Parametricism - Parametric Architecture and Design

PARAMETRICISM
Farah Zakariyya 0150304
Hala AlMomani 0153421
Haneen Fraihat 0152509
Judy AlHarbi 0147291
Lara Abu-Burak 0145812
Leen Is’haqat 0144850
Leen AlSharaya 0148007
University Of Jordan - Dr.Omar M Amireh - History & Theory of Contemporary
Architecture

What is Parametricism?
In order to find the meaning of parametricism we have
to look into the origin of the word itself. How the
words came to be can give us an indication as to what
the original idea of the word was.

para
meter-metric
parameter parametric parametricism
adjacent to
A system or standard of
measurement.
any characteristic that can
help in defining or classifying
a particular system.
describing methods in math that
introduce an extra, independent
variable called a parameter to
make them work.
New and experimental, computer-aided
style of architecture and urban planning
in which the functions of spaces are
considered parametrically variable
(dynamic) rather than static.

Para
 beside, adjacent to, subsidiary.

metric
A system or standard of measurement.
 Physics:
A binary function of a topological space which gives, for
any two points of the space, a value equal to the
distance between them, or to a value treated as
analogous to distance for the purpose of analysis.
 Mathematics:
An abstraction of the notion of distance in a metric
space)

Parameter
 A parameter generally, is any characteristic that can help in
defining or classifying a particular system.
 Mathematics:
- A quantity whose value is selected for the particular circumstances and
in relation to which other variable quantities may be expressed.
- A constant in an equation that varies in other equations of the same
general form, especially such a constant in the equation of a curve or
surface that can be varied to represent a family of curves or surfaces.
- A quantity whose value can vary in general but is fixed when the
quantity is used in a specific mathematical expression involving one or
more other variables.
 Computing science:
In computing, a parameter is defined as "a reference or value that is
passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program"

Parametric
*ic: a suffix forming adjectives from other parts of speech
 Mathematics:
The word 'parametric' is used to describe methods in
math that introduce an extra, independent variable called
a parameter to make them work.
 Statistics:
assuming the value of a parameter for the purpose of
analysis.

Parametricism
*(avant-garde: new and experimental
ideas and methods in art, music, or literature.)
 An avant-garde, computer-aided style of
architecture and urban planning in which the
functions of spaces are considered
parametrically variable (dynamic) rather than
static.
Parametricism is a style within contemporary *avant-garde
architecture, promoted as a successor to post-modern
architecture and modern architecture. The term was coined in
2008 by Patrik Schumacher, an architectural partner of Zaha
Hadid.

 achim mentioned that parametricism is a method of
digital design and a catalyst for complexity. it allows
flexible work with liberty.
 A computation, a fundamental base of an algorithm in
which you iterate something and it changes until
something happens.
 A tool designers can use to be environmentally
responsive ( it responds to and enhance the
environments it's in).

Patrik Schumacher's Identification
 all the elements of architecture have become
parametrically malleable, shapeable. every element is
taken into this artistic process.
 intensification of relations internally & externally. it can
recognize and react to other forms and has a
relationship with the context.
 it's an ontological shift from ideal shapes to new
primitives (sensitive, interactive). it sets the lines in
motion, forces field to self-organize, creates complex
orders, and makes connections and creates a
continuously variegating space in a way that one can
navigate.

 rich internal diversity (it creates a unity of approach with a
radical uniqueness in each of the instantiations.
 it has no rigid forms (for the lack of complexity), no repetition
(for the lack of variety), has to have pure difference ( no collage
of unrelated elements) (for the lack of order).
 it's based on going back to second nature and its endless
forms and complex variegated order, then knitting geometry
into material textures.

 it's also based on intelligent soft forms, differentiation.
 parametric vs parametricism
- the mere application of a tool
* Norman foster inconspicuous neutralization of differences
he has to use because each joint is its own unique angle so
it has to adapt to different geometry conditions, his intention was to
deliver neutralization of differences. he wants it to look as even as
possible even though it's locally very different
- a style in which there's a particular desire for radical differentiation ,
you don't have a clear reason for it except for desire.

 Things that computational design manipulates to get what
it wants, parametric generate thousand possible solutions
then look at the top maybe 20 possible solution then
design from there.
 Structure – solar radiation -…………etc.
 Parametric design can generate any design curvilinear or
straight line ,big or small

Parametric
“[To] express a set of quantities
as explicit functions od a number
of independent variables, known
as “parameters”
X=r
X=r* Cos(t) X=r *Cos(t)
Y=r *sin (t)
Parametric Equation
Parameter
‘A variable that can be varied or
changed”

First type of parametric drawing
by 2D drawing

Parametric Design
To express explicitly in terms of
independent variables or “parameters”

Parametric Design
To translate an idea into action ( or
the framework to act)

Rhino
Rhinoceros is a commercial 3D computer
graphics and computer-aided design (CAD) application
software developed by Robert McNeel & Associates, an
American, privately-held, employee-owned
company founded in 1980. Rhinoceros geometry is
based on the NURBS mathematical model.

NURBS (Non-uniform rational basis spline) is a
mathematical model commonly used in computer
graphics for generating and representing curves and
surfaces.
NURBS surfaces are functions of two parameters
mapping to a surface in three-dimensional space.

In general, editing NURBS curves and surfaces
is highly intuitive and predictable. Control points are
always either connected directly to the
curve/surface, or act as if they were connected by a
rubber band.

Three-dimensional NURBS
surfaces can have complex,
organic shapes.

Without use of external
plugins
With use of external plugins
Rhinoceros offers compatibility with other
software as it supports over 30 CAD file formats
for importing and exporting.
CAD and image file formats are natively
supported

Rhinoceros supports two scripting languages,
Rhinoscript and Python. It also has a complete plug-
in system. One McNeel plug-in, a parametric
modeling/visual programming tool called Grasshopper, has
attracted many architects to Rhinoceros due to its ease
of use and ability to create complex algorithmic
structures.

Catia
Catia is a multi-platform software suite for computer-aided
design (CAD), computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided
engineering (CAE), PLM and 3D, developed by the French
company Dassault Systèmes.

CATIA can be applied to a wide variety of
industries, from aerospace and defense, automotive,
and industrial equipment, to high tech, shipbuilding,
consumer goods, plant design, consumer packaged
goods, life sciences, architecture and construction,
process power and petroleum, and services. It
supports multiple stages of product development

Second type
of parametric
drawing :
using shape
section with
height
variable

Third type of drawing parametric
by 3D drawing

Parametric Design as a solution
this residential place in London completely sounding
with other buildings
the problem was getting sun light through the
house

Parametric History
a way of tackling problems in architectural
construction
it is the fundamental base of algorithms that makes
something change and tell something happens.

Art/Architecture of Babylon
Ziggurats: Temple Platforms of Ancient Mesopotamia |
Meridian Magazine

The free standing premade is not under parametric
equation(constant)
The site plan under equation because it has variable

Content for sound control
Greek Architecture

Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia

Parametric Nature
Natural systems like plants for example,
offer a wide variety of great properties
from plants. They are composed of a
modular building blocks at several
scales these modular building blocks
give the plant a regularity, but at the
same time they are able to generate
a wide range of variation.
This ability to use a limited kit of parts
at the same time generate w big
spectrum of variation is very important
for architects to research and
understand
the use of parametric software's to
generate a fabric that has the natural
models inspired from the plants.

Parametric and content
in muqarnase
Basic role for muqarnas

The Seljukian architect Haram shah bin Mogheith have
succeeded in building a mosque that is considered to
be one of the most unique wonders in the field of
mosque architecture around the world

A man praying on the west
side door can be seen 45
minutes prior to aser
prayer. moreover, at 9 am
you can see projected on
the door of al-shah, the
shadow of a man, who is
believed to be Ahmad al
shah, the one who
ordered the mosque to be
built.
Parametric lines consider
Sun light and shadow to
Create unique symbol of
shadow

This mosque -which was listed
in the UNESCO list of
intangible cultural heritage- has
a special theme of connecting
sun and shadow.it allows you,
around 7 o'clock in the
morning of each day to see a
shadow of a woman praying at
the door of the mosque which
is called Janneh (heaven).
Natural curve liner lines that
create shadows

Ucello had actually drawn such wonderful polyhedral
forms in studies of perspective drawings,
Renaissance

3D drawing
basic roles of
computer
understanding
the drawing and
thinking of
composition

Parametric
changing in the
composition as
computer
options now

There are many other cases of early ninetieth
century science entangled with the mathematics of
parametric representations. An example from the
period includes Sir John Leslie (1821, 390), in his
book on geometric analysis, proving the self-
similarity of catenary curves using “parametric
circles”

When used by Dana in 1837, or by mathematicians
today, parametricsignifies what the Concise
Encyclopedia of Mathematics calls a “set of
equations that express a set of quantities as
explicit functions of a number of independent
variables, known as ‘parameters’” (Weisstein 2003,
2150) [3]. This definition sets forth two critical
criteria:
1.A parametric equation expresses “a set of
quantities” with a number of parameters [4].
2.The outcomes (the set of quantities) are related
to the parameters through “explicit functions” [5].
This is an important point of contention in later
definitions since some contemporary architects
suggest that correlations constitute parametric
relationships.
An example of a parametric equation is the
formulae that define a catenary curve:
These two formulae meet the criterion of a
parametric equation. Firstly, they express a set of
quantities (in this case an x quantity and
a yquantity) in terms of a number of parameters (a,
which controls the shape of the curve; and t, which
controls where along the curve the point occurs).
Secondly, the outcomes (x & y) are related to the
parameters (a& t) through explicit functions (there
is no ambiguity in the relationships between these
variables). This is the origin of the term parametric:
a set of quantities expressed as an explicit function
of a number of parameters.

 It is impossible to know whether Gaudí 1909 was directly influenced by
the various scientists and mathematicians who had earlier used
parametric equations to define geometry. Mark Burry (2007a, 11), the
current executive architect of Gaudi's Sagrada Família, says there is
“virtually nothing written by Gaudí himself about the motivations,
theories and practice that pushed him to stretch the limits”. It is known
that Gaudí’s university curriculum included, among other things,
“advanced mathematics, general physics, natural science, and
descriptive geometry” (Català 2007, 81). Gaudí’s deep understanding
of mathematics underlies his architecture, especially his later
architecture, which almost exclusively consists of mathematical ruled
surfaces – helicoids, paraboloids, and hyperboloids – parametrically
associated together with ruled lines, booleans, ratios, and catenary
arches (J. Burry and M. Burry 2010, 35-39; M. Burry 2011, 144)
 . Whether or not Gaudí knew of the earlier work defining geometry with
parametric equations, Gaudí certainly employed models underpinned by
parametric equations when designing architecture.

Compared to the earlier use of
parametric equations by
scientists and mathematicians,
the key innovation of Gaudí’s
hanging chain model is that it
automatically computes the
parametric outcomes. Rather
than manually calculating the
outputs from the catenary
curve’s parametric formula,
Gaudí could automatically
derive the shape of catenary
curves through the force of
gravity acting on strings. This
method of analogue computing
was enlarged by Frei Otto to
include, amongst other things,
minimal surfaces derived from
soap films and minimal paths
found through wool dipped in
liquid.

 It is impossible to
know whether Gaudí
was directly
influenced by the
various scientists
and mathematicians
who had earlier
used parametric
equations to define
geometry.
1904
1915 SAGRADA FAMELIA
1909 SAGRADA FAMELIA
SCHOOL

The SC Johnson and Son
Administration Building is one
of Frank Lloyd Wright’s most
important statements about the
nature of office buildings. H.F.
Johnson Jr. commissioned
Wright to design a worldwide
headquarters administration
building for the family company
and in 1936 Wright’s drawings
were approved and the building
officially opened in April of
1939.

As with many building designed
by Frank Lloyd Wright, this one
is no different. The Great
Workroom, is a forest of
concrete columns. Pushing
structural technologies, these
columns are tapered from the
bottom to the top, capped with
18 foot diameter disk at the
top. At the time, this design
did not meet building codes. In
order to prove that these
concrete reinforced columns
were sound, the columns and
disks were loaded with 60 tons
of material. At that time, there
was a lot of controversy
surrounding the design relating
to the mushroom columns. Mr.
Wright demonstrated that this
construction and loading test
could support 5 times standard
design loads and that he could
get a building permit for this
new technology. new technology examinant it before computer

Appearance of Parametric Term
 The term parametric originates in mathematics but
there is debate as to when designers initially began
using the word. David Gerber (2007, 73), in his
doctoral thesis Parametric Practice, credits Maurice
Ruiter for first using the term in a paper from 1988
entitled Parametric Design. 1988 was also the year
Parametric Technology Corporation (founded by
mathematician Samuel Geisberg in 1985) released
the first commercially successful parametric modelling
software, Pro/ENGINEER (Weisberg 2008, 16.5).
But Robert Stiles (2006) argues that the real
provenance of parametric was a few decades earlier,
in the 1940s’ writings of architect Luigi Moretti

 A model of stadium by Luigi Moretti. Exhibited
at the 1960 Parametric Architecture exhibition
at the Twelfth Milan Triennial. The stadium
derives from a parametric model consisting of
nineteen parameters
 Moretti uses the design of a stadium as an
example, explaining how the stadium’s form can
derive from nineteen parameters concerning
things like viewing angles and the economic
cost of concrete

Between 1960 and 1965, Moretti designed
the Watergate Complex, which is “believed to
be the first major construction job to make
significant use of computers”

• Rather than manually calculating the outputs from the catenary
curve’s parametric formula, Gaudí could automatically derive the
shape of catenary curves through the force of gravity acting on
strings. This method of analogue computing was enlarged by Frei
Otto to include, amongst other things, minimal surfaces derived
from soap films and minimal paths found through wool dipped in
liquid.
• Otto (1996) calls designing with these models form finding. A
phrase that foregrounds the exploratory nature of parametric
modeling.
Frei Otto

Frei Otto, Occupation with simultaneous
distancing and attracting forces,
Institute for Lightweight Structures (ILEK),
Stuttgart, Germany, 1992
Frei Otto, Apparatus for computing minimal
path systems,
Institute for Lightweight Structures (ILEK),
Stuttgart, 1988
• The analogue model finds the minimal path
system, that is, the system connects a
distributed set of given points, thus the
overall length of the path system is minimised.
Each point is reached but there is a
considerable imposition of detours between
some pairs of points. The system is a tree
(branching system) without any redundant
connections.

•Sutherland (1963) wanted to
create a system that enabled “a
man and a computer to converse”
•Sutherland harnessed the computational
power of the TX-2 computer to create
Sketchpad, the first interactive
computer-aided design program.
•Using a light pen, a designer
could draw lines and arcs, which
could then be related to one
another with what Sutherland
(1963, 18) called atomic
constraints.
•Sutherland never used the
word parametric in his writing
but the atomic constraints have
all the essential properties of a
parametric equation; each
constraint has a set of
outcomes expressed as an
explicit function of a number of
independent parameters.
Sketchpad

•Unlike with Gaudí and Otto’s models,
these parametric equations are not
bound to physical laws, so they can
compute relationships like parallel,
orthogonal, and coincident.
Sutherland’s (1963) diagram of six of the
seventeen atomic constraints in Sketchpad.
Each constraint has a set of input variables
and an explanation of the explicit functions
that transform the variables into the
desired outputs.
Thus the architect’s control of
Sketchpad, as with most
parametric modelling software, is
not only through the parameters of
the model but also through the
model’s underlying relationships.

•The 1960s and 1970s were an optimistic
period in computing and Sutherland’s vision
of computers replicating drafting tables
was almost pessimistic compared to his
contemporaries’ bullish calls for: automated
architects (Whitehead and Elders 1964…..
Etc.
•Much of this innovation failed to take root
in architectural practices. Early commercial
systems like Itek’s Electronic Drafting
Machine cost the equivalent of US$3.5
million per seat when they were released in
196
Itek’s Electronic Drafting Machine (above)
and sample drawing (below).
Computer age

Twenty years later, in August
1982, a time when computers
were becoming affordable
enough for some people to own
a personal computer, AutoCAD
was released and quickly rose to
dominate the fledgling
computer-aided design industry
AutoCAD
•Eighteen versions later, in
AutoCAD2010, parametric
functionality was introduced (forty-
three years after Sketchpad) and
pronounced in the press release, “a
groundbreaking new capability”
(Autodesk 2009).

AutoCAD2010’s ground breaking new
parametric modeling features were present
in software decades ago. In 1985, the
former mathematics professor Samuel
Geisberg founded Parametric Technology
Corporation. They shipped what would
become the first commercially successful
parametric software, Pro/ENGINEER, in
1988.
Pro / ENGINEER
* parametric modelling should enable
designers to explore “a variety of designs”
(Teresko 1993, 28). This is made possible
in Pro/ENGINEER both through the
manipulation of parameters and through the
manipulation of the model’s underlying
relationships.

Guggenheim in CATIA.
CATIA
1993
Much of Digital Project relies on CATIAv5’s parametric engine, an
engine that enables architects to revise the parameters and equations
defining their geometry in much the same way engineers have been
doing with Pro/ENGINEER.

•Revit Technology
Corporation was founded
by former Parametric
Technology Corporation
developers who aspired to
create the “first parametric
building modeler for
architects and building
design professionals” (RTC
2000a).
REVIT
• The parametric
relationships of Revit are
hidden behind the
interface. The focus is on
using parametric models
rather than creating them.

Parametric modeling
•Scripting interfaces allow designers to write code to automate parts of the
software.
Ten years later, in 1992,
Mark Burry (2011, 28-29) wanted to
model hyperbolas parametrically for the
Sagrada Família,
•Ipek Dino (2012, 210) has
argued scripts are inherently
parametric, noting that :
“parametric systems are
principally based on algorithmic
principles” since “an algorithm
takes one value or a set of
values as input, executes a
series of computational steps
that transform the input, and
finally produces one value or a
set of values as output”.

The visual interface
Visual programming involves representing programs not as text but rather as diagrams.
•Two notable precedents from the 1990s include
1) MAX/MSP,
which is popular
with musicians
2) Sage (later
Houdini), which
is popular with
visual effects
artists.

Grasshopper and Generative Components
•Released in 2007 as Explicit History, Rutten later dubbed his visual scripting interface
Grasshopper. Both Grasshopper and Generative Components are based around graphs
(a mathematical name for a type of flowchart) that map the flow of relations from
parameters, through user-defined functions, concluding normally with the generation of
geometry.
*Changes to parameters or the
model’s relationships causes
the changes to propagate
through the explicit functions to
automatically redraw the
geometry. As such, they are
yet another way to create a
parametric model.

Fluid
Dynamism
refined
glamour
row mass
physiognomy
variegated
variated order
subsystem
inconspicuous
neutralization
KEYWORDS

PARAMETRIC –
patrik schumacher

•The variation system not
random.
But by using :
-Coherent law
-Or Gradient law
According to sun exposure
in a shading element

So .. When someone says the
words “contemporary
architecture,” what comes to
mind?
The shattered shapes, undulating forms
of Asymptote and curves. These firms
are adepts at parametric design, the use
of computational software to regulate
the relationship between every aspect of
a project’s form, program and
construction to create a holistic and
efficient building.

HOW FAMOUSE IS PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE
The parametric architectural did not meet the popularity between architects in the 1960s, considering
the difficulty of addressing, measuring and representing the structures for the details of nature until
the 1980s in the twentieth century.
But after the appearance of morphology, which is concerned with the study of bodies and their
functions in biota for plants, animals and non-living organisms of the structure of mountains and
rocks of irregular and other forms, the science of "Morphyour" and the study of marine life and
sponges and the cell and its nucleus and the fractional or hyperengineering of the "vacuum" and the
technological development in computer science after the year 1990,
1
2
There has been a capability to complete what was impossible in the past, so the parametric design
became an independent theory based on several theories and the concept of bias applied, which
is too large to be a popular method of contemporary intellectual orientation.
3

c1960s
c1980s
c
1990s
now
Experimenting
Developing the knowledge
knowledge
The trend to save
time, effort and
openness to
multiple design
options
Revit dynamo

Patrik Schumacher, promotes
parametricism not only as a design
method but a philosophic and
stylistic successor to modernism
Schumacher is trying to explain his architectural theory of parametric,
which took 15 years to write and consists of a thousand and two
hundred pages. Schumacher considers that the parametric
architecture has integrated all the architectural elements and
transformed them into elements or determinants of logurarmia that
are easy to transform and shape, which helps to strengthen the
relationships between the components and forms of the project and
the relationship of the building to its surroundings.

In the planning of the city and the
determination of its densities, sizes,
composition and road network lines,
there will be liquidity and a smooth
formation of the city and the diversity
of its forms, without prejudice to
their interconnectedness.
The parametric architecture are flexible, easy and
smooth lines that can form soft and different blocks,
but there is always a strong correlation between them.
The lines here determine which surfaces can be folded
and modified and create a variety in their composition
so that they can form furniture or buildings. The
surfaces among them also constitute blocks that can
also be grouped together and merged into one block
through their liquid lines.

parametric design principles are becoming commonplace in the
practice of architecture. Features in many design software
programs allow control of elements through the alteration of
variables, and accommodate rational changes in spaces as a
response to changes elsewhere in the design.

Parametric Computational Designing
using Revit (K-Attractor)

From Deconstruction to Parametric
Zaha Hadid’s Vitra Fire Station.

59 Eaton Place
London
Museum of the Nineteenth Century
London
In the beginning, the architectural
design in the office of Zaha began
as architectural sketches that
appeared to be artistic paintings
and then converted into
architectural drawings. Without
using the computer where the
design lines are still straight, but at
tilted angle.
in the middle of the 90s the design
lines began taking the shape of the
curves

IBA housing , berlin
Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art , ohio
Maggie's Centres at the
Victoria Hospital , scotland

This project was the main
turning point between the
straight lines and curve.
maxxi museum , roma
It took about 10 years of lost participation in
architectural competitions trying to persuade
others of this new orientation. The office then
began to win the competitions one after another by
the end of the 1990s, until one of its most
important projects, the Maxi Museum of
Contemporary Art in Rome, was won.

Learning Center, Vienna University
of Economics and Business ,
vieena
The design lines are getting smoother
and more elegant both from the
outside and in

Strengthen relationships between the components and forms of
the project, the relationship of the building to its surroundings
and the transformation from classical geometric models (cube,
cylinder, pyramid, Ball)

Deconstruction
Parametric
Soft-flow blocks with easily scalable liquidity
Rejection of traditional principles

IS PARAMETRIC
DESIGN….
THE ARCHITECTURE
FUTURE ?

The assessment of
parametric design based on
five categories: finance,
data management,
learning time, usage
problems and changes in
approaches towards
design. The comparison is
established on a five-point
Likert Scale.

Explore more design alternatives,
therefore see better solutions emerging
from design problems
Unlike traditional CAD, which still depends highly on sketching or
physical modelling, some of the advantages of parametric design would
be seen early on in the exploration of design possibilities
Free-form structures

Reducing the person-hours
spent on exploring design
Bridge the gap between the
design and manufacture of the
building
Illustration of real life
*Precise production

Advantages of
Parametric Design
Optimization of the
design process
Capability of making a
range of
solutions for the
design problem
Engineering the
design process more
efficiently
*Compared to traditional
design

Optimization of the
design process:
‘Optimus’ = Best.
Stochastic ( Aim ) :
random characteristic
Deterministic
no randomness

“It allows us to visualize and to understand
things in a different way because it highlights
things that are very difficult at first to measure...
if you want to have optimum design, then
parametric is ideal…”
Vikram Kaushal , MIT $$
Because of its considering of
parameters which can control
the entire design, parametric
design is financially well-defined,
supplying architects with a high
level of control over the cost
of their project. In addition, it
can bring benefits to the
clients as well by monitoring
the economy of design

A Range of Solutions for the
Design Problem
change one design option to
another and produce a range of
solutions
Difficult ?
it demands clarification of the
interdependencies
Cautious!
a mistake in change of one parameter can have
a ripple effect on the design

Engineering the
Design Process
speeding up the
entire design
activity
eliminating
tedious actions
making many
different decisions
accelerate
negotiations with
the client

Disadvantages
of Parametric
Design
Learning and
Training
Difficulties
Authorship
ConstrainsClients
Unnecessary
Complexity

Unnecessary
Complexity with too
much Information
require additional
effort
increases the number
of items to which
attention must be
paid in task completion
Mazy structure
for a design
problem
Parametric
packages are
costly.
demand for more
powerful
computers.

There is an expectation from clients
that they get a lot more information
that they never used to. So they
will expect much more detailed
images and graphics than they are
able to display
Clients..!

The problem occurs when the author of the original script may
not be the only author of the final product, and consequently
may not determine all of its final features.
Authorship

One of the clear-cut boundaries between traditional CAD and
parametric design is the idea of setting constraints in
design. Even though this can be assumed as an advantage of
parametric design, it can play a negative role at the same time.
Architects argue that constraints sometimes confine the
creativity of designers.Moreover, due to the reactive
structure developed by the software’s engineers, architects again
find themselves restrained by a preset of parameters. While some
of these parameters are flexible, they still offer limited conditions.
Constrains

CLASSIFICATION
STYLE DIRECTIONTECHNIQUES TOOLPARADIGM

Old French‘estile‘ STYLE Latin‘stilus’
Stake,instrument for
writing,manner of
writing,mode of expression
a stake, pale
a strong wooden or metal post with a point
at one end, driven into the ground to
support a tree, form part of a fence, act as
a boundary mark
As a noun: a wooden stake or post used as an
upright along with others to form a fence
As an adjective: light in color or having little
color

STYLE
 (WAY) a way of doing something, especially one that is typical of a
person ,groap of people ,place ,or period .
 (FASHION) especially in clothing .
 (DESIGN) a particular shape or design, especially of a person’s hair,
clothes, or a piece of furniture .
 (MODE) mode of expressing thought in writing or speaking by selecting
and arranging words, considered with respect to clearness,
effectiveness, euphony .
 (HIGH QUALITY) high quality in appearance, design, or behavior .
 (BIOLOGY) the middle part of the carpel (female part) of aflower , that
connecting the ovary to the stigma .

STYLE
 (ARCHITECTURE) a form of artistic expression (such as
writing or painting).
 An architectural style is characterized by the features
that make a building or other structure notable or
historically identifiable .
 A style may include such elements as form, method
of construction, building materials, and regional
character. Most architecture can be classified within a
chronology of styles which changes over time
reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or
the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials
which make new styles

characteristics
ARCHITECTURAL
STYLE
artistic expression
notable or historically identifiable
structure building
beliefs fashionsreligions
Elements
as form
Building
materials
Method of
construction
Regional
character

‘what matters in architecture are not great
buildings but great styles’
Patrik Schumacher

ARCHITECTURAL
STYLE
By Patrik Schumacher
Functional heuristic2 HEURISTIC
PRINCIPALS
Formal heuristic
Code of beauty Code of utility
Define every
architectural style

‘Let the style wars begin’
Patrik Schumacher

TYPES OF STTYLE
Passive
style
Active
style
Active-
reflective
style

Passive style
TYPES OF
STYLE
(BEHAVIOUR) Often disapproving ,not
acting to influence or change a situation;
allowing other people to be in control .
Active-reflective style
Active style
MEANINGLESS
The Gothic style can be
interpreted as a first major
step towards architecture
Reims Cathedral

Passive style
TYPES OF
STYLE
Active style (BUSY) busy with a particular activity .
is knowingly selected, and its
promoted design principles guide
its evaluation .
The Renaissance is the first active
style of architecture due to its
conscious pursuit of innovation, fully
designed and visualised in drawings
and argued for in theoretical writings
by architect-authors .
Catedral de Florencia
(BUSY) busy with a particular activity .
is knowingly selected, and its
promoted design principles guide
its evaluation .
The Renaissance is the first active
style of architecture due to its
conscious pursuit of innovation, fully
designed and visualised in drawings
and argued for in theoretical writings
by architect-authors .

Passive style
TYPES OF
STYLE
Active-reflective
style
Active style
(SURFACE)reflective surface sends back
most of the light that shines on it and
can therefore be seen easily.
(FORMAL) thinking carefully & quietly .
a discursive phenomenon, a
communication structure within the
autopoiesis of architecture, does not
offer any major distinctions.
proceeding by argument or
reasoning rather than by
intuition.

TYPES OF STTYLE
Epochal
style
Subsidiary
style
Transitional
style

Epochal style
TYPES OF
STYLE
used to refer to times or events that are
very important because they involve new
developments and great change .
Transitional style
Subsidiary style
Is the dominant style of a particular civilization
within a particular historical era. It is primarily
in this last sense that my theory uses the
concept of style. Under the condition of
world architecture communicating within world
society, national or regional styles have lost
all significance.
As conceptual definition of parametricism
one might offer the following formula:
Parametricism implies that all architectural
elements and compositions are subject to
modulation via variables
The parametric design community is still flexing
its muscles rather than going to work with a
clear social purpose

Soho Galaxy, Beijing ,show how parametricism can build up a complex three-
dimensional layering and simultaneous richness of urban offerings while
maintaining orientation, navigation and legibility in the face of this density in
complex contexts via rule-based differentiation and the use of curvature .

Epochal style
TYPES OF
STYLE
Transitional style
Subsidiary style
used to refer to something
less important than something else with
which it is connected , a company that
is owned by a larger company.
A subsidiary building connected to the
main building, often one of a symmetrical
grouping.
By progressively modifying the
Renaissance-Baroque horizontal
separation into discrete parts, Rococo
architects obtained unified spaces,
emphasized structural elements, created
continuous decorative schemes, and
reduced column sizes to a minimum .

Epochal style
TYPES OF
STYLE
Transitional style
Subsidiary style
belonging or relating to a change, or
the process of change from
one form or type to another .
Now, in retrospect we might say that
Postmodernism and Deconstructivism were
relatively short-lived transitional styles on
the way to Parametricism.

Classification of styles according to Patrik Schumacher

paradigm can reflect a
bigger domain of meaning; it
includes something beside
the act of showing and
presenting,
while style refers to the act
itself
PARADIGM Greek ‘paradeigma’ and in
turn from ‘paradeiknunai’
which is composed of
‘para’ (meaning ‘aside’) and
‘deiknunai’ (meaning ‘show’)

a practical method, s
kill, or art applied to
a particular task
TECHNIQUES Greek ‘tekhnikos’ or from
‘tekhnē’
meaning ‘art’

the line along which a
nything lies, faces, m
oves, etc., with refer
enceto the point or r
egion toward which it
is directed
DIRECTION Laten dīrēctiōn
(stem of dīrēctiō)
“arranging in line,
straightening.

something
that helps you to do
a particular activity
Tool
a piece of equipment that
you use with your
hands to make
or repair something

Parametrism
 New and experimental, computer-aided style of
architecture and urban planning in which the functions
of spaces are considered parametrically variable
(dynamic) rather than static.
 Parametricism is a style within contemporary *avant-
garde architecture, promoted as a successor to
post-modern architecture and modern architecture.
The term was coined in 2008 by Patrik Schumacher,
an architectural partner of Zaha Hadid.
*(avant-garde: new and experimental ideas
and methods in art, music, or literature.)

Libeskind’s vocabulary
Denial use special unconscious langue for all projects reflect his life experience which
translate a period of threat filling Jewish life so he use sharp lines which means threat in the
human brain

and the survivors who fled to
Canada. The construction is
organized in two zones with
significant grade differences. From
the access platform rise stairs
between slanted concrete walls that
make allusions to the future. The
second space, encouraging
contemplation and capacitation about
history, brings us deep into our
innermost souls. The monument’s
floor plan, an elongated Star of
David, distributes the program in six
triangular spaces. One is the 14-
meter-high hall where visitors find
themselves trapped between the
floor and the ceiling. Large-format
photographs taken by Edward
Burtynskhy, incluiding of
extermination camps, are shown on
the concrete walls.
Ottawa holocaust

EXTENSION ART MUSEUM BY DANIEL LIBESKIND
The Extension to the Denver Art Museum, The Frederic C. Hamilton Building, is an expansion and
addition to the existing museum, designed by the Italian Architect Gio Ponti, which opened in 1971.
These shapes create an urban geometry that reaches into and reflects Colorado’s blue sky and help
to unify the downtown area by complementing the surrounding architecture

 The Hamilton B
recalls the pea
Mountains and
crystals found
Denver. The ma
closely relate t
as well as intro
materials, such
titanium panels
building’s surfa
brilliant Colorad

Deferent projects plans for denial

Military History Museum
Through its architectural language, the new permanent
exhibition enters into a symbiosis with both the
Museum’s Neoclassical building and the wedge-
shaped extension by Daniel Libeskind, which slices
through the existing structure’s central wing.
German military history is part of German cultural history

Norman foster +partner architecture for user experience
city hall London

USER EXPRINCE by Explore the city of Berlin

Catch rain water
Sunscreen blocking

Frank jehry
one of the world's most spectacular buildings in the style of Deconstructivism (although
Gehry does not associate himself with that architectural movement)
rich internal
diversity (it
creates a unity
of approach
with a radical
uniqueness in
each of the
instantiations)

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao/Spain

The curves on the exterior of the building were intended to appear random; the architect said that "the
randomness of the curves are designed to catch the light
The atrium, which Gehry nicknamed The Flower because of its shape, serves as the organizing center of
the museum
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao/Spain

intensification of relations internally & externally. it can recognize and react to other
forms and has a relationship with the context.
Walt Disney Concert Hall / Frank Gehry

The reflective, stainless steel surface
engages light as an architectural medium.
The facade's individual panels and curves
are articulated in daylight and colored by
city lights after dark. The building was
initially set to be clad in stone, but a more
malleable material was chosen following
the completion of the Guggenheim
Museum Bilbao, the concert hall's titanium-
clad cousin. Thin metal panels allowed for
more adventurous curvature and could be
structurally disassociated from the
ground. The metallic forms appear to
hover above an asymmetrical band of
glazing at the building’s base. Glass
fissures in the facade bring light into the
lobby and pre-concert room, reading as a
grand entryway through the otherwise
opaque facade.

Curvy frames
,round shapes
And very angular
Shapes whit
deferent size
Art work Conceder
light in his
buildings even in
each window
orientation reflect
nature in his lines
emotional feeling
in his buildings life

Zaha haded
 In my previous posts I mentioned the need to develop individual
design tools as an important part of the design process I call
“Conscious Inspiration
 In this post I will share with you Zaha Hadid’s Inspiration Sources for
her unique sketches and drawings”.
 “I’m not sure that the use of softwares is equally favorable to the
brain.
My teaching experience is that students of Today have less
imagination. We live in an age where you no longer need to imagine,
because any image is immediately available by Internet. The images
are no longer thought: they’re consumed”

Note the similarity between the dominant
curling line in the Arabic-calligraphy and
Zaha Hadid’s sketch
The line is start from one point to
finish near this points as Arabic lines

dealing with Zaha
Hadid‘s inspiration
sources from the
environment in which
she plans.
the form of the building is based on that of
sand dunes and the structure appears to ‘rise
from the surface’. all of the mentioned
facilities are housed within the single structure
which will be linked to the mainland by road
and monorail. a completion date for the
project which was started in 2006 has yet to
be announced
The sound is amplifier by parametric equation

c1960s c
1980s
c
1990s
now
Developing the knowledge knowledge
Adopt a new philosophy based first on the direct translation of the
curved lines that paint the quick architectural sketches and convert them
into architectural drawings are read on the basis that they are the design
lines that will be followed by project designs instead of translating the
quick sketch lines into straight lines and parentheses Correct first and
then convert them into architectural drawings.
The philosophy of Zha and Patrick
Eexperimenting
Aims to save effort , develop the architecture and openness to
multiple design options.

Museum of the Nineteenth
Century
London
59 Eaton
Place
London
Architectural
sketches
that
appeared to
be artistic
paintings.
Then
converted
into
architectural
drawings.
The design
lines are still
straight, but
at tilted
angle.
IBA housing
berlin
Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art
ohio
Maggie's Centres at the Victoria Hospital
scotland
maxxi museum
roma
the winning project that made
them able to published their new
direction
University of Economics and Business
Vienna
Sheikh Zayed Bridge
Abu dhabi
Strengthen
relationships
between the
components
and forms
the design
lines began
taking the
shape of the
curves
1
2
3
4
5

Passive style
(unconscious)
Active style
(conscious )
(Art with knowledge)
Gothic architecture
Gaudí
Renaissance
London building which
lack for solar
radiation
LE CORBOSIER PAVELION
Opera Dubai

Epochal style Subsidiary
style
Transitional
style
Opera Dubai parametric
deconstruction
Reflect the environment Part from all

‘It is not surprising that the majority of architects
do not accept parametric design as a style.
Through a
hermeneutical point of view, the idea of style in
people’s mind is different from one person to
the next and, in this way’
Patrik Schumacher
‘The origins of a style require a ‘psychoanalysis’ of
the creator’
John Lee

He formulates parametricism as ‘positivism +
expressionism’, arguing that having a unifying
singular style is an ‘ontological impossibility’.
Michael Meredith
some believe that it is dangerous to call
parametric design a style due
to the traditional tension between education and
practice. They emphasise that ‘it becomes a
style within academic, but within practice, the view
is quite opposite
Vikram Kaushal

‘It bothers me to think that a parametrically
determined solution to something might be
conceived by one who experiences it as arbitrary,
because it is anything but I mean each one of
these components should be there and in that
precise orientation for a reason, and I think that
could be lost if parametricism is determined to be
a style as opposed to just a means to the end.
You know, it is a tool.
A tool that designers can use it to be
environmentally responsive’
Tim Bakos,Director of operations, perknis+will

‘It is ACTIVE-REFLECTIVE
EPOCHAL style’
Patrik Schumacher
What about you?!

Bibliography
*The Challenges of Parametric Design in Architecture Today: Mapping the Design Practice
A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in the Faculty of
Humanities
*Parametric Modelling as a Design Representation in Architecture: A Process Account By Philip Beesley, Shane
Williamson and Robert Woodbury
*Post-spatial Architectures: The emergence of time-like parametric worlds Mahesh Senagala, University of Texas at San
Antonio
*http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ad.2019/abstract?wol1URL=/doi/10.1002/ad.2019/abstract&regionCode=
JO&identityKey=e8b0f207-d46c-46bd-9521-5d9e03294070
*https://www.magzter.com/article/Art/Indian-Architect-Builder/Patrik-Schumacher-Towards-A-Parametric-Future
*Parametric concept and its applications in interior design and furniture ‫د‬ ‫من‬ ‫مقدم‬/‫المساعد‬ ‫األستاذ‬ ‫سويدان‬ ‫أحمد‬ ‫عمي‬ ‫حامد‬ ‫عبير‬
‫التطبيقية‬ ‫الفنون‬ ‫بكمية‬–‫دمياط‬ ‫جامعة‬-‫العمارة‬ ‫بقسم‬ ‫والمنتدب‬-‫اليندسة‬ ‫كمية‬–‫الدلتا‬ ‫جامعة‬
*http://dynamoprimer.com/en/index.html
*https://albenaamag.com/2017/11/28/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-
%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-
%D9%88%D8%A8/
*http://www.christianklugmann.com/new-blog/2015/4/1/architect-zaha-hadid-bmw-central-building-leipzig-germany
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Zaha_Hadid
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llS9e1IS3b8
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brGv7KXVX-s

Bibliography
https://www.archdaily.com/tag/parametric
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rJf8ELAkcQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVHvWUKj1eU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15DwINKFOM4
http://www.danieldavis.com/a-history-of-parametric
file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/httpwww_kaiu_pan_plimagesstories2_2012p
dfa_v_navone_eng.pdf
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/musgum-earth-architecture/
https://www.slideshare.net/sharmiarchitect/muqarnas-mathematics-in-
islamic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leslie_(physicist)
https://www.archdaily.com/367681/ad-classics-casa-mila-antoni-gaudi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqQCLm7k_mo
https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/arq/n63/art13.pdf
The Challenges of Parametric.Design in Architecture Today: Mapping the
Design Practice
Tim Bakos,Director of operations, perknis+will
The Challenges of Parametric Design in Architecture Today, Yasser Zarei

Parametricism - Parametric Architecture and Design

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