LEDs are becoming a more viable alternative to traditional lighting sources. They offer advantages like longer lifespan, lower energy consumption, and new form factors. Currently LEDs are being used successfully in many commercial and museum lighting projects due to characteristics like durability and controllability. Though LED technology is continuing to improve in terms of efficiency and light output, full replacement of traditional sources still presents challenges around cost and maintaining light levels. Overall LEDs represent a promising future for lighting but further advances will be needed for widespread domestic adoption.

1. LEDs - the future?
Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad

2. Introduction
• part 1 - who is Firespec design?
• part 2 - what are LEDs?
• part 3 - what can we use LEDs for?
• part 4 - whither the future?
LED: The future?

3. part 1 - who is Firespec design?
LED: The future?

4. Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad
Menara Jam Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad

5. treasure island, las vegas bellagio, las vegas
emirates palace hotel, abu dhabi wynn macau casino, macau
wynn encore, macau

6. hancock, great north museum, newcastle
medieval & renaissance galleries, v&a museum, london
the book of the dead, british museum, london
richard & judith bollinger jewellery gallery, v&a museum, london

7. part 2 - what are LEDs?
LED: The future?

8. Typical LED replacement lamp - 38 diodes in one package
Haitz’s law - light output increases exponentially
• electroluminescence discovered in 1907
• first infra-red LED developed in 1961
• first visible (red) LED developed in 1962.
• until 1968, LEDs cost upward of $200 per unit.
• first high-powered blue LED in 1990s.
• blue LED can excite phosphor to produce white light.

9. Inner workings of an LED (drawing by S-Kei)
Effect on life of Luxeon T2 LED by temperature
(graph by Luxeon Inc.)
• an LED is a semi-conductor device, also referred to
as a solid-state device.
• when electron meets a hole, a photon is emitted.
• colour of light is determined by material.
• less wear-and-tear makes devices extremely long-lived.
• heat is primary cause of early LED failure.

10. • an LED cannot make white light, but only a narrow part
of spectrum.
• we can combine the colour of several LEDs for
RGB or additive mixing
• or a high-output short wavelength LED to
excite a phosphor coating
• RGB LEDs can be tuned to give white at the
expense of colour stability.
• remote phosphor LEDs become physically larger for
higher outputs.
• high output LEDs need considerable thermal management
RGB LEDs combine to produce white light.
Remote phosphor LED uses multiple LEDs and
a single emission plate to create white light

11. Xicato XLM Module - up to 2200 lumens at 700mA
Xicato - phosphor coated technology
Compact Size, Compact Fixtures
2ÓDiameter
Efficacy
Luminous
Flux
Av Rated
Lamp Life
Xicato XSM @
700mA 3000K
46 lumens /
W
1,000
lumens
50,000
hours
Xicato XLM @
700mA 3000K
52 lumens /
W
2,200
lumens
50,000
hours
Osram 20W HCI-TC
Powerball
85 lumens /
W
1,700
lumens
12,000
hours
71mm x 15mm optical window plug in connections

12. • colour rendering - how measured? See Student noted
• what is the lamp life, how is it measured? See student note
• how easy is it to replace the LED module?
• how can we control the output? Software driven
• what guarantee will the manufacturer give to produce
replacement fixtures in the future?
• will the LED module be obsolete in the near future?

13. 1. Lumen (lm)
Lumen is the international (SL) unit of luminous flux, a measure of overall light
emitted by a light source.
Basic Lighting Knowledge

14. 2. Candela(cd)
Candela is the international(sl) unit of luminuous intensity,a measure of light
emitted by a light source in a particular direction.
Any given light source will have different luminous intensities in different directions
considered.
[candela = lumen/solid angle]

15. 3. Beam Angle [Unit:degree]
Beam angle is the angle between two directions for which the luminous intensity is
50% of the maxmum intensity as measured in a plan through the nominal beam
centerline.Beam angle of a bulb gives an idea of how the light beam spreads away
from the beam center.

16. 4. LUX(lx)
Lux is the international(SL)unit of illuminance, a measure of light arriving at a
surface, 1 lumen per square foot equals 1 footcandle, while 1 lumen per square
meter equals 1 lux .
[lux = lumen/m2]

17. 5. Color Temperature / Correlated Color Temperature(CCT)
A black-Body radiator will have a different color when it is heated up to different
temperatures (in kevin).The Temperature at which the heated black-body radiator
matches the color of the light source is the color temperature of the light source.

18. 6. Color Rendering Index(CR)
Color rendering index ranges from 0-100 ,measures a light source's ability to
reproduce the color of various objects being lit by a reference light source, black
body radiator(CRI=100)
7. Efficacy (lm/W)
Efficacy is the efficiency of a light source to concert electricity energy to light
energy which is expressed in lumen output per unit power input (watt)
[Efficacy = lumen / wattage]
8. Design Life Time
Design life time is the average life of a lighting product when it is operated at
nominal lamp voltage,current and controlled working environment. Actual lamp
life varies because of any different from those rating condition.

19. 9. Dimmability
Not all lighting prodcuts is designed for dimming function. Dimming a non-
dimmable LED lighting product will cause un-predictable result and may affect the
life time of the products. The below figure shows the typical input current variation
while adjusting the DC voltage input to dimmable and non-dimmable product.

20. part 3 - how can we use LEDs?
LED: The future?

21. Why LED Lighting Solution ?
Technology is changing lives at a pace never before
witnessed in all of human history, and with it, the way
we see the world. More than a hundred years ago the
incandescent filament brought illumination to the night,
multiplying human productivity at an exponential rate.
Later, fluorescent light rose up as a power-saving
alternative to the incandescent.
Mengapa LED Penyelesaian Lampu?
Teknologi mengubah kehidupan pada kadar yang belum pernah disaksikan dalam sejarah
manusia, dan dengan itu, cara kita melihat dunia. Lebih daripada seratus tahun yang lalu,
filamen pijar membawa pencahayaan malam, mendarabkan produktiviti manusia pada kadar
eksponen. Kemudian, lampu neon bangkit sebagai alternatif yang menjimatkan tenaga kepada
pijar

22. project #1 – Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad
LED: The future?

28. Configuration
EPROM
Console application is used
to monitor Light Shows
Designer application is used by
Quick Play Pro
1
Triggers
MAIN MENU
Light Show
Play
Show Type
File Name
Alarm
Timers
Program File
Program File
Configurations Program File
Light Show
Play
DMX Driver
Communications Ports
CAT5 and RS232
Loadware
SOFTWARE LAYER
FIRMWARE LAYER
LOADWARE LAYER
IPLAYER 3
UNIVERSAL DMX
USER COMMUNICATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS AND PROGRAMING

40. project #2 – Putrajaya
KPKK Building
LED: The future?

41. KPKK
PUTRAJAYA

42. Putrajaya 4G8 and 4G9

45. project #3 - Atmosphere,
Science Museum, London
LED: The future?

52. part 4 - the future of LED?
LED: The future?

57. extract - ‘Guidelines for specification of LED Lighting Products 2010’ (8pp).

58. extract - ‘LumeLEX 2000 Series Reliability Datasheet IS-0112~’ (13pp.)

59. • Daily Mail article, 25th October 2010:
‘Seeing the cut price light’.
• Ryness Electrical replacement GU10
downlight supplies 340 lumens.
• typical 50W dichroic supplies 800 lumens.
• replacing standard downlight with
suggested lamp would reduce light output by 58%
• replacing one lamp would save 86% energy.
• however 2.4 new lamps would be needed.
• replace halogen with IRC technology
& energy saving drops to 52%.
• energy saving is only part of the picture
• payback time rises to 5 years.
Typical GU10 filament lamp
Suggested LED lamp for GU10 replacement