FRESHWATER FISH , S.Y. B.Sc

1. FRESHWATER FISHES
HABIT AND HABITAT, CULTURAL ASPECTS
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5. Labeo rohita (Rohu)
• Major Carp
• Distributed all over India except South India.(In India 24 Species)
Habit and Habitat
• Fresh water fish found in lakes, Rivers and Estuaries.
• Prefers clean water, Respiration by gills.
• Herbivorous, feeds on algae and aquatic plants.
• Bottom Feeder.(Feeds at bottom).
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6. Culture Aspect
• Labeo breeds in Monsoon (July to August), Fertilization is External
(out side the body). Females lays about 2million eggs.
• Young ones grows 45cm in one year
• Weight:1st yr 675gm, 2nd yr-2-3 kg, 3rd yr-5.4 kg.
• This species mature sexually within 2yrs.(1yr induced breeding)
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7. Catla -catla
• Major Carp found all over in India. Grows upto 180 cm
• Body is deep, stout with broad snout and mouth with prominent
lower lip and large gill.
• Grey-Dorsal Side, Silver- lateral side, Fins- Dark.
Habit and Habitat
• Its surface feeder.
• Feeds on plankton, insect ,vegetable debris, algae and crustaceans.
• Catla is fast growing fish.
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8. Culture Aspects:
• Breeding – June to August.
• Fertilization takes place after 16 to 18 hours
• Young ones measure upto 12 to 15 cm, mainly on Dapnia.
• Catla can grow 5-7 cm /month and 2 pound/yr.
• 1st yr: 38-45cm wt:900gm, 2nd yr:4-5kg , 3rd yr:6-7 kg.
• Attains sexual maturity in 2 yr
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9. Cirrhina mrigala
• Known as mrigal. delicious fish, develops faster in lakes and ponds
(organic matter).
• Mouth is wider, thinner lips, body dark grey –dorsal and orange-
ventral side.
Habit and Habitat:
• Mostly found in fresh water of northen India, WB, Orissa.
• Length:90-100 cm, feeds mainly on decaying matter.
• Males attain maturity one year after female.
• Breeding takes place in –July to September.
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10. Culture Aspects
• C.mrigala widely cultured in India. Attains 25-30mm length in 15
days.
• Length 1st yr: 55 -65 cm wt:1 to 2.2kg. 2nd yr :2.6 3rd yr:4kg.
• Matured within 1 yr by Induced breeding.
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11. Macrobrachium rosenbergii(Giant Prawn)
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13. • Economically Imp. Crustaceans Fishery.
• Prawns are highly nutritive.
• Kerala and Mumbai coast shows high production
• 150 species are present.(F.W)
• M.rosenbergii, M.rude, M.idae.
• M.rosenbergii shows high growth, wider tolerance to salinity,
temperature, pH, less cannibalistic.
•
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14. Habit & Habitat
• Present in brackish water, lakes and estuaries.
• Omnivorous feeds at bottom on zooplanktons, algae, larvae.
• Grows upto 320 mm, weighing 200g.
• Periodical moulting.
• Life cycle.
• Breeding in March and May at east coast, October and November on
West coast.
• Fertilized eggs attached to pleopods of female.
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15. Life cycle
• Berried females migrate to estuaries for hatching, female lays 10,000 to
5,00,000.
• Larvae feeds on zooplankton.
• In period of 50 days pass through 12 moulting stages. Shows benthic
mode of life ,
• Each moulting period occurs 4-5 days,
• Attain sexually maturity in 9 months.
• Feeds on algae, molluscs, crustacean,
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16. Collection of Seed prawn
• Juveniles collected with mesh 2mlong 1m diameter.
• Collection of berried female.
• Berried female kept in rectangular tank(5X2X1m) filled with brackish
water.
• 50% water drained out about 4-5 days pH.:7-8.5.
• Fed with artemia, nauplii, moina, fish eggs
• Post larvae collected and kept in 5000/m
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17. Transportation
• Prawns kept in moist basket between layers of moist and soft plants.
• For long journey seed prawns kept in 100 L, water
• Also used oxygen packed polythene.
For production ponds
Pondsize 0.2-0.1 hectre. Depth0.7-1.0m near well or irrigation canal
Inlets covered with mesh.
pH-7-8,
Use of cow dung for fertility.
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18. Stocking:
4 weeks juveniles stocked .
Batch culture: juveniles grown for 4-5 months and harvested at one
time.
Continuous culture:
Juveniles stocked every year marketable sized prawn harvested and
smaller ones released back in water.
Feeding:
Trash fish, molluscs, pig dung.
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19. Fish farm culture methods.
1.Location
2.Topography
3.Soil type
4.Water supply
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20. Hatching pits
• Small tanks 8X4X2 for fertilized egg, locate near river. Continuous but
flowing water for aeration
• A smaller cloth tank called hapa 6X3X1’ of coarse cloth.
Nursery ponds :
50X50X4’ Seasonal so dry up during summer helps to eradication of
fish enemies increase productivity.
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21. hapa
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22. Nursery ponds
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23. Rearing ponds:
• Seasonal or perennial and are used for rearing advanced fry for 2-3
months for seedlings. Ponds are long and narrow facilitate for netting.
Stocking ponds
Large perennial . Long 300’ for netting this used for keeping fish ready
for market.
Inlet covered with mesh
Fencing.
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24. Stocking Pond
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25. Pond maintenance and management
• Controlling vegetation: weeds and aquatic plants
• Cleaning pond bottom: emptied , dried cleaned.
• Liming: fertility of soil increased by using lime
• Fertilization: cow dung. Oil cake, poultry manure.
• Artificial feeding :whole grain,flour, rice bran, fish ,meat.
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26. Harpodon nehereus
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27. Dol net:for Bombay duck.
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28. Rastrelliger kanagurta(Indian Mackerel)
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29. • Scombridae present at all coast, highest production
• Ratnagiri, karwar, malvan, goa, cochin.
• Major marine fishery
• Surface feeder, ominivorous
• Fishery carried out at 25m at offshore and inshore water.
• CRAFT: dugout, canoe, plank built, catamaran.
• GEAR: Rampani, Gillnet, drift net, cast net.
• The net is made from hemp mesh size 12mm at central 30mm at
sides.
• The head rope attached the wooden floats and foot rope with stone
sinker.
• Most of Mackerel catch used in fresh condition , some are salted and
exported.
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30. Rampani Net.
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31. Lobsters
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32. • Lobster fishery is economically important fishery.
• Used as delicious food .
• Most of frozen and exported
• Panulirus polyphagus, P.homarus, P.ornatus
• Scavengers feed on Carrion , Mollusca , crustaceans.
• Gujrat, Maharashtra, Kerala ,T.N
• Earn foreign exchange.
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33. Pearls oysters.
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36. Crafts and Gears in Indian Fishery
Catamaran
• Catamaram – “Kattumaram” keelless craft. Made up numerous
wooden logs tied together.
• The logs are arranged in such away that in the inside center there is
shallow depression, which is used for stocking the caught fish.
• The front end of craft is cut slantingly to reduce water resistance.
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37. • Length 5-12m width0.7m to 1.4m depth 0.3-0.7m,
• Types
• Orissa or Ganjam: made from 5 logs pegged with wooden pieces
instead tied.
• Andra : larger than oriisa 5-7m made from heavy wood a strong
median lo used to fits the sides
• Coromondal: used in Chennai 3-5 logs are used for construction. Used
to catch flying fish in nagapatnam.
• Boat : small vessel of 3 logs used tuticorin ,cape comorin
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38. Machwa Boats.
• This is highly evolved Indian fishing craft. It has broad hull. pointed
bow and straight keel.
• Satpati type known as galbat, has broad beam, pointed bow, straight
keel and high gunwale.
• Highly specialized with motor engine. Used in west coast.
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39. Dinghi.
• Dinghi and Nauka are commonly used in Orissa and West Bengal
respectively.
• These boats are highly curved boats well designed and spacious.
• Naukas are larger than dinghis.
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40. Dug-out Canoes
• These made from single wood logs by scooping out inner part, the keel
portion being thicker than the side.
• Used in Kerala and kanara coast and Kathiawar.
• Also known as Vanchi or Odams used in Malabar Coast line
• Measurement 10-12m long, 0.9m wide and 0.8m deep.
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41. Dug-out canoes
• The smaller dug outs known as Thonies , this canoes used for gill net
and cast net.
• Used on south west coast of India,
• Made from Mango tree wood and palm trees.
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42. Rampani
• These are large size narrow keel, used for Mackerel fishing.
• Dimension with 15m X 3m used in area between Bhatkal and Majali.
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43. Built up Boat (Shoe Dhonie, Coracle,Kakinada nava)
• Used in Mumbai-Cambay and North Coast of Ratnagiri,
• Boats have pointed bow, straight and narrow keel and low gunwale.
• These boats are Mechanized (motor machine).
• Shoe Dhonie – like shoe, used in river and sea, common in Godavari, wide
flat forward, 3-4 person can operate.
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44. • Coracle- like round basin, constructed with bamboo, outer surface
covered with leather, operate in rivers, canal and reservoirs.
• Kakinada- its keelless boat about 9.5m length, made from teak wood,
open type little space decked , used in inshore fishing.
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45. Principal fishing Gears (Nets)
• The equipment used for collecting fish from water reservoirs is called
fishing gear.
• The fishing is depends on proper fishing nets in accordance with size and
habitat of fish .
• The net is simple interlacing. Nets need accessories for its functioning
• Includes Ropes, cables, stakes, floats ,inkers or weights, anchors,
thimbels, swivels, shakels, Gables, Snoods, and weebing.
• Active netting- Net carries a float line with number of floats and foot
ropes to which numbers of sinkers are tied.
• Passive-Net is set at the bottom with the help of sinkers and ropes.
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46. Gill net
• Gill nets ae wall like with floats attached to rope and sinkers fixed to
the foot ropes . Mesh size vary with fish to be fished, net is set on the
transverse direction of migrating fish.
• Net is made up of from hemp, nylon, the fish is entangled in mesh ,
fish get stuck in behind the opercle, so called as gill net.
• Used for catching fish Seenghala, pangasius, Silonia, This net fit for
fast current water,nets keep overnight and at morning fish is
collected.
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47. Gill nets
Simple net Trammel net (large mesh middle, small at edge)
(Large body of fish cananot pass only head can go, (2-3 walled wide range of fish can entangled
and fish entangled) two loosely netted wall and then strong net is placed)
1.Drift net-floating type - vertically arranged and suspended wall with float line
.
2.Anchored type- Anchor is used , no free drifting, stationary ,used in large lakes, or coastal fishery. In bow shaped pattern.
3.Staked net-fixed at bottom with anchor. snoods increase the fishing efficiency.
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48. Drift net
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49. Dol Net
• Stationary nets, dol nets are rectangular in shape, with various sizes and
mesh, Panch, Kathia-kool jal, Behundi or Ghurni jal conical nets used in
West Bengal and Orissa.
• Nets fixed at Tidal regions of inshore water, during low tide with help of
floats, stakes or Sinkers.
• High tide bring fish get trapped.
• Dolnet is bag like used in Mumbai and Gujrat.
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50. Purse Net
• Generally used to capture migrating fishes such as Hilsa and large
sizes carps and catfish.
• This is purse shaped and operated from boat
• There is no bag only single wall of net is present .
• One end of net is held on small boat and then net is laid out b large
vessel with high speed.
• In India commonly used nets are Kharki jal and shangala jal made up
of cotton and rectangular shape.
• Two boats are used in the operation of Purse net.
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51. Purse Net
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52. Rampani Net
• Very large Net for active fishing and operated from sea shore, biggest
shore seine.
• Rampani is used in Konkan and Malabar coast. Net contains bags, and kept
at the position with the help of sinkers.
• One end of net remains on the shore and other end places in semicircular
way. Two ends dragged slowly by fisherman. Used to catch?
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53. Cast net
• This is circular, umbrella-shaped net made up from cotton twine.
operated from the boat. Skillfully thrown over the water, but is held by a
rope attached to its centre.
• The net spreads like umbrella over a group of fishes . The perimeter
cotain sinkers to reduce drifting.
• This net is used to catch small fish in shore water or in river banks.
• Cast nets are hand operated nets with string or without strings.
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54. Cast Net
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55. Shore Seine
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