1. The document discusses standards for assessing cleanliness of components in automotive fluid systems like lubricants, fuels, and hydraulics. Small particles can cause failures, so cleanliness is important.
2. It describes methods for extracting particles from components for analysis according to ISO standards. These include agitation extraction for hollow components, pressure rinsing extraction, and ultrasonic extraction.
3. Extraction methods are discussed for assessing the cleanliness of the inner surfaces of cylindrical components like pipes and hoses used in hydraulic, lubrication, and fuel systems. Validation of the extraction process is also covered.
An Introduction to Technical Cleanliness InspectionOlympus IMS
Technical cleanliness is an increasingly important process that affects major industries including aerospace, automotive, heavy equipment, and electrical engineering. Even the smallest particle contamination occurring during the manufacturing process can have lasting effects on product lifespan, reliability, and function.
This guide will also answer the following questions:
- What are the basics of technical cleanliness?
- How does technical cleanliness affect a product's reliability?
- In what application areas is technical cleanliness most important?
- What is the technical cleanliness inspection process?
- What kind of system is required to conduct technical cleanliness inspection?
For more information, visit: https://www.olympus-ims.com/en/microscope/cix100/
The document discusses bearing failure analysis, including classifying failure modes, potential causes of premature failure, and how to properly analyze failed bearings. It provides an overview of a training on bearing failure analysis, which examines damaged bearings to determine the root cause of failure. The training aims to help experts classify failure modes and identify causes like lubrication issues, mechanical damage, or material defects. It also outlines best practices for securing evidence from failed bearings to facilitate accurate analysis.
The document discusses various properties required for molding materials used in foundries, including refractoriness, permeability, green strength, dry strength, and hot strength. It also describes common molding materials like molding sand and core sand. Several standard tests are outlined to measure properties like moisture content, clay content, grain size, permeability, and strength. Key tests include those for moisture content, clay content, grain size distribution via sieve analysis, permeability, and compression/shear/tensile strengths at different temperatures and moisture levels. The document provides details on how to prepare standardized samples and testing procedures.
The oil analysis report is a vital tool for a smooth running operation. Going deeper than the report summaries and knowing how to analyze the oil analysis report can help prevent equipment breakdown and unnecessary equipment teardowns. During this educational webinar you will learn from analyst, Dwon Ruffin, his process for reviewing and analyzing oil analysis reports. Dwon will review some of the most common tests run on industrial equipment and teach you how to read test reports. He will also walk you through marginal and critical reports and teach you how to decipher various alarms. You will walk away with an improved knowledge of oil analysis report interpretation.
KKKM2833 Manufacturing Process of Tyre (Group Tyred)
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
The National University of Malaysia
Team's Member
1) Muhammad Aiman Haikal Bin Azlan (Slide Editor)
2) Ahmad Qayyum Hafiez Bin Ahmad Fisal (Slide Editor)
3) Muhammad Hadif Bin Nor Azli (Slide Editor & Video Editor)
4) Nurdiyana Ayunie Binti Mohammad Razak (Information & Data Collector)
5) Vighrama A/L Magesan ( Information & Data Collector)
Automotive Manufacturing Process OverviewTal Vagman
Hexagon a leader in manufacturing intelligence solutions explains briefly the automotive production process and key engineering and data challenges facing global producers.
The document describes the coil coating process, which involves cleaning and pretreating steel coils before applying primer and topcoat paint in a continuous line. Key steps include receiving raw coils, pretreating with chemicals to prepare the surface, applying primer and topcoat via coater ovens, and testing finished coils through procedures like measuring gloss, flexibility, and solvent resistance.
An Introduction to Technical Cleanliness InspectionOlympus IMS
Technical cleanliness is an increasingly important process that affects major industries including aerospace, automotive, heavy equipment, and electrical engineering. Even the smallest particle contamination occurring during the manufacturing process can have lasting effects on product lifespan, reliability, and function.
This guide will also answer the following questions:
- What are the basics of technical cleanliness?
- How does technical cleanliness affect a product's reliability?
- In what application areas is technical cleanliness most important?
- What is the technical cleanliness inspection process?
- What kind of system is required to conduct technical cleanliness inspection?
For more information, visit: https://www.olympus-ims.com/en/microscope/cix100/
The document discusses bearing failure analysis, including classifying failure modes, potential causes of premature failure, and how to properly analyze failed bearings. It provides an overview of a training on bearing failure analysis, which examines damaged bearings to determine the root cause of failure. The training aims to help experts classify failure modes and identify causes like lubrication issues, mechanical damage, or material defects. It also outlines best practices for securing evidence from failed bearings to facilitate accurate analysis.
The document discusses various properties required for molding materials used in foundries, including refractoriness, permeability, green strength, dry strength, and hot strength. It also describes common molding materials like molding sand and core sand. Several standard tests are outlined to measure properties like moisture content, clay content, grain size, permeability, and strength. Key tests include those for moisture content, clay content, grain size distribution via sieve analysis, permeability, and compression/shear/tensile strengths at different temperatures and moisture levels. The document provides details on how to prepare standardized samples and testing procedures.
The oil analysis report is a vital tool for a smooth running operation. Going deeper than the report summaries and knowing how to analyze the oil analysis report can help prevent equipment breakdown and unnecessary equipment teardowns. During this educational webinar you will learn from analyst, Dwon Ruffin, his process for reviewing and analyzing oil analysis reports. Dwon will review some of the most common tests run on industrial equipment and teach you how to read test reports. He will also walk you through marginal and critical reports and teach you how to decipher various alarms. You will walk away with an improved knowledge of oil analysis report interpretation.
KKKM2833 Manufacturing Process of Tyre (Group Tyred)
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
The National University of Malaysia
Team's Member
1) Muhammad Aiman Haikal Bin Azlan (Slide Editor)
2) Ahmad Qayyum Hafiez Bin Ahmad Fisal (Slide Editor)
3) Muhammad Hadif Bin Nor Azli (Slide Editor & Video Editor)
4) Nurdiyana Ayunie Binti Mohammad Razak (Information & Data Collector)
5) Vighrama A/L Magesan ( Information & Data Collector)
Automotive Manufacturing Process OverviewTal Vagman
Hexagon a leader in manufacturing intelligence solutions explains briefly the automotive production process and key engineering and data challenges facing global producers.
The document describes the coil coating process, which involves cleaning and pretreating steel coils before applying primer and topcoat paint in a continuous line. Key steps include receiving raw coils, pretreating with chemicals to prepare the surface, applying primer and topcoat via coater ovens, and testing finished coils through procedures like measuring gloss, flexibility, and solvent resistance.
BIW refers to the body shell design of an automotive product without doors, engines or other moving parts. There are two main types of BIW - frame mounted and monocoque. A BIW consists of various structural components like pillars, panels, sills and cross members that are welded together from sheet metal. Effective BIW design considers factors like weight reduction, manufacturing feasibility, safety and aerodynamics to optimize vehicle performance and costs.
The document summarizes the key steps in the painting process of a car body:
1. The process begins with pre-treatment which includes degreasing, activating, and phosphating the body to prepare the metal surface for painting.
2. Primer is then applied through both manual and robotic spraying to protect and promote adhesion of subsequent paint layers.
3. The primer is baked and sealed before applying the top coat paint through base coating and clear coating.
4. The painted body undergoes a final baking before cavities are sealed to complete the painting process.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals including tribology, lubrication functions, lubrication films and regimes, base oils, additives, greases, lubricant failures, and oil analysis basics. It discusses topics such as how lubricants are formulated using base oils and additives, common lubricant types, mineral and synthetic base oil properties, grease consistency, grease thickeners, and ways that lubricants can fail through contamination, oxidation, thermal degradation, and additive depletion.
This document discusses different types of polishing processes including mechanical, chemical-mechanical, flame, and vapor polishing. Mechanical polishing involves using abrasives to wear down surface irregularities until a smooth finish is achieved. Chemical-mechanical polishing combines chemical and mechanical forces using an abrasive slurry to planarize surfaces for semiconductor fabrication. Flame polishing uses heat to melt and smooth thermoplastic and glass surfaces. Vapor polishing exposes plastics to chemical vapors to improve clarity by causing surface material to flow. The document provides examples of applying these polishing methods in metalworking, woodworking, and other applications.
The document discusses various mechanical and chemical preparation processes used before electroplating. It describes processes like blast finishing, shot peening, mass finishing, polishing, buffing, alkaline cleaning, solvent cleaning, acid cleaning, and ultrasonic cleaning. It emphasizes that cleaning is a critical process and any discontinuity or poor cleaning can negatively impact the plating process and result in defects like non-adherent deposits or peeling of the coating film. Proper pre-baking and preheating are also important before certain plating baths.
Bearing failure and its Causes and Countermeasuresdutt4190
A brief review about bearing and failure of its various parts due to other possibilities than design such as manufacturing, improper service and handling and other similar aspects.
This presentation is tell about paints and painting process on steel surfaces. It also covers paint failures, surface preparation, type of painting process, etc.
JK Tyre & Industries is a major Indian tire manufacturer whose sales have doubled in the last 10 years. The document describes JK Tyre's production process, which involves mixing rubber compounds, extruding sidewalls and treads, building tires layer-by-layer on a drum, curing the green tires in presses, inspecting and testing the finished tires, and supporting centralized activities through five service units. The detailed description covers the functions and components of key machines like banbury mixers and curing presses used to manufacture tires from raw materials to the final product.
Production of Automobile Components. Auto Parts Manufacturing Industry. Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Production of Automobile Components. Auto Parts Manufacturing Industry. Manufacturing of Engine Parts, Piston, Pin, Piston Ring, Valve, Control Cable, Engine Mounting, Auto Lock, Disc Brake, Drum, Gear, Leaf Spring, Shock Absorber, Silencer, Chain, Cylinder Block, Chassis, Battery, Tyre & Flaps
The auto-components industry accounts for almost seven per cent of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs as many as 25 million people, both directly and indirectly. The Indian auto-components industry can be broadly classified into the organised and unorganised sectors. The Indian auto-components industry has experienced healthy growth over the last few years. Some of the factors attributable to this include: a buoyant end-user market, improved consumer sentiment and return of adequate liquidity in the financial system.
Fastest growing major
See more
https://goo.gl/PYBmj5
https://goo.gl/5a1RyK
https://goo.gl/U6NdFt
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Automobile Components, Automobile Components, Auto Components Industry in India, I Want to Start an Auto Component Manufacturing Industry? Automobile Parts Manufacturing Industry, Automotive Component Manufacturing, Automotive Component Manufacture, Automobile Structural Components Manufacturing, Auto Component Production, Components of Automobile, Automobile Parts Manufacturing, Automotive Components Manufacturing in India, Auto Parts Manufacturing Plant, Auto Parts Manufacturing Unit, Manufacturing Process for Automotive Components, Automotive Industry, Automobile Components and Spares Production, Production of Automobile & Auto Components, Automotive Components Production, India's Auto Components Industry, Automotive Equipment Manufacturing, Automobile Industry, Indian Automobile Component Industry, Production Process of Automobile Components, Opportunities in Indian Automotive Components, Automobile Parts Manufacturing Company, Auto Parts & Equipment Manufacturing Industry, Automobile Components and Parts Production, New small scale ideas for Automobile Parts Manufacturing industry, Automotive Components Production Business Ideas you can start on your own, Indian Automotive Components Production industry, Small scale Automobile Parts Manufacturing, Guide to Starting and Operating a Small Business, Business Ideas for Automobile Parts Manufacturing, How to start an Automotive Components Production business, Starting an Automobile Parts Manufacturing Industry, Start Your Own Automobile Parts Manufacturing Business, Automobile Parts Manufacturing Business Plan, Business plan for Automotive Components Production, Small Scale Industries in India
Diesel Engine Lubrication and Lube Oil Contamination ControlMd. Moynul Islam
This presentation is intended share knowledge specially about Diesel Engine Lubrication and How the Lube Oil get Contaminated and How to Control Contamination to protect Engine Components from damaging. Still the presentation is under development. Expecting suggestions/recommendations from viewers for further up gradation of this presentation.
Surface finishing is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a manufactured item to achieve a certain property.[1] Finishing processes may be employed to: improve appearance, adhesion or wettability, solderability, corrosion resistance, tarnish resistance, chemical resistance, wear resistance, hardness, modify electrical conductivity, remove burrs and other surface flaws, and control the surface friction.[1][2] In limited cases, some of these techniques can be used to restore original dimensions to salvage or repair an item. An unfinished surface is often called mill finish
The document summarizes a student project on removing impure layers through abrasive shot blasting. It discusses the shot blasting process which uses compressed air or gravity to propel abrasive materials like sand or glass beads to clean surfaces. Key components of shot blasting systems and factors affecting the process are outlined. Applications include cleaning metals and producing decorative finishes. The document also covers safety precautions for the process.
The document defines and categorizes various coating defects that can occur, including those related to surface preparation, application, and the coating film itself. It describes 13 common defects - blistering, bubbling, checking, cracking, corrosion, edge/corner failure, peeling/flaking/delaminating - and discusses their causes. The document is intended for internal use by AkzoNobel Protective Coatings to understand and address coating defects.
The document defines and describes the main parts of a tire, including the bead, plies, tread, sidewall, liner, and belts. It discusses different types of tires based on tread pattern (summer, winter, all-season), carcass construction (cross ply, radial ply, belted bias), and whether they use a tube. The main parts of a conventional tube tire and tubeless tire are also outlined. Finally, common tread patterns and important tire markings on the sidewall are briefly mentioned.
Lubricants are substances that reduce friction between moving parts. This document discusses the basic properties and types of lubricants. It defines lubricants as liquids or greases that decrease machine friction. It then covers key lubricant properties like viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and flash point. Finally, it categorizes lubricants based on physical state, use, grade, and source; and discusses common additive types for mineral and synthetic lubricants.
Project powerpoint presentation on Materials used in automotive industries Vidyasagar Ghantoji
This document provides an overview of materials used in automotive industries. It discusses the chassis and frame, which is made of galvanized steel, aluminum, and other alloys. It also discusses the different types of frames like ladder, backbone, and monocoque frames. Other automotive components discussed include the engine, which uses materials like iron, steel, aluminum, and composites. Additional components and their materials mentioned include tires made of rubber, lights made of plastics, and an electrical system containing copper. The document concludes by acknowledging those who provided guidance for the project.
The document discusses the materials used in car tires, including nylon, polyester, rayon, carbon black, and aramid fibers for the carcass and belts. It also discusses the components of tires like raw rubber, steel, and synthetic rubber. The aspect ratio and tire specifications are explained. Factors that affect tire life and common tire issues are outlined. The manufacturing of pneumatic tires filled with compressed air is also briefly discussed.
Surface preparation is critical for coating performance and longevity. It involves cleaning the surface of contaminants like mill scale, rust, grease and dirt. The level of cleaning depends on factors like the substrate material and coating system. Common preparation methods include solvent cleaning, abrasive blasting and chemical treatments. Proper surface preparation can increase coating adhesion and the protective life of a paint system by over 80%.
- Pall Corporation provides filtration and separation technologies that help customers conserve energy and resources while protecting the environment. Their technologies purify water, consume less energy, enable alternative energy sources, and minimize emissions and waste.
- A study observed that 70% of mechanical failures are due to surface degradation, with 50% from mechanical wear and 20% from corrosion. Proper filtration is key to managing contaminants and preventing wear.
- ISO 4406 cleanliness codes are used to specify particulate contamination levels in hydraulic fluids, with higher numbers indicating dirtier fluid. On-line monitoring is needed to maintain cleanliness levels of ISO 15/13/10 or better required by modern hydraulic systems.
This document provides specifications for ingestive cleaning of Solar turbine engines to remove contamination from the compressor air path. It establishes requirements for cleaning procedures, intervals, equipment, and cleaning products. Cleaning can be performed on-crank or on-line, and specific flow rates and volumes are provided for cleaning solutions and rinse water depending on the engine model. The cleaning product must meet standards for water quality and additive composition to avoid harming engine materials.
BIW refers to the body shell design of an automotive product without doors, engines or other moving parts. There are two main types of BIW - frame mounted and monocoque. A BIW consists of various structural components like pillars, panels, sills and cross members that are welded together from sheet metal. Effective BIW design considers factors like weight reduction, manufacturing feasibility, safety and aerodynamics to optimize vehicle performance and costs.
The document summarizes the key steps in the painting process of a car body:
1. The process begins with pre-treatment which includes degreasing, activating, and phosphating the body to prepare the metal surface for painting.
2. Primer is then applied through both manual and robotic spraying to protect and promote adhesion of subsequent paint layers.
3. The primer is baked and sealed before applying the top coat paint through base coating and clear coating.
4. The painted body undergoes a final baking before cavities are sealed to complete the painting process.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals including tribology, lubrication functions, lubrication films and regimes, base oils, additives, greases, lubricant failures, and oil analysis basics. It discusses topics such as how lubricants are formulated using base oils and additives, common lubricant types, mineral and synthetic base oil properties, grease consistency, grease thickeners, and ways that lubricants can fail through contamination, oxidation, thermal degradation, and additive depletion.
This document discusses different types of polishing processes including mechanical, chemical-mechanical, flame, and vapor polishing. Mechanical polishing involves using abrasives to wear down surface irregularities until a smooth finish is achieved. Chemical-mechanical polishing combines chemical and mechanical forces using an abrasive slurry to planarize surfaces for semiconductor fabrication. Flame polishing uses heat to melt and smooth thermoplastic and glass surfaces. Vapor polishing exposes plastics to chemical vapors to improve clarity by causing surface material to flow. The document provides examples of applying these polishing methods in metalworking, woodworking, and other applications.
The document discusses various mechanical and chemical preparation processes used before electroplating. It describes processes like blast finishing, shot peening, mass finishing, polishing, buffing, alkaline cleaning, solvent cleaning, acid cleaning, and ultrasonic cleaning. It emphasizes that cleaning is a critical process and any discontinuity or poor cleaning can negatively impact the plating process and result in defects like non-adherent deposits or peeling of the coating film. Proper pre-baking and preheating are also important before certain plating baths.
Bearing failure and its Causes and Countermeasuresdutt4190
A brief review about bearing and failure of its various parts due to other possibilities than design such as manufacturing, improper service and handling and other similar aspects.
This presentation is tell about paints and painting process on steel surfaces. It also covers paint failures, surface preparation, type of painting process, etc.
JK Tyre & Industries is a major Indian tire manufacturer whose sales have doubled in the last 10 years. The document describes JK Tyre's production process, which involves mixing rubber compounds, extruding sidewalls and treads, building tires layer-by-layer on a drum, curing the green tires in presses, inspecting and testing the finished tires, and supporting centralized activities through five service units. The detailed description covers the functions and components of key machines like banbury mixers and curing presses used to manufacture tires from raw materials to the final product.
Production of Automobile Components. Auto Parts Manufacturing Industry. Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Production of Automobile Components. Auto Parts Manufacturing Industry. Manufacturing of Engine Parts, Piston, Pin, Piston Ring, Valve, Control Cable, Engine Mounting, Auto Lock, Disc Brake, Drum, Gear, Leaf Spring, Shock Absorber, Silencer, Chain, Cylinder Block, Chassis, Battery, Tyre & Flaps
The auto-components industry accounts for almost seven per cent of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs as many as 25 million people, both directly and indirectly. The Indian auto-components industry can be broadly classified into the organised and unorganised sectors. The Indian auto-components industry has experienced healthy growth over the last few years. Some of the factors attributable to this include: a buoyant end-user market, improved consumer sentiment and return of adequate liquidity in the financial system.
Fastest growing major
See more
https://goo.gl/PYBmj5
https://goo.gl/5a1RyK
https://goo.gl/U6NdFt
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Automobile Components, Automobile Components, Auto Components Industry in India, I Want to Start an Auto Component Manufacturing Industry? Automobile Parts Manufacturing Industry, Automotive Component Manufacturing, Automotive Component Manufacture, Automobile Structural Components Manufacturing, Auto Component Production, Components of Automobile, Automobile Parts Manufacturing, Automotive Components Manufacturing in India, Auto Parts Manufacturing Plant, Auto Parts Manufacturing Unit, Manufacturing Process for Automotive Components, Automotive Industry, Automobile Components and Spares Production, Production of Automobile & Auto Components, Automotive Components Production, India's Auto Components Industry, Automotive Equipment Manufacturing, Automobile Industry, Indian Automobile Component Industry, Production Process of Automobile Components, Opportunities in Indian Automotive Components, Automobile Parts Manufacturing Company, Auto Parts & Equipment Manufacturing Industry, Automobile Components and Parts Production, New small scale ideas for Automobile Parts Manufacturing industry, Automotive Components Production Business Ideas you can start on your own, Indian Automotive Components Production industry, Small scale Automobile Parts Manufacturing, Guide to Starting and Operating a Small Business, Business Ideas for Automobile Parts Manufacturing, How to start an Automotive Components Production business, Starting an Automobile Parts Manufacturing Industry, Start Your Own Automobile Parts Manufacturing Business, Automobile Parts Manufacturing Business Plan, Business plan for Automotive Components Production, Small Scale Industries in India
Diesel Engine Lubrication and Lube Oil Contamination ControlMd. Moynul Islam
This presentation is intended share knowledge specially about Diesel Engine Lubrication and How the Lube Oil get Contaminated and How to Control Contamination to protect Engine Components from damaging. Still the presentation is under development. Expecting suggestions/recommendations from viewers for further up gradation of this presentation.
Surface finishing is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a manufactured item to achieve a certain property.[1] Finishing processes may be employed to: improve appearance, adhesion or wettability, solderability, corrosion resistance, tarnish resistance, chemical resistance, wear resistance, hardness, modify electrical conductivity, remove burrs and other surface flaws, and control the surface friction.[1][2] In limited cases, some of these techniques can be used to restore original dimensions to salvage or repair an item. An unfinished surface is often called mill finish
The document summarizes a student project on removing impure layers through abrasive shot blasting. It discusses the shot blasting process which uses compressed air or gravity to propel abrasive materials like sand or glass beads to clean surfaces. Key components of shot blasting systems and factors affecting the process are outlined. Applications include cleaning metals and producing decorative finishes. The document also covers safety precautions for the process.
The document defines and categorizes various coating defects that can occur, including those related to surface preparation, application, and the coating film itself. It describes 13 common defects - blistering, bubbling, checking, cracking, corrosion, edge/corner failure, peeling/flaking/delaminating - and discusses their causes. The document is intended for internal use by AkzoNobel Protective Coatings to understand and address coating defects.
The document defines and describes the main parts of a tire, including the bead, plies, tread, sidewall, liner, and belts. It discusses different types of tires based on tread pattern (summer, winter, all-season), carcass construction (cross ply, radial ply, belted bias), and whether they use a tube. The main parts of a conventional tube tire and tubeless tire are also outlined. Finally, common tread patterns and important tire markings on the sidewall are briefly mentioned.
Lubricants are substances that reduce friction between moving parts. This document discusses the basic properties and types of lubricants. It defines lubricants as liquids or greases that decrease machine friction. It then covers key lubricant properties like viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and flash point. Finally, it categorizes lubricants based on physical state, use, grade, and source; and discusses common additive types for mineral and synthetic lubricants.
Project powerpoint presentation on Materials used in automotive industries Vidyasagar Ghantoji
This document provides an overview of materials used in automotive industries. It discusses the chassis and frame, which is made of galvanized steel, aluminum, and other alloys. It also discusses the different types of frames like ladder, backbone, and monocoque frames. Other automotive components discussed include the engine, which uses materials like iron, steel, aluminum, and composites. Additional components and their materials mentioned include tires made of rubber, lights made of plastics, and an electrical system containing copper. The document concludes by acknowledging those who provided guidance for the project.
The document discusses the materials used in car tires, including nylon, polyester, rayon, carbon black, and aramid fibers for the carcass and belts. It also discusses the components of tires like raw rubber, steel, and synthetic rubber. The aspect ratio and tire specifications are explained. Factors that affect tire life and common tire issues are outlined. The manufacturing of pneumatic tires filled with compressed air is also briefly discussed.
Surface preparation is critical for coating performance and longevity. It involves cleaning the surface of contaminants like mill scale, rust, grease and dirt. The level of cleaning depends on factors like the substrate material and coating system. Common preparation methods include solvent cleaning, abrasive blasting and chemical treatments. Proper surface preparation can increase coating adhesion and the protective life of a paint system by over 80%.
- Pall Corporation provides filtration and separation technologies that help customers conserve energy and resources while protecting the environment. Their technologies purify water, consume less energy, enable alternative energy sources, and minimize emissions and waste.
- A study observed that 70% of mechanical failures are due to surface degradation, with 50% from mechanical wear and 20% from corrosion. Proper filtration is key to managing contaminants and preventing wear.
- ISO 4406 cleanliness codes are used to specify particulate contamination levels in hydraulic fluids, with higher numbers indicating dirtier fluid. On-line monitoring is needed to maintain cleanliness levels of ISO 15/13/10 or better required by modern hydraulic systems.
This document provides specifications for ingestive cleaning of Solar turbine engines to remove contamination from the compressor air path. It establishes requirements for cleaning procedures, intervals, equipment, and cleaning products. Cleaning can be performed on-crank or on-line, and specific flow rates and volumes are provided for cleaning solutions and rinse water depending on the engine model. The cleaning product must meet standards for water quality and additive composition to avoid harming engine materials.
The document discusses procedures for sampling suspended particulates using a high volume sampler (HVS). Some key points:
- The HVS uses vacuum to draw ambient air through a filter at a rate of 40-60 cubic feet per minute for 24 hours, collecting 0.5 grams of particulate matter.
- Common filters used are Whatman No. 41 glass fiber filters, which have a collection efficiency over 99% for particles over 0.3 microns.
- Sampling procedures involve conditioning the filter, recording start/stop times and flow rates, and calculating mass concentration based on initial/final filter weights and total air volume.
- Results are reported as milligrams or micrograms of particulate matter per
This document provides an overview of industrial emission control techniques and equipment. It discusses source correction methods like raw material changes and process modifications that can reduce air pollutants. When pollutants cannot be controlled at the source, effluent gas cleaning techniques are used, including absorption, chemical alteration, and incineration. Common particulate and gaseous emission control methods and the mechanisms by which they work are described, such as cyclones, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitators. Key factors in selecting appropriate control technologies are also summarized.
This document discusses various industrial emission control techniques and equipment. It begins by explaining that air pollution can be prevented by reducing pollutants at their source or minimizing emissions. Source correction techniques include raw material changes, process changes, equipment modifications, and proper operation and maintenance. When source correction is not enough, effluent gas cleaning techniques are used, which involve unit operations to control particulate and gaseous emissions. The document then describes various source correction methods and gas cleaning techniques like wet scrubbers, fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, and catalytic oxidation. It provides details on the mechanisms and examples of common equipment used for particulate and gaseous pollutant control in industries.
A sampling system is used to obtain a small product sample from a pipeline with the same proportions of oil, water, and contaminants as a running stream. OGSI supply sampling and analyzer skids that operate non-stop since fast loop sampling bypasses the main line. The sampling system is considered to be the most cost-effective solution in cases when analyzers are not required per project specifications. Check here to know more about sampling system.
This document discusses leak detection and repair for liquids and gases. It provides details on the types of equipment that can leak at facilities like refineries and chemical plants. It describes methods for identifying leaks using infrared cameras and measuring their size. The document also discusses implementing a leak detection and repair program to reduce pollution and costs from lost product. Regulated industries must inspect components like valves, pumps and compressors on a regular basis.
Support utilities validation.pptx (asmita magare)magareasmi
1) The document discusses the validation of various utilities used in pharmaceutical manufacturing including water systems, steam systems, compressed air systems, and HVAC systems.
2) Validation involves qualification phases including installation, operational, and performance qualifications to prove the design, procedures, and maintenance of the utilities under all expected operating conditions.
3) Key validation parameters discussed for each utility include particulate testing, pressure and airflow measurements, filter testing, and microbiological testing to ensure the utilities consistently meet quality standards.
1) The document describes the design and development of a leak testing machine. The machine uses both dry and wet testing methods to detect leaks in aluminum casting components.
2) The dry testing method uses compressed air to pressurize the component and detects leaks based on changes in pressure. The wet testing method also uses compressed air but then submerges the component in water to identify the location of any leaks.
3) The machine was designed with pneumatic and hydraulic circuits to pressurize and control flow of air and water for testing. A leak tester instrument is also used to measure leak rates. The machine aims to accurately and efficiently test components for leaks.
Process analyzers such as gas chromatographs and continuous gas analyzers play an important role in monitoring and controlling vapor recovery units (VRUs) to optimize processes, ensure safety, and meet emission regulations. VRUs recover vapors from petroleum and chemical facilities to capture hydrocarbons for reuse or sale while cleaning the exhaust stream. Process analyzers measure components in the feed, recycled, and exhaust streams to monitor the VRU's performance in removing hydrocarbons and compliance with emission limits. Typical measurement locations include the inlet and outlet of the VRU.
Qualification of separation performance in gas\liquid separationDodiya Nikunj
1) The document discusses methods for quantifying the performance of gas/liquid separators by measuring factors like entrainment levels, droplet size distributions, and velocity profiles.
2) Key aspects that can be quantified include the amount and size of entrained droplets or bubbles, continuous phase velocities, and droplet/bubble separation performance based on geometry.
3) Quantifying these factors leads to a more accurate representation of separator design and performance compared to traditional techniques.
- The document describes the design and testing of an automobile exhaust system. It discusses modeling and simulation of the exhaust system to better understand its dynamics and performance.
- A newly designed exhaust system is compared to an existing system. The new design shows lower back pressure, which improves engine performance. Various tests are conducted on the system, including material testing and leak testing, to evaluate its durability and ability to withstand internal pressures.
- The design aims to minimize exhaust noise while withstanding high temperatures and pressures from the engine. Finite element analysis is used to optimize the muffler design to maximize gas storage capacity within weight constraints. Test results show the material and design meet required specifications.
Design and testing of automobile exhaust systemeSAT Journals
This document discusses the design and testing of an automobile exhaust system. It begins with an introduction describing the purpose of an exhaust system. It then describes the modeling and finite element analysis of an exhaust system design. Various tests are performed on the system including material testing, leak testing, and weld testing. The material testing confirms the suitability of the material chosen. The leak and weld tests find the system meets specifications. In conclusions, the exhaust system dynamics are analyzed and the models are found to correlate well with experimental results. The design is verified to meet the objectives of lower back pressure and vibration levels.
This document discusses a rotary press system for dewatering sludge from municipal and industrial applications. The system uses polymers to flocculate sludge, which is then fed into channels between screens that apply pressure to extract water from the sludge, producing a dry cake. The rotary press system provides constant dewatering results for sludges with solids content from 0.1% to 18% using a continuous, flexible process with low operation and maintenance costs.
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1. 1
Part Technical
Cleanliness XX.XXXX
Blocking of Bearing
Turbocharger, Piston, Axle
Blocking of Valves
ABS, Hydraulics
Part Cleanliness… WHY???
Blocking of Nozzles
Injectors, Fuel System
Electric Short Circuit
Boards, Processors
• Smaller tolerances
make systems more
sensitive to dirt.
• Cleanliness and
system life times are
correlated.
• Large residue
particles (killer
particles) may cause
function loss.
• Both Exhaust and
Noise, are correlated
with smooth
(unscratched)
surfaces.
2. 2
Component Cleanliness of Fluid
Systems in Automotive Complying
with ISO Standards
Abstract:
As the presence of particulate
contamination in the lubricant
is the major cause of failures
and short component life of
fluid systems, companies in a
variety of industries are
focusing attention in
achieving and maintaining
system cleanliness. The
presence of machining and
assembly debris in the fluid
system at start-up and during
the initial running phase will
cause a substantial increase
in the wear rates of the
system, further generating
large particles, with the
consequential loss in
performance and component
life. It will also increase the
probability of sudden and
catastrophic failure of the
system. To achieve clean
components requires
appropriate manufacturing,
cleaning and measurement
processes. Accurate
assessment of the
effectiveness of components
and parts cleanliness is
related to given contaminant
extraction methods, analysis
and data reporting. ISO
standards are continually
being developed to control
procedures and implement a
consistent cleanliness
evaluation process.
This article explains the
processes in these standards
and how similar procedures
have been adapted to suit the
requirements of the above
industries. It also gives
guidance and
recommendations on the
implementation of these
standards so that the best
use can be made of them.
1. Introduction
The need for component
cleanliness was first identified in
the 1960s when the aircraft
industry started using hydraulic
flight systems. The last 10 years
has seen more and more
industrial sectors implement
component cleanliness programs
as they realize the technical and
commercial benefits.
Foreword:
The fluid power industry was the major developer of ISO
standards through ISOTC131/SC6 until 2002 when the
automotive industry embarked on a project to develop their
own standards through ISOTC22/SC5. Although the
processes used would be very similar to those developed by
TC131/SC6, the automotive industry considered that their
requirements were sufficiently different to warrant new
standards. For example, the automotive industry focus is on
the incidence of small numbers of large particles (>1000 μm
- so called ‘killer particles’) residual after production as they
could have serious safety consequences, whereas these
particles should be filtered out of fluid power systems during
production.
This split development has led to small differences in both
terminology and procedures. For instance, the process of
removing particles from components is called ‘extraction’ in
ISO16232.
This document summarizes the standard practices related to
contaminant extraction, collection, analysis and data
reporting for cleanliness evaluation of manufactured parts
and components, specifically being applied to the fluid
systems (lube, fuel and hydraulics) in automotive and fluid
power markets.
2. Contaminant Extraction Methods
2.1 Extraction selection with geometry
The selection of the most suitable extraction method(s) is
guided by the followed principles:
• Extraction method must be selected for the geometry of
the component so that the extraction liquid can reach
the controlled surfaces.
3. 3
• Extraction method must be directed to only remove
particles from the controlled surfaces.
• Component geometry must allow the particle to be
transported away by the extraction method.
• Extraction method must be validated.
ISO18413 provides recommendations for selection of
contaminant extraction methods:
- Pump/Motor - End-use simulation method.
- Valve Cylinder - End-use simulation method.
- Manifolds/System - End-use simulation method.
- Gear/Shaft/Plates - Pressure rinse or ultrasonic.
- Spool/Pistons - Pressure rinse or ultrasonic.
- Reservoir - Pressure rinse or agitation.
- Hose/Pipe - Agitation or ultrasonic.
To obtain repeatable results, the process attributes must be
consistent.
2.2 Agitation extraction method (Slosh test)
The contaminants are extracted by partially filling the
component with a known volume of test liquid (between 30
to 50% of the component volume), sealing its openings, and
agitating or ‘sloshing’ it in order to detach the particles from
the controlled surfaces and suspend them in the test liquid
for subsequent analysis.
The efficacy of the agitation method depends on type of
agitation, duration of agitation and choice of test liquid.
This method is only suitable for hollow components like
hoses or pipes whose size is such that they can be readily
and consistently agitated.
Applicable standards: ISO16232 Part 2; ISO18413 Clause
5.3
2.3 Pressure rinse extraction method
The contaminants are extracted from the controlled surfaces
of the component by pressure rinsing with a jet of filtered test
liquid which removes the particles from the surfaces and
carries them away for subsequent analysis.
The pressure rinse liquid dispenser is a device for providing
clean test liquid at a suitable pressure and a flow rate
capable of extracting the particles in an effective manner.
The efficacy of pressure rinsing depends on pressure, flow
rate, distance, angle, shape and size of the nozzle, rinsing
time and liquid volume per unit area.
Applicable standards: ISO16232 Part 3; ISO18413 Clause
5.4
2.4 Ultrasonic vibration extraction method
The contaminant is removed by subjecting the item to
ultrasonic vibration. The principal characteristics of the
ultrasonic equipment are power, frequency and bath size. In
general, by applying transducers to the floor or wall surfaces
3. Extractions for cylindrical pipe of hydraulic,
lube and fuel components
This section outlines the extraction methods to assess
the cleanliness of the wetted inner side of cylindrical or
pipe type of hydraulic, lube, fuel components and
subassemblies.
3.1 Extractions of the contaminant from passages or
holes of component
The functional test method, according to ISO16232 and
ISO18413, is able to properly and effectively detach the
particles that are residual in narrow flush passages like drain
or return lines in a manifold block or casings.
3.2 Extractions of the contaminant from inside of
hydraulic tube and hose
Flushing rig complying with ISO16232 Part 5 is best to
validate cleanliness of hoses and pipes and this needs a
flow rate to give turbulence in the pipe with a Reynolds
Number (Re) of >4000 i.e. well into the turbulent regime.
And a variable delivery pump is desirable to suit component
size.
The viscosity used in these test rigs is usually higher than
usual extraction liquids because of the minimum viscosity
required by the circulating pump. The rig should also
include on-line particle counting so that the progress of
flushing can be continuously monitored and terminated
when a RCL is achieved. This approach can achieve
considerable savings in costs over more ‘conventional’
methods of collection.
It is recommended that at least 10 mL extraction liquid/cm2
of wetted surface area is used for pressure rinsing hoses
and pipes. If the calculated amount of extraction fluid is less
than 2 litres, then 2 litre shall be used or if it exceeds 20 litre,
20 litre shall be used, unless otherwise specified.
4. Protocol and Validation for Contaminant
Extraction
4.1 Package during transportation
If particles are detached during transportation of the test
components and/or from packaging, these have to be
included in the cleanliness test. They are collected using
appropriate extraction method(s). During handling and
storage of test components, it shall be safeguarded that no
contaminants are deposited on or removed from controlled
surfaces. To prevent loss of particles during transport it may
be necessary to seal openings in the test components with
either tape or a suitable plug.
Applicable standards: ISO16232 Part 2, 3, 4 & 5
4.2 Blank test
• A blank test is performed to verify that the
environment, operating conditions, and equipment
used in the extraction procedure do not contribute a
4. 4
significant amount of contamination to the
component being analysed. To ensure process
consistency, a blank test should be performed at
regular intervals using identical test parameters.
• For the determination of system blank values,
identical conditions as experienced during testing
of the component are applied but with the
component omitted (see 3.3).
• If the blank level exceeds 10% of the cleanliness of
the component (presumed or measured), then
either the process or environment is too dirty and
re-cleaning is necessary, or the contamination
level of the component is to low and it is necessary
to increase the number of test components
analysed in order to collect more contaminants and
thus fulfil the 10% limit.
4.3 Validation of contamination extraction process
It is essential that the contamination extraction procedure is
validated, so that its effectiveness is confirmed.
Extraction Step
Figure 1. Validating the extraction process.
The process is:
•Determine the most suitable extraction method and
the operating parameters.
•Perform two extractions and for each of two
samples to establish either the total mass of
contaminants or total number of particles. Note that
ISO16232 requires the extraction of three samples.
For particle numbers, this should include the total
numbers of particles larger than
•the smallest particle sizes specified in the
inspection document.
•Divide the result of last sample by the sum of all the
results obtained.
•If the value obtained is less than 10% of this sum,
the end point is reached, and the extraction is
complete. The cleanliness level of the component
is the sum of the extractions.
•If the value obtained is >10%, further extraction is
necessary. If six extractions have been performed
without reaching the 10% value, then the extraction
parameters are not suitable and will have to be
modified.
➢ The component is made cleaner.
5. Analysis Methods
5.1 General
A variety of standard, contaminant analysis methods and
data reporting formats are available to produce the required
part or component cleanliness data.
Both ISO16232 and ISO18413 describe three basic
contaminant analysis methods: gravimetric particle size,
distribution and chemical composition. Largest particle
size is included in particle size evaluation.
The major difference separating ISO16232 and other
standards is the requirement to analyze all of the
extraction liquid so that all particles in the extraction are
analyzed and the larger (‘killer’) particles, typically at
much lower concentrations, are not missed. Because of
this need, the microscopic procedures of ISO16232 are
completely automated using image analysis.
5.2 Gravimetric analysis method
Extraction, filtration, drying, and weighing
Precision components must be free of contaminants to work
properly. Parts that are made with unclean components can
fail prematurely. Technical cleanliness is the process of
measuring the level of contamination from these particles to
help ensure high-quality finished products. In the first of this
six-part blog series, we will take a close look at the first step
of the technical cleanliness workflow—preparation
(extraction, filtration, drying, and weighing). First, let’s look at
where preparation fits into the overall technical cleanliness
inspection process:
• Preparation
o Extraction
o Filtration
o Drying and weighing
• Inspection
o Image acquisition
o Particle detection
o Particle size measurement and
classification
o Particle count extrapolation and
normalization
o Contamination level calculation
o Cleanliness code definition
o Maximum approval check
o Separation of reflective and nonreflective
particles
o Fibre identification
o Results review
o Reporting
➢ Extraction
The components to be tested are placed in an extraction
cabinet in a clean room, and any contaminant particles or
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1 2 3 4 5 6
CleaninessValues(Ci)
Number of Samples
DECLINING CURVE
Decay
CriterionBlank Level
5. 5
residues are removed via flood, squirt, rinse, or ultrasonic
bath.
For the vast number of functionally relevant components in
automobiles, extraction with a liquid is suitable. The rinsing
liquid must be compatible with the component as well as the
filtration device.
Note that the extraction cabinet must be cleaned regularly to
avoid becoming a source of contamination. For this reason,
the empty cabinet is flushed several times. The washing
rinse is then filtered and examined for particles. The amount
of residue becomes constant after 3 to 4 washing cycles,
which results in a background value for the given
configuration (rinse, cabinet, and filter). It is sufficient to
weigh the filter membranes to obtain this blank value.
➢ Filtration
The washing rinse is filtered through a membrane, and the
extracted particles are collected on the filter. This filter is
clamped in a holder that is part of the extraction cabinet.
If the washing rinse is an oil, it’s filtered directly. A defined
quantity (about 50 ml) of oil is drawn through a vacuum filter
holder. The particles remain behind on the filter.
It’s important to note that a filter will not usually be covered
completely with residue particles (the border of the filter is
covered by a seal that results in a reduced flow-through
area).
A filter membrane clamped and in use with an extraction
cabinet
Filter sizes vary from 25 mm to 90 mm in diameter. The
typical filter size and quasi-standard for technical cleanliness
is 47 mm. Filter membrane materials include:
• Cellulose: Excellent compatibility with aqueous
solutions
• Polyester: Uniform image background; easy to set
threshold for particle detection
• Glass fiber: Ideal for solutions with high levels of
suspended solids or high viscosity
• Nylon mesh: Very good resistance to almost all
solvents; needs a white support layer as it is
transparent
➢ Drying and Weighing:
The filter membrane is dried in preparation for further
analysis. The rinse fluid or oil can be removed using an
exicator (a desiccator), a drying oven, or dedicated
equipment.
The dried filter membrane (with all impurities on it) is then
weighed using an analytical balance with an integrated
windshield. The gravimetric result gives the first value for the
residue particles, but the size, shape, and other particle
parameters are still unknown.
The weighted filter membrane is next mounted on a filter
holder, ready for the next phase of the technical
cleanliness inspection process—image acquisition.
5.3 Particle counting by microscope
The inspection process includes the following steps:
• Image Acquisition and Stage Movement: The
dried membrane filter is mounted on a motorized
microscope stage so that the images needed for
inspection can be acquired.
• Particle Detection: Membrane filter images are
examined for particles, which appear as dark areas
against a bright background.
• Particle Size Measurement: Detected particles are
measured according to different parameters,
including Maximum Ferret and Equivalent Circle
diameter.
• Particle Size Classification: Once particles have
been measured, they are grouped into different size
classes. The two major size classes are differential
(defined by a minimum and maximum size) and
cumulative (defined only by a minimum particle
size).
• Particle Count Extrapolation: A defined area on
the membrane filter is scanned and checked for
particles. These areas may include filter size (the
total area of the filter), flow-through area (the filter
area covered with particles), maximum scan area
(the maximum possible area to be scanned for
inspection), and inspection area (the actual scan
area defined by the user).
• Particle Count Normalization: The extrapolated
particle count is normalized to the comparison
value, enabling the comparison of multiple
measurements. Normalization methods include
washed area (particle count is normalized on a
1000 cm2
area), washed volume (particle count is
normalized on a 100 cm3
area), washed parts
(particle count is normalized on a single sample
6. 6
part), and filtered fluid (particle count is normalized
on a filtered fluid of 1 ml or 100 ml).
• Contamination Level Calculation: This level of
classification is determined not by particle size but
by the total number of particles in a defined
contamination class (classes are defined for most
international standards).
• Cleanliness Code Definition: Some standards
reduce the representation of measured data to a
brief description. This Cleanliness Code is defined
by the standard and is composed of particle size
classes and contamination levels.
• Maximum Approval Check: Checking for a
maximum approval value is an optional step. If a
maximum value is required, it is specified in the
inspection configuration and may be an absolute
number of particles or a maximum Cleanliness
Code.
• Separation of Reflective and Non-Reflective
Particles: The distinction between metallic and
non-metallic particles is made by determining
whether particles reflect light or not (extremely
important as metallic particles stand to cause much
greater harm than non-metallic particles).
• Fiber Identification: Fibbers detected on the
membrane filter often have a different origin (i.e.,
work clothes or rags) than the other particles found
on the filter. Fibers thus need to be recognized and
analysed or disregarded depending on the standard
being used for assessing the cleanliness
examination.
• Results Review: The following operations are
possible as part of this review: the deletion of items
incorrectly identified as particles; the splitting of
particles located close together and incorrectly
identified as a single large particle; the merging of
particle segments located close together and
incorrectly identified as separate particles; the
correction of incorrect particle labels (i.e., metallic
vs. non-metallic).
• Report Creation: A technical cleanliness inspection
report may include the description of certain particle
acquisition parameters, particle classification tables,
particle area coverage details, and images of the
largest particles.
6. Data Presentation and Reporting
There are major differences in the way that data is reported
in the various standards, thus:
• ISO16232 reports interval counts (differential counts).
• ISO18413 reports cumulative counts.
All three ISO standards abbreviate the particle count data
into component cleanliness coding systems as described
below. These systems are based on a geometric power
series with a constant to describe the range in number from
very clean to very dirty in a convenient way. Note that the
numbers of particles quoted are rounded up or down to two
significant figures. Also, the codes can only be compared if
the particle count data is presented in exactly the same way.
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
These standards are used for auditing the cleanliness of
components before their assembly into a system. The
cleanliness level of components shall be managed by the
specification established by two parties who are the supplier
and end-user.
• The following are recommended to ensure efficacy
of the cleanliness evaluation process:
• When implementing a cleanliness audit of
components, the contaminant extraction method
should be reviewed to ensure their efficacy and
compliance to ISO16232.
• Blank tests should be performed on all equipment
used for extracting and analysing particles from
components to verify or to validate the cleanliness
of the equipment and environment.
• If the blank level exceeds 10% of the measured or
presumed component value, it is necessary to
either investigate the cleanliness of the various
procedures or if it is acceptable, to increase the
number of test components analysed in order to
collect more particles and thus fulfil the 10% limit
• The extraction method should be selected for the
geometry component and be validated. The
pressure of test liquid should be adjusted to obtain
a jet of sufficient power to remove and transport the
particles from the controlled surface without
degrading or dissolving the surface material of the
component. The selection of the nozzle is equally
important and may have to be changed to suit the
location e.g. a needle- shaped jet is used for
drillings and narrow passages and a fan-shaped
nozzle is used for flat surfaces.
8. Reference
[1] ISO16232, Road Vehicles - Cleanliness of
components of fluid circuits.
[2] ISO18413, Hydraulic Fluid Power - Cleanliness of
parts and components - Inspection document and
principles related to contaminant collection analysis
[3] ISO4405, Hydraulic Fluid Power - Fluid
Contamination - Determination of particulate contamination
by the counting method using an optical microscope.
[4] ISO11500: 2008, Hydraulic Fluid Power -
Determination of the particulate contamination level of a
liquid sample by automatic particle counting using the light-
extinction principle.
9.Contact
For more information
Please contact-Suraj Jathar.
Phone Number :9595205868.