Key-keys
day-days
boy-boys
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25. 4. Nouns ending in (o) and following a consonant add
(es) in the plural form.
Example: Potato-potatoes
tomato-tomatoes
mango-mangoes
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26. 5. Nouns ending in ‘o’ following a vowel take only ‘s’
without any change.
Example: Radio-radios
Video-videos
Piano-pianos
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27. 6. A few nouns ending in (f) or (fe) change (f) or (fe)
into (v) and add (es).
Example: Knife-knives
wife-wives
loaf-loaves
thief-thieves
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28. Irregular Plurals
Example: Mouse-mice
Man-men
Woman-women
Foot-feet
Tooth-teeth
Child-children
Ox-oxen
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29. Some nouns which have no
singular forms:
 E.g. Aborigines, alms, amends, annals, ashes,
auspices, billiards, bowels, measles, mumps,
nuptials, odds, spectacles, scissors
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30. Some nouns which have the same
form in both the numbers :
 E.g. Apparatus,
cannon, corps,
deer, innings
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31. Subject and Predicate
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32.  Every sentence has a subject and a predicate.
 The subject tells whom or what the sentence is
about.
 The predicate tells what the subject is or does.
 Example:
 Subject Predicate
 The house is white.
The car is blue.
The teacher likes students.
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33. Find out the subject and predicate om the following
sentences:
1. The horse ran in the field.
2. The people in the house are having a party.
3. Mom asked me to go to the store.
4. The U. S. President spoke to the American people.
5. Jose rode her bike to school.
6. The students of Kennedy School watched the
presentation by the jugglers.
7. Melanie's mother drove her to the doctor in Chicago.
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34. Noun: Gender
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