Parental care is common among amphibians, with 18% of salamander species and 6% of frog and toad species receiving care from both parents. Amphibians exhibit various forms of parental care including building nests, transporting tadpoles, carrying eggs attached to their bodies, and giving live birth (viviparity). In frogs, parental care involves nest building and guarding of eggs, transporting tadpoles, or carrying eggs in pouches or stomachs. In salamanders, both parents may coil around and guard eggs or exhibit viviparity by retaining young in the uterus until metamorphosis. While methods vary across the three amphibian classes, parental care helps increase offspring survival.

1. PARENTAL CARE IN AMPHIBIANS

2. By
Ch.Tulasi Mastanamma
Associate Professor in Zoology
Govt. College for Women(A)
Guntur

3. ABC
What are Amphibians ?
Amphibians are the animals which can move
both on Land and water

4. What is parental care ?
Any form of parental behavior that appears likely
to increase the fitness of an offspring
How common is parental care & who provides it ?
 Fish : common, 25% , mainly by males
 Amphibians : common , 18% salamanders and 6%
frogs and toads , by both parents
 Reptiles : un common , by both parents
 Birds : common, by both parents
 Mammals : very common , 100% , mainly by
females

9. AMPHIBIA IS DIVIDED INTO THREE
CLASSES
1. ANURA
2. URODELA
3. APODA

10. ANURA
APODAURODELA

11. PARENTAL CARE IN ANURA
 Protection by means of Nest or
Nurseries
 Direct nursing by parents
 Viviparity

12. Protection by means of Nest or
Nurseries
 By building mud nests in the water
and lay eggs in the nest
Ex: Hyla faber

13.  Rhacophorus maculates, after the eggs
are laid, surrounding water is made frothy
by the limb movements, which prevent
the eggs from desiccation and escaping
from the eyes of the predators.(foam nest)

15. DEVELOPMENT IN FOAM NEST

16. DEVELOPMENT IN FOAM NEST

17. DEVELOPMENT IN FOAM NEST

18.  By keeping the eggs in transparent
jelatinous bags
Ex: Fringicolis

19.  By building nest on trees away from the
water
Ex:Hyalodes

20. DIRECT CARING BY PARENTS
 Parents transport the tadpoles from one place
to other
Ex: Phyllobates, Dendrobetes

21.  Male parent carrying eggs
Ex: Alytes ( Mid wife toad)

22.  Carrying eggs in cell like pouches
Ex: Pipa americana

23.  Development in Gular pouches
Ex: Rhinoderma darwini

24.  Development in the stomach
Ex: Neabatrecus silus ( Australian frog)

25. VIVIPARY
 Vivipary means giving birth to young
ones. This phenomenon is seen in East
African Toads.
Ex : Pseudophryne vivipara
Nectophryne torneri

26. PARENTAL CARE IN URODELA
 Protection by means of Nest or
Nurseries
 Direct nursing by parents
 Viviparity

27.  Protection by means of Nest or Nurseries
Ex: Salamandrella , Autodax

28. Direct nursing by parents
 Carrying and Coiling round the eggs
Ex : Plethodon , Desmognathus

29. VIVIPARITY
 In this the young ones are retained in
the uterus until the completion of the
metamorphosis
Ex: Salamandra atra, S. maculosa

30. PARENTAL CARE IN APODA
 Female coiling round the eggs
Ex: Ichthyophis

31.  Viviparity is seen in Dermophis

32. Though Amphibians are the first vertebrates to
move on to the land they develop vivid methods
to care their young ones.
We too can help them by creating frog friendly
gardens

33. 06/20/19Dr.Tulasi, GCW(A), Guntur
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